راهنمای روانشناسی ترافیک

pt. II. Key variables to understand in traffic psychology -- Neuroscience and young drivers / Ian Glendon -- Neuroscience and older drivers / Maria T. Schultheis and Kevin J. Manning -- Visual attention while driving / David Crundall and Geoffrey Underwood -- Social, personality, and affective constructs in driving / Dwight Hennessy -- Mental health and driving / Joanne E. Taylor -- Person and environment: traffic culture / Türker Özkan and Timo Lajunen -- Human factors and ergonomics / Ilit Oppenheim and David Shinar;pt. I. Theories, concepts, and methods -- How many E's in road safety? / John A. Groeger -- Driver control theory / Ray Fuller -- Case: control studies in traffic psychology / Martha Híjar, Ricardo Pérez-Núñez and Cristina Inclán-Valadez -- Self-report instruments and methods / Timo Lajunen and Türker Özkan -- Naturalistic observational field techniques for traffic psychology research / David W. Eby -- Naturalistic driving studies and data coding and analysis techniques / Sheila G. Klauer, Miguel Perez and Julie McClafferty -- Driving simulators as research tools in traffic psychology / Oliver Carsten and A. Hamish Jamson -- Crash data sets and analysis / Yung-Jun Kweon;pt. IV. Vulnerable and problem road users -- Young children and "tweens" / Kelli England Will -- Young drivers / Patty Huang and Flaura Koplin Winston -- Older drivers / Barbara Freund and Paula Smith -- Pedestrians / Ron Van Houten -- Bicyclists / Ian Walker -- Motorcyclists / David J. Houston -- Professional drivers / Tova Rosenbloom;pt. VI. Interdisciplinary issues -- The intersection of road traffic safety and public health / David A. Sleet, Ann M. Dellinger and Rebecca B. Naumann -- Public policy / rune Elvik -- Travel mode choice / Stephen G. Stradling -- Road use behavior in Sub-Saharan Africa / Karl Peltzer;pt. V. Major countermeasures to reduce risk -- Driver education and training / Esko Keskinen and Kati Hernetkoski -- Persuasion and motivational messaging / David S. Anderson -- Enforcement / Bryan E. Porter;pt. III. Key problem behaviors -- Factors influencing safety belt use / Jonathon M. Vivoda and David W. Eby -- Alcohol-impaired driving / Krystall Dunaway, Kelli England Will and Cynthia Shier Sabo -- Speed(ing) / Thomas D. Berry, Kristie L. Johnson and Bryan E. Porter -- Running traffic controls / Richard Retting -- Driver distraction / Michael A. Regan and Charlene Hallett -- Driver fatigue / Jennifer F. May;The Handbook of Traffic Psychology covers all key areas of research in this field including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk on roadways. Comprehensive in scope, the methodology section includes case-control studies, self-report instruments and methods, field methods and naturalistic observational techniques, instrumented vehicles and in-car recording techniques, modeling and simulation methods, in vitro methods, clinical assessment, and crash datasets and analyses. Expe. Front Cover......Page 1 Handbook of Traffic Psychology......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 List of Contributors......Page 10 Part I -Theories, Concepts, and Methods......Page 12 2 -Education......Page 14 3 -Enforcement......Page 15 5 -Exposure......Page 17 6 -Examination of Competence and Fitness......Page 18 7 -Emergency Response......Page 19 8 -Evaluation......Page 20 References......Page 21 2 -The Task–Capability Interface Model......Page 24 4 -Compliance......Page 31 5 -Risk Allostasis Theory......Page 32 6 -Alternative Conceptualizations of Driver Goals......Page 34 References......Page 35 1 -Introduction......Page 38 2 -Epidemiological Study Designs......Page 39 3 -Case–Control Studies......Page 40 References......Page 52 2 -For What Kind of Traffic Research Can Self-Report be Used?......Page 54 3 -Self-Reports of Accidents, Near Accidents, and Mileage......Page 59 4 -Validity of Self-Reports of Driving......Page 62 References......Page 68 2 -Techniques......Page 72 3 -Applications in Traffic Psychology......Page 75 4 -How to Design A Community-Based Safety Belt Use Survey......Page 77 5 -Conclusions......Page 80 References......Page 81 2 -Traffic Conflict Technique......Page 84 3 -Philosophy of Large-Scale Instrumented