Handbook of the Philosophy of Climate Change (Handbooks in Philosophy)

This Handbook offers a broad yet unified treatment of many philosophical issues connected with climate change, ranging from foundational puzzles to detailed applications. It extends to many branches of philosophy that are relevant to the understanding of the premises and implications of the impacts of climate change on human and nonhuman life on Earth. More specifically, the handbook examines the scientific accounts of climate change as well as its causes. It explores the tools offered by social sciences and humanities to study the societal premises and impacts of climate change as well as delving deeper into the ethical and political issues connected with and resulting from climate change. By doing so, it puts it all in an ecological and historical context. In addition, the book offers solutions to some important philosophical puzzles and problems, and indicates paths of interaction between philosophy and other disciplines. The discussion about climate change andthe mitigation/adaptation policies spans many areas and levels – from abstract science and philosophy to current on-the-ground politics. However, climate change is also a great a philosophical puzzle. Indeed, its existential and practical relevance can be thought to largely derive from the philosophical complications it engenders. Climate change is applied philosophy par excellence. Preventing dangerous anthropogenic climate change needs very good philosophy applied to concrete and specific practical issues. Climate change is an area where scholars from very different provenances should cooperate on equal terms, having in view a common, and really important, purpose – contribute to preventing great burdens and even the extinction of humankind and the destruction of hospitable and valuable non-human nature. Preface Contents About the Editors Contributors Part I: Introduction Introduction Introduction Overview of the Handbook Sections Conclusions Cross-References References Part II: Climate Change, Science, and Philosophy Understanding Model-Based Uncertainty in Climate Science Introduction What Makes a Climate Model Overall Model Structure Individual Model Components Running Model Simulations Model Evaluation Sources of Uncertainty in Climate Models Structural Uncertainty Parameter Uncertainty Scenario Uncertainty Initial Conditions and Internal Variability Uncertainty Uncertainty in Observations and Data Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Implications of Model-Based Uncertainty: Scientific Responses and Philosophical Interpretations Introduction Implications of Model Uncertainty for the Science of Climate Change Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity and Transient Climate Response Detection and Attribution of Anthropogenic Climate Change Future Climate Extremes Future Climate Impacts Scientific Responses to the Challenges of Model Uncertainty Model Ensembles Alternative Model Pluralisms Benchmarking Paleo-Reconstructions Machine Learning Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Climate Models and Robustness Analysis - Part I: Core Concepts and Premises Introduction Model-Based RA Articulating Core Concepts Independence Agreement Establishing the Premises Premise of Step 1: Finding the Robust Property Premise of Step 2: Finding the Common Structure Premise of Step 3: Understanding Robust Theorems Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Models and Robustness Analysis - Part II: The Justificatory Challenge Introduction The Justificatory Challenge Top-Down Justifications Bottom-Up Justifications The Likelihood Approach Independence Approaches The Explanatory Approach Conclusion Cross-References References Abrupt Climate Changes and Tipping Points Introduction: This contribution has been written in Spring 2021 Defining Abrupt Climate Changes The Dynamical Systems Theory Perspective: Bifurcations Defining Tipping Points in the Climate and Earth Systems Tipping Points: Scientific Relevance and Uncertainties Communicating About Tipping Points Tipping Points in the Anthropocene: The Social Science Perspective Conclusion References Climate Research and Big Data Introduction Big Data Elements in Climate Research Data and Its Uncertainty in Climate Research Traditional Climate Data and New Developments Modeling, Adequacy, and Uncertainty of Climate Datasets Data-Driven Modeling in Climate Research Machine Learning and