Handbook of Water Treatment

Photo 11.23 Geotrichum sp. (fungi) (x 400)......Page 0 Contents......Page 4 1. Introduction to Water Treatment......Page 43 1.2.1 Reduction of Total Cost Performance......Page 44 Table 1.1 Kinds of toxicity tests for water treatment chemicals......Page 45 Table 1.2 Amount of water on the earth......Page 46 Table 1.4 Thermodynamic properties of water, ethylalcohol and acetone......Page 47 Fig. 1.6 Names of electron orbits and the numbers of acceptable electrons......Page 48 Table 1.5 Periodic table of the elements......Page 49 Table 1.7 Solubilities of popular water treatment chemicals......Page 51 2. Water Treatment and Chemicals for Boiler Water Systems......Page 58 Table 2.1 Examples of raw water qualities......Page 60 Table 2.2 Troubles in the operation of boiler systems and their causes......Page 61 Table 2.3 Thermal conductivities of scale components and metals......Page 63 Fig. 2.13 Relationship between the carbon content of scale and the allowable scale amount......Page 67 Table 2.7 Analysis of a scale accumulated in a superheater by the carryover problem......Page 74 Fig. 2.30 Distribution ratio (Dsi) of silica between boiler water and steam......Page 76 Fig. 2.33 Structure of a spray-tray type deaerator......Page 79 Table 2.9 Relationship between boiler pressure and the condensate treatment equipments......Page 80 Table 2.10 Kinds, functions and typical chemical names of boiler treatment chemicals......Page 81 Photo 2.15 Distorted calcium silicate crystals by adding polymer D......Page 87 Table 2.14 Oxygen scavengers......Page 91 2.4.5 Corrosion Inhibitors for the Feedwater and Condensate Lines......Page 94 Table 2.17 Typical boiler scale analyses......Page 99 Fig. 2.70 Effect of an antifoaming agent against carryover......Page 100 Table 2.18 Corrosion rates of carbon steel test coupons in the water tube of a mini-circulation boiler......Page 101 Fig. 2.74 Positions of test coupons in a water tube of a mini-circulation boiler......Page 102 Table 2.23 Required amounts of desiccants for the dry preservation of boilers......Page 104 2.7.2 Control of Boiler Water Blowdown......Page 109 2.7.3 Control of Chemical Injection......Page 111 2.8.1 Recovery of Condensate......Page 114 Fig. 2.81 Relationship between the condensate recovery ratio, and the saving of fuel and water costs in A company......Page 116 Fig. 2.84 Heat transfer in boiler......Page 117 Table 2.28 Boiler operational conditions of C company......Page 119 Table 2.29 Boiler operational conditions of D company......Page 120 3. Cooling Water Treatment......Page 123 Fig. 3.4 Types of cooling towers......Page 124 Table 3.3 Flows of cooling water in tubular heat exchangers and their characteristics......Page 127 Fig. 3.10 Relationship among make-up water, blowdown water and cycles of concentration......Page 130 Table 3.8 Frequency of trouble occurrence in each type of cooling water systems......Page 131 Photo 3.1 Element distributions in a protective film (a polyphosphate-zinc polymer treatment)......Page 135 Photo 3.7 Chloride concentration in the pit of a stainless steel......Page 138 Fig. 3.27 Influence of chloride and sulfate ion concentration on the effects of various corrosion inhibitors against carbon steel......Page 142 3.3.1 Kinds of Scales and Their Solubilities......Page 144 Fig. 3.36 Influences of water temperature, calcium hardness and sulfate ion concentration on calcium sulfate (CaSO4·2H2O) deposition......Page 150 Photo 3.11 Crystal distortion and dispersion by sacle inhibitors......Page 152 Table 3.18 Kinds of effetive inhibitors on various scale components......Page 153 Fig. 3.42 Relationship among the critical pH of calcium phosphate deposition, calcium hardness and the dosage of a scale inhibitor (polymer)......Page 154 Fig. 3.46 Relationship between the heat flux and skin temperature of heat exchanger tube......Page 156 Table 3.20 Places soiled with biofouling and the types of fouling......Page 157 Table 3.21 Types and characteristics of microorganisms producing biofouling......Page 158 Table 3.23 Energy sources and nutrients of microorganisms growing in cooling water systems......Page 159 Fig. 3.55 Schematic process of slime adhesion......Page 162 3.4.6 Factors Influencing the Effects of Biofouling Control Agents......Page 