Vehicle Studies......Page 85 4 -Life Cycle of Naturalistic Vehicle Studies......Page 86 References......Page 95 2 -What is a Driving Simulator?......Page 98 3 -Why Use a Driving Simulator?......Page 99 4 -To Move or Not......Page 100 5 -What Kind of Simulator to Use......Page 101 6 -How Valid are Driving Simulators as Research Tools?......Page 103 7 -Problems in Using Simulators: Simulator Sickness......Page 105 9 -Conclusions......Page 106 References......Page 107 2 -Data......Page 108 3 -Data Analysis......Page 112 References......Page 116 Part II -Key Variables to Understand in Traffic Psychology......Page 118 2 -Evidence from Developmental Neuroscience Research......Page 120 3 -Critical Aspects of Driving Linked with Neurological Development......Page 124 4 -Discussion and Conclusions......Page 128 References......Page 133 1 -Neuroscience and Older Drivers......Page 138 2 -Medical Issues and Older Drivers......Page 140 4 -Conclusion......Page 145 References......Page 146 1 -Introduction......Page 148 2 -Do Drivers Look at Critical Information?......Page 149 3 -Measures of Glance Duration......Page 151 4 -Measures of Spread......Page 153 5 -Conclusions......Page 156 References......Page 157 2 -Personal Factors and Driving Outcomes......Page 160 3 -The Context in Driving Outcomes......Page 167 4 -Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 170 References......Page 171 2 -The Effects of Mental Health on Driving......Page 176 3 -Effects of Driving on Mental Health......Page 179 4 -Summary......Page 183 References......Page 184 1 -Person and Environment: Behavior and Accidents......Page 190 2 -Traffic Culture: Goals and Mechanisms......Page 197 3 -Conclusion......Page 200 References......Page 201 1 -Introduction......Page 204 2 -The View from the Driver’s Seat: Driver-Centered Design Implications......Page 205 3 -Driver Variables Affecting the Driver–Vehicle Interaction......Page 210 4 -Vehicle Variables Affecting the Driver–Vehicle Interaction......Page 213 5 -Environmental Variables......Page 217 References......Page 219 Part III -Key Problem Behaviors......Page 224 2 -Effectiveness......Page 226 3 -Measurement......Page 227 4 -International Safety Belt Use......Page 228 5 -Safety Belt Use in the United States......Page 229 6 -Factors that Influence Safety Belt Use......Page 231 References......Page 237 2 -Background......Page 242 3 -Large-Scale Prevention of Alcohol-Impaired Driving......Page 246 4 -Non-Policy Programs for Large-Scale Prevention of Dui......Page 247 5 -Policy and Legal Initiatives for Large-Scale Prevention of Dui......Page 251 6 -Multicomponent Community Systems Approaches to the Prevention of Dui......Page 254 References......Page 255 1 -Introduction......Page 260 2 -Speed(ing) Research as a Quality Control Initiative......Page 261 3 -The Consequences of Speed(ing): A Postmortem Analysis......Page 262 4 -Antecedents to Speed(ing)......Page 265 5 -Using Big Pictures in Practice: is it Possible to Improve the Quality of Speed(ing)?......Page 272 References......Page 274 2 -Frequency of Violations......Page 278 3 -Driver Characteristics......Page 280 5 -Driver Response to Enforcement......Page 282 References......Page 283 2 -Driver Distraction: Definition......Page 286 3 -Driver Inattention: Definition......Page 287 4 -A Model of Driver Inattention......Page 288 5 -Sources and Types of Distraction......Page 290 6 -Moderating Factors......Page 291 7 -Interference and Theories of Interference......Page 292 9 -Impact on Safety......Page 293 10 -Managing Distraction......Page 295 References......Page 296 2 -Crash Statistics and National Surveys......Page 298 3 -Causal Factors of Driver Fatigue......Page 299 4 -High-Risk Populations......Page 301 5 -Countermeasures and Detection/Warning Technologies......Page 303 References......Page 305 Part IV -Vulnerable and Problem Road Users......Page 310 1 -Introduction......Page 312 3 -Regional Differences in Priority Issues and Standard Practices for Protecting Children......Page 313 4 -Key Strategies for Preventing Road Traffic Injuries Among Children......Page 314 5 -Recommendations for Protecting Child Occupants in Motor Vehicles......Page 315 6 -Conclusions......Page 321 References......Page 