Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second Edition

Hailed on its initial publication as a real-world, practical handbook, the second edition of **Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations** continues to make the same basic point: water and wastewater operators must have a basic skill set that is both wide and deep. They must be generalists, well-rounded in the sciences, cyber operations, math operations, mechanics, technical concepts, and common sense. With coverage that spans the breadth and depth of the field, the handbook explores the latest principles and technologies and provides information necessary to prepare for licensure exams. Expanded from beginning to end, this second edition provides a no-holds-barred look at current management issues and includes the latest security information for protecting public assets. It presents in-depth coverage of management aspects and security needs and a new chapter covering the basics of blueprint reading. The chapter on water and wastewater mathematics has tripled in size and now contains an additional 200 problems and 350 math system operational problems with solutions. The manual examines numerous real-world operating scenarios, such as the intake of raw sewage and the treatment of water via residual management, and each scenario includes a comprehensive problem-solving practice set. The text follows a non-traditional paradigm based on real-world experience and proven parameters. Clearly written and user friendly, this revision of a bestseller builds on the remarkable success of the first edition. This book is a thorough compilation of water science, treatment information, process control procedures, problem-solving techniques, safety and health information, and administrative and technological trends. Content: pt. I. Water and wastewater operations : an overview -- 1. Current issues in water and wastewater treatment operations -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The paradigm shift -- 1.3. Multiple-barrier concept -- 1.4. Management problems facing water and wastewater operations -- 1.5. Water : the new oil? -- 1.6. Technical management vs. professional management -- Chapter review questions -- Thought-provoking question -- References and suggested reading -- 2. Water/wastewater operators -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Setting the record straight -- 2.3. The computer-literate Jack or Jill -- 2.4. Plant operators as emergency responders -- 2.5. Operator duties, numbers, and working conditions -- 2.6. Operator certification and licensure -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 3. Upgrading security -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Consequences of 9/11 -- 3.3. Security hardware/devices -- 3.4. SCADA -- The bottom line on security -- Chapter review question -- References and suggested reading -- 4. Water/wastewater references, models, and terminology -- 4.1. Setting the stage -- 4.2. Treatment process models -- 4.3. Key terms used in water and wastewater operations -- Chapter review question -- References and suggested reading. pt. II. Water/wastewater operations : math and technical aspects -- 5. Water/wastewater math operations -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Calculation steps -- 5.3. Equivalents, formulae, and symbols -- 5.4. Basic water/wastewater math operations -- 5.5. Applied math operations -- 5.6. Water math concepts -- 5.7. Wastewater math concepts -- 5.8. Water/wastewater laboratory calculations -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 6. Blueprint reading -- 6.1. Blueprints : the universal language -- 6.2. Units of measurement -- 6.3. Alphabet of lines -- 6.4. Dimensions and shop notes -- 6.5. Machine drawings -- 6.6. Sheet metal drawings -- 6.7. Hydraulic and pneumatic drawings -- 6.8. Welding blueprints and symbols -- 6.9. Electrical drawings -- 6.10. AC & R drawings -- 6.11. Schematics and symbols -- 6.12. Electrical schematics -- 6.13. General piping systems and system schematics -- 6.14. Hydraulic and pneumatic system schematic symbols -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 7. Water hydraulics -- 7.1. What is water hydraulics? -- 7.2. Basic concepts -- 7.3. Density and specific gravity -- 7.4. Force and pressure -- 7.5. Head -- 7.6. Flow and discharge rates : water in motion -- 7.7. Piezometric surface and Bernoulli's theorem -- 7.8. Well and wet-well hydraulics -- 7.9. Friction head loss -- 7.10. Basic piping hydraulics -- 7.11. Open-channel flow -- 7.12. Flow measurement -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 8. Fundamentals of electricity -- 8.1. Nature of electricity -- 8.2. The structure of matter -- 8.3. Conductors, semiconductors, and insulators -- 8.4. Static electricity -- 8.5. Magnetism -- 8.6. Difference in potential -- 8.7. Current -- 8.8. Resistance -- 8.9. Battery-supplied electricity -- 8.10. Simple electrical circuit -- 8.11. Ohm's law -- 8.12. Electrical power -- 8.13. Electrical energy (kilowatt-hours) -- 8.14. Series DC circuit characteristics -- 8.15. Ground -- 8.16. Open and short circuits -- 8.17. Parallel DC circuits -- 8.18. Series-parallel circuits -- 8.19. Conductors -- 8.20. Electromagnetism -- 8.21. AC