163 3.4.7 Kinds and Effects of Biofouling Control Agents......Page 164 Fig. 3.66 Inhibition effect of a polymer dispersant against ferric hydroxide precipitation......Page 168 Fig. 3.67 Relationship between the turbidity of cooling water and the side stream filtration rate......Page 169 Table 3.31 Outline of chemical treatments for closed recirculating cooling water systems......Page 173 Table 3.35 Fatigue strength of cast iron and the effect of a nitrite......Page 175 Fig. 3.72 Effect of a nitrite based corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel in 30% ethylenglycol brine......Page 176 3.6.1 Control of Cooling Water Quality and Chemical Injection......Page 177 3.6.2 Monitoring of Water Treatment......Page 181 Fig. 3.79 Schematic diagram of the monitoring and diagnosing system of the KURITA MOBILE LABORATORY......Page 184 Table 3.40 Damage of metals by a high pressure water-jet cleaning*......Page 186 Table 3.41 Inhibition effect of a pretreatment on the pitting corrosion of new carbon steel tubes......Page 188 Table 3.44 Relationship between the designed fouling factor of heat exchanger and the allowable thickness of corrosion product......Page 190 Table 3.47 Water cost saving by applying a chemical water treatment in the model cooling water system......Page 192 Table 3.49 An example of the operational cost saving of the model cooling water system by applying water treatment chemicals (comparison with the case of no chemical treatment)......Page 193 4. Coagulants, Flocculants and Sludge Dewatering Agents......Page 195 Fig. 4.2 Classification of chemical water and wastewater treatment methods......Page 196 Fig. 4.3 Classification of biological wastewater treatment methods......Page 197 Fig. 4.4 Example of wastewater treatment processes and chemicals to be applied......Page 198 Fig. 4.5 Structure of a solid-contact type clarifier......Page 199 Fig. 4.7 Schematic model of coagulation and flocculation process......Page 200 Table 4.2 Kinds and features of inorganic coagulants......Page 203 Table 4.3 Kinds and structures of typical organic coagulants......Page 204 Table 4.5 COD removal effect of KURIDECODE L-101 against a wastewater from a dye work......Page 208 Fig. 4.27 Handy disperser of powder flocculants......Page 212 Fig. 4.28 Processes of sludge treatment and disposal......Page 213 Fig. 4.39 Relationship between the VSS/SS ratio of sludge and the appropriate cationized ratio of polymer dewatering agent for the dewatering by a belt press dehydrator......Page 219 Table 4.14 Reduction of unpleasant odors by KURINCAKE......Page 224 4.4 Safety of Polymer Flocculants......Page 226 5. Water Treatment for Air Conditioning Systems......Page 228 Fig. 5.4 Types of cleaning for heat exchangers of refrigerating machines (without chemical treatment)......Page 229 Fig. 5.6 Relationship among the cycles of concentration, make-up water and total blowdown in a cooling tower system......Page 230 Table 5.1 Standard control range of cooling water quality for a Non-P multi-chemical treatment......Page 231 Fig. 5.12 Flow diagram of an automatic operation control system utilizing data communication system for multi-cooling-tower systems......Page 234 Fig. 5.13 An example of side-stream filter installation for a cooling tower system......Page 235 Table 5.5 Relationship between the LTD and fouling condition of heat exchangers......Page 237 Fig. 5.21 Corrosion inhibition effect of a nitrite based inhibitor on copper......Page 240 Fig. 5.23 Corrosion inhibition effect of a food additive grade inhibitor on carbon steel in hot water......Page 241 Table 5.9 Effects of a corrosion inhibitor for high temperature water systems......Page 243 Table 5.10 Types and characteristics of electric power generators for cogeneration systems......Page 244 Table 5.11 Corrosion inhibition effect of a phosphonate-zinc-polymer based inhibitor in a heat accumulation system with ice......Page 245 Table 5.12 Effect of a formulated corrosion inhibitor for a propylene glycol antifreeze......Page 246 Fig. 5.32 Inhibition effect of a polyphosphate on ferric hydroxide precipitation......Page 248 Table 5.14 Types and features of humidifiers......Page 250 Fig. 5.37 Flow diagram of a small size reverse osmosis unit......Page 251 Fig. 5.42 Reduction of the LTD of a refrigerating