322 1 -Introduction......Page 326 2 -Epidemiology of Teen Driving in the United States: Risk and Protective Factors for Crashes......Page 327 3 -Developmental and Psychosocial Considerations for Teen Drivers......Page 332 4 -Impact of Developmental Disabilities on Teen Driving......Page 337 5 -Recommendations for Developing Evidence-Based Interventions to Promote Safe Driving Among Teens......Page 339 References......Page 345 2 -Challenges Faced by Older Drivers......Page 350 3 -Summary and Recommendations......Page 360 References......Page 361 2 -Need for Multifaceted Programs......Page 364 3 -Engineering Elements......Page 365 5 -Enforcement Elements......Page 366 6 -Specific Issues Regarding Pedestrian Safety......Page 367 References......Page 374 1 -Introduction......Page 378 3 -Bicycling, Infrastructure, and Driver Attention......Page 379 4 -The Minority Status of Bicycling, Stereotypes, and Driver Behavior......Page 381 6 -Summary......Page 382 References......Page 383 1 -Introduction......Page 386 2 -Trends in Motorcycle Use and Safety......Page 387 3 -Characteristics of Crashes......Page 388 4 -Correlates of Crashes......Page 389 5 -Understanding Riding Behavior......Page 391 6 -Conclusion......Page 394 References......Page 395 1 -Introduction......Page 400 2 -Truck Drivers......Page 401 3 -Bus Drivers......Page 405 4 -Taxi Drivers......Page 407 References......Page 408 Part V -Major Countermeasures to Reduce Risk......Page 412 1 -Introduction......Page 414 2 -Education and Training without a Theory......Page 415 3 -Connections between Typical Novice Driver Accidents and the Goals and Contents of Driver Education......Page 416 4 -Basic Driver Licensing Models and Presuppositions Behind Different Models......Page 421 5 -How Effective are Driver Licensing Models in Practice?......Page 424 6 -Goals and Contents of Driver Education: GDE......Page 428 7 -Future of Driver Education and Training......Page 429 References......Page 430 2 -Reviewing Current Research......Page 434 3 -Laying the Foundations......Page 435 4 -Step 1: Understand the need and Audience......Page 436 5 -Step 2: Clarify the Assumptions......Page 438 6 -Step 3: Prepare the Plan......Page 441 7 -Step 4: Build the Content......Page 444 8 -Step 5: Plan, Pilot Test, and Refine......Page 445 9 -Step 6: Implement......Page 446 10 -Step 7: Review, Refine, and Regenerate......Page 447 11 -Conclusion......Page 448 References......Page 449 1 -Introduction......Page 452 2 -The Enforcement System......Page 453 3 -Theoretical Bases for Enforcement......Page 454 5 -Enforcement Effectiveness in Reducing Risk Behaviors......Page 456 7 -Challenges for Enforcement Effectiveness......Page 458 8 -Future Considerations for Research......Page 460 9 -Conclusions......Page 462 References......Page 463 Part VI -Interdisciplinary Issues......Page 466 2 -History and Burden of the Traffic Injury Problem......Page 468 3 -A Public Health Perspective......Page 469 4 -Documenting Progress......Page 473 5 -Using Public Health and Traffic Psychology to Improve Traffic Safety......Page 474 6 -Challenges and Opportunities for the Future......Page 475 References......Page 479 2 -Outline of the Potential Contribution of Traffic Psychology to Policy Making......Page 482 3 -The Scope for Improving Road Safety: An Overview and a Discussion of Some Measures......Page 487 4 -Discussion and Summary......Page 492 References......Page 493 1 -Introduction and some History......Page 496 2 -Impact of Motorized Transport on the Planet......Page 498 4 -The Costs of Change......Page 500 5 -The Journey Experience......Page 501 6 -Attitudes Toward Car use and the Environment......Page 504 7 -Substituting More Sustainable Modes for Car use......Page 506 8 -Demand-Side Behavior Change......Page 507 9 -Conclusions......Page 509 References......Page 510 2 -Method......Page 514 3 -Results......Page 516 4 -Summary......Page 525 References......Page 526 Index......Page 530