theory -- 8.22. Inductance -- 8.23. Practical electrical applications -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 9. Hydraulic machines : pumps -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Basic pumping calculations -- 9.3. Centrifugal pumps -- 9.4. Positive-displacement pumps -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 10. Water/wastewater conveyance -- 10.1. Delivering the lifeblood of civilization -- 10.2. Conveyance systems -- 10.3. Definitions -- 10.4. Fluids vs. liquids -- 10.5. Maintaining fluid flow in piping systems -- 10.6. Piping system accessories -- 10.7. Piping systems : temperature effects and insulation -- 10.8. Metallic piping -- 10.9. Nonmetallic piping -- 10.10. Tubing -- 10.11. Industrial hoses -- 10.12. Pipe and tube fittings -- 10.13. Valves -- 10.14. Piping systems : protective devices -- 10.15. Piping ancillaries -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading. pt. III. Characteristics of water -- 11. Basic water chemistry -- 11.1. Chemistry concepts and definitions -- 11.2. Chemistry fundamentals -- 11.3. Water solutions -- 11.4. Water constituents -- 11.5. Common water measurements -- 11.6. Water treatment chemicals -- 11.7. Drinking water parameters : chemical -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 12. Water microbiology -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Microbiology : what is it? -- 12.3. Water/wastewater microorganisms -- 12.4. Key terms -- 12.5. Microorganism classification and differentiation -- 12.6. The cell -- 12.7. Bacteria -- 12.8. Protozoa -- 12.9. Microscopic crustaceans -- 12.10. Viruses -- 12.11. Algae -- 12.12. Fungi -- 12.13. Nematodes and flatworms -- 12.14. Water treatment and microbiological processes -- 12.15. Wastewater treatment and biological processes -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 13. Water ecology -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. What is ecology? -- 13.3. Why is ecology important? -- 13.4. Why study ecology? -- 13.5. History of ecology-- 13.6. Levels of organization -- 13.7. Ecosystems -- 13.8. Energy flow in the ecosystem -- 13.9. Food chain efficiency -- 13.10. Ecological pyramids -- 13.11. Productivity -- 13.12. Population ecology -- 13.13. Stream genesis and structure -- 13.14. Benthic life -- 13.15. Benthic plants and animals -- 13.16. Benthic macroinvertebrates -- 13.17. Typical Benthic macroinvertebrates in running waters -- Summary of key terms -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 14. Water quality -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. The water cycle -- 14.3. Water quality standards -- 14.4. Water quality characteristics of water and wastewater -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 15. Biomonitoring, monitoring, sampling, and testing -- 15.1. What is biomonitoring? -- 15.2. Periphyton protocols -- 15.3. Fish protocols -- 15.4. Macroinvertebrate protocols -- 15.5. Biological sampling in streams -- 15.6. Drinking water quality monitoring -- 15.7. General preparation and sampling considerations -- 15.8. Test methods for drinking water and wastewater -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading. pt. IV. Water and water treatment -- 16. Potable water source -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. Hydrologic cycle -- 16.3. Sources of water -- 16.4. Surface water -- 16.5. Groundwater -- 16.6. Groundwater under the direct influence of surface water -- 16.7. Surface water quality and treatment requirements -- 16.8. Public water system quality requirements -- 16.9. Well systems -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 17. Watershed protection -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. Current issues in water management -- 17.3. What is a watershed? -- 17.4. Watershed protection and regulations -- 17.5. A watershed protection plan -- 17.6. Reservoir management practices -- 17.7. Watershed management practices -- 17.8. Eight tools of watershed protection -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- 18. Water treatment operations -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. Waterworks operators -- 18.3. Purpose of water treatment -- 18.4. Stages of water treatment -- 18.5. Pretreatment -- 18.6. Coagulation -- 18.7. Flocculation -- 18.8. Sedimentation -- 18.9. Filtration -- 18.10. Disinfection -- 18.11. Arsenic removal from drinking water -- 18.12. Who is ultimately responsible for drinking water quality? -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading. pt. V. Wastewater and wastewater treatment -- 19. Wastewater treatment operations -- 19.1. Wastewater operators -- 19.2. Wastewater terminology and definitions -- 19.3. Measuring plant performance -- 19.4. Wastewater sources and characteristics -- 19.5. Wastewater collection systems -- 19.6. Preliminary treatment -- 19.7. Primary treatment (sedimentation) -- 19.8. Secondary treatment -- 19.9. Activated sludge -- 19.10. Disinfection of wastewater -- 19.11. Advanced wastewater treatment -- 19.12. Solids (sludge/biosolids) handling -- 19.13. Permits, records, and reports -- Chapter review questions -- References and suggested reading -- Appendix A. Answers to chapter review questions -- Appendix B. Formulae -- Index.