machine condenser by removing the calcium carbonate scale......Page 254 Table 5.17 Ministerial ordinance on water quality......Page 255 Fig. 5.47 Fouling adhesion on the aluminum fins of a heat exchanger......Page 257 6. Chemicals for Pulping and Papermaking Processes......Page 260 Table 6.2 Chemicals using for deinking process......Page 261 Fig. 6.4 Flow-sheet of a pulp conditioning system......Page 262 Fig. 6.6 Typical wire-arrangements of twin-wire formers......Page 263 Fig. 6.8 A high-speed cylinder-type paper machine (ultra former)......Page 264 Fig. 6.12 Change in the whiteness of DIP in each point of a DIP manufacturing plant under the treatment with an EO-PO addition product of higher alcohol......Page 266 Table 6.5 Effect of a retention aid in a coat base paper manufacturing using a twin wire machine......Page 270 Table 6.7 Relationship between the kinds of pulps and their sizing efficiencies......Page 272 Fig. 6.26 Relationship between the appropriate HLB of self-emulsifying type antifoaming agents and white water temperature......Page 275 Fig. 6.28 Flow diagram of white water recovery and recycling system in a paperboard making plant......Page 276 6.4.3 Places of Deposit Generation and Kinds of Deposits......Page 278 Table 6.12 Cleaning effect of EDTA on barium sulfate scale......Page 280 Table 6.19 Troubles caused by the putrefaction of starch......Page 287 Fig. 6.38 Effect of a preservative on a starch glue liquid in the storage tank......Page 288 Table 6.20 Size-fixing effect of a retention......Page 289 7. Chemicals for Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes......Page 292 Table 7.1 (2) Properties of typical crude oils imported to Japan (Data of Petroleum Association of Japan)......Page 293 Fig. 7.1 Typical petroleum refining processes......Page 294 Fig. 7.3 Flow diagram of an ethylene and propylene production process (Lumus method)......Page 295 7.3.2 Fouling in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Processes, and Antifouling Agents......Page 298 Table 7.5 Saturated dissolved oxygen concentrations in crude oil fractions......Page 302 Table 7.7 Typical test conditions of up-down test apparatus for evaluating filming inhibitors......Page 309 7.3.5 The Other Chemicals......Page 311 8. Water Treatment for Iron and Steel Making Plants......Page 314 Fig. 8.1 Iron and steel making processes......Page 315 8.2.5 Steel Making Process (Converters and Continuous Casting Plants)......Page 316 8.3.1 Blast Furnace Body Cooling Systems......Page 317 Fig. 8.5 Structure of a tuyere......Page 319 Fig. 8.6 Structure of a hot blast valve and the box......Page 320 Table 8.2 Causes and countermeasures of spray nozzle clogging......Page 322 Fig. 8.10 Water flow diagram of a hot rolling mill......Page 323 Table 8.6 Chemical compositions of a limestone and a quicklime......Page 327 Table 8.11 Effect of the combined treatment of a scale inhibitor and a water quality modifica-tion against a converter gas cleaning water of the B-II type......Page 329 Fig. 8.15 Sprinkling methods of dust blow-away preventives......Page 331 Fig. 8.19 Flow sheet of a pulverization process of quicklime......Page 332 9. Cleaning of Plants and Equipments......Page 335 Table 9.1 Thermal conductivities of metals and boiler scales......Page 336 Photo 9.2 Spheroidized pearlite structure of a carbon steel due to a high temperature......Page 337 9.3.2 Nuclear Power Plants......Page 338 Table 9.4 Cleaning methods and their cleaning objects......Page 339 Fig. 9.4 Relationship among the deposition rate of iron oxide, iron concentration in boiler water and heat flux......Page 340 Table 9.8 Kinds of main cleaning agents......Page 343 9.5.3 Cleaning Methods......Page 348 9.5.4 Cleaning Processes and Their Procedures......Page 349 Fig. 9.13 Typical procedures for the chemical cleaning of a boiler......Page 353 Table 9.11 Typical qualities of wastewaters from various cleaning processes......Page 360 Fig. 9.15 Relationship between pH and the solubilities of metallic ions......Page 361 9.6.2 Examples of Mechanical Cleaning......Page 365 Fig. 9.22 Recoveries in the vacuums of steam condensers after their high pressure water jet cleanings......Page 367 Table 9.14 Wastewater qualities of a boiler furnace cleaning with a high pressure water jet......Page 