The Handbook of Traffic Psychology covers all key areas of research in this field including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk on roadways. Comprehensive in scope, the methodology section includes case-control studies, self-report instruments and methods, field methods and naturalistic observational techniques, instrumented vehicles and in-car recording techniques, modeling and simulation methods, in vivo methods, clinical assessment, and crash datasets and analyses. Experienced researchers will better understand what methods are most useful for what kinds of studies and students can better understand the myriad of techniques used in this discipline.

• Focuses specifically on traffic, as opposed to transport
• Covers all key areas of research in traffic psychology including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce the risk of variables and behavior
• Contents include how to conduct traffic research and how to analyze data
• Contributors come from more than 10 countries, including US, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Turkey, France, Finland, Norway, Israel, and South Africa

The Handbook of Traffic Psychology covers all key areas of research in this field including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk on roadways. Comprehensive in scope, the methodology section includes case-control studies, self-report instruments and methods, field methods and naturalistic observational techniques, instrumented vehicles and in-car recording techniques, modeling and simulation methods, in vitro methods, clinical assessment, and crash datasets and analyses. Experienced researchers will better understand what methods are most useful for what kinds of studies and students can better understand the myriad of techniques used in this discipline. liFocuses specifically on traffic, as opposed to transport/li liCovers all key areas of research in traffic psychology including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk of variables and behavior/li liContents include how to conduct traffic research and how to analyze data/li liContributors come from more than ten countries, including US, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Turkey, France, Finland, Norway, Israel, and South Africa/li The Handbook of Traffic Psychology covers all key areas of research in this field including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce risk on roadways. Comprehensive in scope, the methodology section includes case-control studies, self-report instruments and methods, field methods and naturalistic observational techniques, instrumented vehicles and in-car recording techniques, modeling and simulation methods, in vivo methods, clinical assessment, and crash datasets and analyses. Experienced researchers will better understand what methods are most useful for what kinds of studies and students can better understand the myriad of techniques used in this discipline. Focuses specifically on traffic, as opposed to transport Covers all key areas of research in traffic psychology including theory, applications, methodology and analyses, variables that affect traffic, driver problem behaviors, and countermeasures to reduce the risk of variables and behavior Contents include how to conduct traffic research and how to analyze data Contributors come from more than 10 countries, including US, UK, Japan, Netherlands, Ireland, Switzerland, Mexico, Australia, Canada, Turkey, France, Finland, Norway, Israel, and South Africa The cognitive neuroscience of driving is explored in chapters covering links between the brain and decision-making that may affect drivers, neuropsychological changes that may affect older drivers, the influence of cognitive impairment and cognitive overload on driving, and social, personality, and affective constructs in driving. Emotion, mental health, culture, and human factors are also explored as they influence driving behavior. Coverage then moves to problem behavior including safety restraint non-use, impaired driving, speeding, running traffic controls, and distracted and fatigued driving. Separate chapters cover vulnerable and problem road users including those who are likely to be most injured in a crash, inexperienced drivers, and older drivers, while also covering how pedestrians and bicyclists can adversely impact vehicular traffic. The book concludes with measures to reduce risk, how effective they've been, and suggestions for future policy to further reduce risk