368 9.7.2 Mechanical Cleaning......Page 369 10. Miscellaneous Specialty Chemicals...........................Page 371 Fig. 10.2 Influence of drinking water qualities on the growth and health of rats......Page 373 Fig. 10.4 A typical flow diagram of ultra-pure water production system (2)......Page 374 Table 10.5 Comparative prevension effects of KURIBERTER EC-700 and sodium hydrogen sulfite on the deterioration of a RO membrane system by chlorine......Page 375 Table 10.6 Effect of a chemical treatment on the copper wire destruction of a portable spot-welding machine......Page 376 Photo 10.5 Comparative microstructures of broken copper wires with and without a chemical treatment......Page 377 Fig. 10.7 Flow diagram of a continuous refuse incineration plant and the places in which scales are formed.......Page 378 Table 10.8 Problems caused by over-spray paint in painting plants......Page 379 Fig. 10.10 Functions of paint killers and improvements in paint booth operations under the paint killer treatments......Page 380 Table 10.10 Classification of antifoaming agents based on their appearances......Page 382 10.7.5 Processes Applying Antifoaming Agents......Page 383 Table 10.11 Recognized threshold values of eight substances causing offensive odors......Page 384 Table 10.13 Nine-stage comfortable and discomfortable indexes......Page 385 Fig. 10.14 Classification of measuring methods for odor strengths......Page 386 Fig. 10.19 Effects of deodorants on hydrogen sulfide generation from a sludge......Page 388 Table 10.14 Effects of a ferric salt addition on hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan generations from a mixed sludge......Page 389 Table 10.16 Effect of an essential oil type deodorant in a refuse incineration plant......Page 390 Fig. 10.21 A flow diagram for the cleaning of a spiral element type RO membrane system......Page 392 Table 10.20 Effects of a cleaning agent on fouled cationic exchange resins......Page 393 10.10.1 Features of Synthetic Zeolites......Page 394 Fig. 10.25 Adsorption-desorption cycle of T.S.A. method......Page 397 Table 10.25 Effect of a dust blow-away preventive on a soil washed-away by raining......Page 400 Fig. 10.34 A schematic model of the film formation by a dust blow-away preventive on the surface area of land......Page 401 11. Analyses for System Operation Control and Trouble Shooting......Page 403 Table 11.1 Analytical items and methods for water quality control in boiler systems......Page 404 11.1.4 Automatic Analysis Systems......Page 405 Fig. 11.2 Flow chart of a data transmission and reporting system......Page 407 Table 11.3 Kinds of chemical cleaning solutions for various metals......Page 408 Table 11.4 Principles and uses of surface analyzers......Page 409 Table 11.5 Kinds of metals and their suitable etching solutions......Page 410 Appendices......Page 415 LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12 Table 1.6 Electron configurations and valences of the principal elements......Page 50 Table 1.8 Solubilities* of air, nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide......Page 52 Fig. 1.10 Change in the dissociation degree of water with temperature......Page 55 Table 1.10 Dissociation degrees of various acids and bases for their 0.1 N solutions at 25C......Page 56 Fig. 2.4 Typical structure of small to medium size water-tube boilers......Page 59 Table 2.4 Scale analyses of low pressure boilers......Page 64 Fig. 2.11 Relationship between the iron oxide scale thickness and inner skin temperature of a boiler tube......Page 66 Fig. 2.14 Influence of temperature on carbon steel corrosion in water including dissolved oxygen......Page 68 Fig. 2.17 Influence of chloride and sulfate ions on carbon steel corrosion......Page 69 Fig. 2.20 Influence of dissolved oxygen on the corrosion of carbon steel in a condensate line......Page 70 Table 2.6 Relationship between the injection points of an oxygen scavenger and the total iron of feedwater......Page 71 Fig. 2.23 Influence of pH and oxygen on the corrosion of carbon steel in a high pressure and high temperature water......Page 72 Fig. 2.25 Relationship between alkali concentration and the corrosion of carbon steel......Page 73 Fig. 2.27 Solubility of silica in superheated steam......Page 75 Table 2.8 Causes and their countermeasures of hardness leakage from softeners......Page 77 Fig. 2.32 Demineralization treatment (2-beds and 1-degasifier type)......Page 78 Table 2.11 Phosphates used for boiler compounds......Page 82 Table 2.12 Typical analyses of scales in a boiler......Page 83 Fig. 2.40 Relationship among pH, phosphate ion concentration and the Na/PO4 mole ratio of boiler compound......Page 84 Photo 2.11 Normal crystal shape of calcium carbonate (calcite)......Page 85 Photo 2.13 Perfectly distorted calcium carbonate crystals by adding a sufficient amount of polymer A......Page 86 Fig. 2.46 Dispersing effects of various sludge dispersants against hydroxyapatite......Page 88 Photo 2.20 Precipitate of hydroxyapatite distorted under the polymer E treatment......Page 89 Photo 2.25 Particles of magnetite dispersed by polymer I treatment......Page 90 Fig. 2.53 Influences of pH and temperature on the oxygen removal reaction of sodium sulfite......Page 92 Fig. 2.56 Thermal decomposition of sodium sulfite......Page 93 Fig. 2.58 Relationship between copper corrosion and condensate pH......Page 95 Table 2.15 Neutralizing effects and dissociation constants of neutralizing agents......Page 96 Fig. 2.64 Influence of dissolved oxygen in condensate on the corrosion inhibition effect of ODA on carbon steel......Page 97 Table 2.16 Effectiveness of the combined use of a neutralizing amine and a filming amine......Page 98 Table 2.25 Control items of boiler water quality and their purposes......Page 107 Fig. 2.76 Influence of silica concentration on the relationship between the pH and P-alkalinity of boiler water......Page 108 Fig. 2.77 Relationship between the sodium sulfate concentration and electrical conductivity of boiler water......Page 110 Fig. 2.78 Relationship between water temperature and the saturation concentration of dissolved oxygen (atmospheric pressure)......Page 112 Fig. 2.80 Injection point for sodium sulfite based oxygen scavengers and boiler compounds in case of a boiler equipped with a desuperheater......Page 113 Fig. 2.86 Change of combustion gas temperature under a fixed boiler water temperature......Page 118 Fig. 3.5 A typical small size cooling tower (counter flow type)......Page 125 Fig. 3.7 Typical structures of tubular heat exchangers......Page 126 Table 3.4 Metals used for pipings and heat exchangers......Page 128 Fig. 3.12 Mechanism of carbon steel pitting corrosion under fouling......Page 132 Table 3.9 Classification of corrosion inhibitors......Page 133 Fig. 3.14 Schematic structure of protective film formed by a phosphate-polymer treatment......Page 134 Fig. 3.16 Influnce of chloride ion concentration and process fluid temperature on the occurrence of stress corrosion cracking of stainless steels (SUS 304, 304L, 316, 316L and 405).......Page 137 Fig. 3.19 Relationship between the corrosion inhibition effect of a phosphonate on carbon steel and calcium hardness......Page 139 Fig. 3.22 Corrosion inhibition effect of a low molecular weight water soluble polymer on carbon steel......Page 140 Fig. 3.25 Corrosion inhibition effect of benzotriazole on copper and aluminum brass......Page 141 Fig. 3.30 Relationship between the effect of a polyphosphate based corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel and water flow rate......Page 143 Table 3.10 Temperature dependence of calcium carbonate saturation conditions......Page 145 Table 3.17 Phosphate factor for tricalcium phosphate......Page 148 Fig. 3.35 Solubilities of calcium sulfate and carbonate......Page 149 Photo 3.10 Growth of calcium carbonate crystals in the absence of scale inhibitor (optical microscopic photographs)......Page 151 Fig. 3.44 Influence of water flow rate on the scaling rate of calcium carbonate and the effect of a scale inhibitor......Page 155 Fig. 3.51 Influence of pH on the growth rate of bacteria......Page 160 Fig. 3.52 Relationship between the number of bacteria in cooling water and the frequency of biofouling troubles in heat exchangers under intermittent chlorination......Page 161 Fig. 3.59 Inhibition effect of a chlorine keeping agent against copper corrosion caused by chlorine......Page 165 Table 3.24 Effect of an organic bromine compound on slime adhesion (field test)......Page 166 Table 3.25 Biostatic effect of a quaternary ammonium salt......Page 167 Table 3.33 Effect of a biocide on the consumption of nitrite by nitrification bacteria......Page 174 Fig. 3.74 Effect of an initial treatment with a zinc-phosphate based inhibitor on carbon steel......Page 178 Fig. 3.75 Illustration of a chemical concentration control during from an initial to maintenance treatment period......Page 179 Fig. 3.77 Flow diagram of a test heat exchanger......Page 182 Fig. 3.81 Effect of a chemical flushing with a polyphosphate, polymer and surfactant based chemical in a new cooling tower system......Page 187 Table 3.45 Relationship between the designed fouling factor of heat exchanger and the allowable scale thickness (calcium phosphate)......Page 191 Fig. 4.9 Change of a zeta potential by coagulant dosing......Page 201 Table 4.1 C values of various coagulants for the coagulation of a suspended aqueous solution of coal......Page 202 Fig. 4.14 Comparative effects of an inorganic coagulant and the combined use with an organic coagulant for a wastewater treatment in an automobile factory......Page 205 Fig. 4.16 Case 2, wastewater treatment of a toilet paper factory......Page 206 Table 4.4 Removal effects of various coagulants against organic compounds (COD) in water......Page 207 Fig. 4.23 Influence of coagulant dosage on the effects of nonionic and anionic polymer flocculants......Page 210 Fig. 4.25 Effects of a sulfonated polymer and a conventional polymer flocculants for a wastewater treatment in a pulp and paper mill......Page 211 Fig. 4.29 Relationship between the SS content of sludge and the moisture content of dewatered cake......Page 214 Table 4.7 Types of dehydrators and their characteristics......Page 215 Table 4.9 Relationship between the operational conditions and dewatering effect of belt press dehydrators......Page 216 Fig. 4.35 Sludge dewatering mechanism of a filter press dehydrator......Page 217 Table 4.10 Correlation coefficients among sludge properties and the cake moisture content......Page 218 Table 4.11 Typical polymer based dewatering agents......Page 220 Fig. 4.42 Comparison of sludge dewatering effects of the CSA system and a conventional treatment (mixed sewage sludge)......Page 221 Table 4.12 Reduction of fuel consumption for cake drying and incineration by the application of the CSA system......Page 222 Table 4.13 Typical application results of amphoteric polymers for sludge dewatering by centrifugal dehydrators......Page 223 Fig. 4.49 A sludge dewatering test for belt press dehydrators......Page 225 Table 5.2 Corrosion inhibition effect of a Non-P multi-chemical......Page 232 Table 5.3 Inhibition effect of a Non-P multi chemical on L. pneumophila growth......Page 233 Table 5.4 Increase in the electricity consumption of a refrigerating machine by the scaling of condenser......Page 236 Table 5.6 Energy saving effect of a chemical water treatment for a 400 RT centrifugal refrigerating machine......Page 238 Table 5.8 Corrosion inhibition effect of a polyphosphate-zinc-polymer treatment in a closed water recirculating system with heat accumulation tank......Page 239 Fig. 5.25 Effects of a corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel and copper in high temperature water......Page 242 Table 5.13 Kinds of corrosion inhibitors for water and hot water supply systems......Page 247 Fig. 5.35 Corrosion potential of copper tube under a polyphosphate based corrosion inhibitor treatment......Page 249 Table 5.15 Compatibility of cleaning agents with structural materials......Page 252 Table 5.16 KURITA’s standard specifications for the chemical cleaning of air conditioning cooling water systems......Page 253 Table 5.18 Investigation results of the tap water qualities of buildings in Tokyo and Osaka......Page 256 Table 5.19 Comparison of the performances of a refrigerating machine before and after cleaning......Page 258 Photo 5.16 A small size spray type cleaning machine......Page 259 Fig. 6.10 Relationship between the HLB of surfactants and their deinking effects......Page 265 Fig. 6.13 Functional mechanisms of retention aids......Page 267 Table 6.3 Types and effects of retention aids on the retention and drainage of pulp......Page 268 Fig. 6.18 Canadian standard freeness tester......Page 269 Table 6.9 Problems caused by foaming in papermaking processes......Page 273 Fig. 6.24 Comparison of the influences of an advanced and a conventional antifoaming agents on sizing degree......Page 274 Table 6.11 Kinds and dosages of additives using for neutral papermaking process......Page 277 Fig. 6.30 Places of deposit generation and the kinds of deposits......Page 291 Table 6.13 Kinds of pitches......Page 281 Fig. 6.33 A typical relationship between bacteria accounts and dosing points of biocides in a pulp and paper mill......Page 283 Table 6.16 Relationship among paper qualities, the types of slime and the kinds of slime troubles......Page 284 Table 6.18 Comparison of bacterial growth conditions between acidic and neutral papermaking processes......Page 286 Fig. 7.2 Petroleum refining processes and the chemical injection points......Page 312 Fig. 7.5 Water separation in an electrical desalter......Page 296 Fig. 7.6 Influence of Maya crude blending ratio to the other crudes on the desalting effect......Page 297 Table 7.2 Types and functions of antifouling agents......Page 299 Table 7.3 Conventional evaluation methods for the effects of antifouling agents in the site......Page 300 Fig. 7.9 Reduction in crude oil temperature at a heating furnace inlet by the preheater fouling and the effect of an antifouling agent......Page 301 Fig. 7.12 An analysis of carboxylic acids in the drain of overhead line in an atmospheric distillation unit ............................................................................................... 7-12......Page 303 Fig. 7.14 Relationship between condensation ratio and the drain pH......Page 304 Fig. 7.16 Relationship between the condensation ratio and the pH of condensed water under different neutralizing treatments......Page 305 Fig. 7.17 Relationship between the effect of a filming inhibitor on carbon steel and the condensate pH in the overhead line of an atmospheric distillation unit......Page 306 Fig. 7.18 Flow diagram of a fluid catalytic cracking unit......Page 307 Table 7.6 Typical testing conditions of neutralizers for the overhead lines of distillation units......Page 308 Table 7.8 Corrosion monitoring methods applied for refineries and petrochemical plants......Page 310 Fig. 8.2 Flow diagram of iron and steel making processes, and the use points of water treatment chemicals......Page 334 Table 8.1 Classification of indirect cooling water systems in iron and steel works......Page 318 Fig. 8.9 Outline of a continuous casting plant......Page 321 Table 8.3 Yield and composition of blast furnace gas......Page 324 Fig. 8.13 Effect of a scale inhibitor and the influence on the scale composition......Page 326 Table 8.14 Effect of a bulk density improving agent in a coke oven......Page 333 Table 9.6 Critical scale thickness or amount requiring a boiler cleaning......Page 341 Table 9.7 Standard chemical cleaning intervals for oil-burning boilers......Page 342 Fig. 9.7 Relationship between temperature and the decomposition rate of sulfamic acid to sulfuric acid......Page 344 Fig. 9.9 Acceleration of carbon steel corrosion by ferric ion and the effect of a reducing agent......Page 346 Fig. 9.11 Effect of a silica dissolving agent on a scale containing silica......Page 347 Fig. 9.12 An example of acid cleaning solution analysis......Page 352 Fig. 9.14 Flow-diagram of a boiler cleaning......Page 356 Table 9.12 CODMn and BOD of the 0.1% solutions of various chemical cleaning agents......Page 362 Fig. 9.19 Relationship between the abrasing amounts of metals and the blasting time......Page 364 Fig. 9.20 A typical procedure for the high pressure water jet cleaning of a boiler furnace......Page 366 Table 10.3 Distilled water drinking conditions of crews receiving blood tests......Page 372 Table 10.9 Case studies of paint killer (KURISTUCK) treatments......Page 381 Fig. 10.16 Relationship between pH and the dissociation of hydrogen sulfide......Page 387 Table 10.21 Chemical resistances of filter cloth materials using for sludge dehydrators......Page 395 Fig. 10.28 Changes in the water adsorption capacities of adsorbents against the times of regeneration in a naphtha cracked gas drying process......Page 398 Fig. 10.31 Operation principle of oxygen production by P.S.A. method......Page 399 Fig. 10.35 Effect of a dust blow-away preventive on sand blow-away under various wind velocities......Page 402 Table 11.