Data-Driven Models Representational Accuracy Predictions and Uncertainty Understanding Conclusions References Environmental Robots and Climate Action Introduction What Are ``Environmental Robots ́ ́? Environmental Robots for Climate Action Ecobots for Climate Action? Robots-for-Ecology for Climate Action? Robots-in-Ecology for Climate Action? Conclusion Works Cited Works Consulted Part III: Climate Change, Social Sciences, and Philosophy Climate Change Sociology: Perspectives and Dilemmas Introduction A Sociology of Climate Change Climate Change Ontology On the Different Meanings of Climate Climate as Commons The Causes of Climate Change: Fossil Energy, Fossil Capitalism, and the Sociology of Energy Consequences of Climate Change: Injustice and Inequality Conclusions Cross-References References Climate Change and Cultural Anthropology Introduction Climate Ethnography The Anthropocene Debate More-than-Human Relations Conclusion References Climate Change and Geography Introduction Mitigation Policies Carbon Offsets: Capitalist Vision and Neocolonial Approaches GHG Inventories Unburnable Fossil Fuels Adaptation Policies How to Go Beyond Adaptation: Transformation Scales and Rescaling Rescaling and Individuals The Geographical Literature and the IPCC: Relationships and Perspectives Cross-References References Climate Change and Urban Studies Introduction Why Should Cities Act About Climate Change? What Can Cities Do for Climate Change? How Are Cities Acting for Climate Change? Multi-Level, Collaborative Approaches for a Polycentric Problem Urban Climate Experimentalism City-led Climate Change Litigation. Cities Use Litigation as a Public Platform Cities, Climate Change and Urban Equity and Justice Conclusions References Normative Challenges in Climate Change Economics Introduction Choice of Welfare Function for Climate Policy Analysis Welfare Functions with Equity Welfare Functions with Refined Treatment of Risk Incorporating Both Risk and Equity Preferences in the Welfare Function Ex Ante Egalitarianism Ex Post Egalitarianism The Challenge of Distinguishing Positive and Normative Assumptions in Economic Models Pure Rate of Time Preference Risk Aversion, Inequality Aversion, and Intertemporal Elasticity of Substitution Value of Statistical Life in IAMs Measurement, Boundaries, and Scope of Analyses Co-benefits in the Benefit-Cost Analysis of Climate Policy Stock Versus Flow Measures Representation of Policy Detail Summary Cross-References References Climate Change and Decision Theory Introduction Climate Change and Decision Theory Prisoner ́s Dilemma Expected Utility Theory How You Could Make a Large Difference How You Probably (Also) Make an Imperceptible Difference But Can Decision Theory Handle Extreme Uncertainty? Summary References Climate Change and Psychology Introduction How Do We Relate to Nature? What Prevents Change? Habits Loss Aversion Distance/Discounting Autonomy/Efficacy Denialism/Skepticism Rationalization What Are the Effects of Change? Direct Psychological Effects of a Changing Climate Indirect Psychological Effects of a Changing Climate How Can Change Happen? Scope for Further Interaction Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Legal Theory Introduction The Historical Relationship Between Climate, Natural Resources, and Law The Climate System in Legal Theory State Sovereignty and ``Planetary Boundaries ́ ́ Tragedy of the Horizon and Metabolic Rift Climate Change and Human Rights Climate Change and Democracy The Legal Practice Between ``Tornado ́ ́ and ``Abortion ́ ́ Politics Conclusions: Law in the Weather-World Cross-References References Part IV: Climate Change, Humanities, and Philosophy Climate Change and the Environmental Humanities Introduction The Environmental Humanities The Humanities Approach Environmental Humanities: Outlook, Concerns, Aims, Functions Environmental Humanities and Climate Change: Some Key Themes Philosophy and Climate Change: Four Themes Future People, Systemic Injustices, Responsibilities Climate Narratives, Catastrophism, Alternatives Climate Temporalities, Human Becoming, Present Times Culture, Nature as Adversary, Societal Inadequacies Conclusion: Living with Nature References Climate Change, Environmental Philosophy, and Anthropocentrism Introduction Anthropocentrism and Non-anthropocentrism in Environmental Philosophy Critiques of Anthropocentrism Non-anthropocentric Alternatives Anthropocentrism and Climate Change Is Anthropocentrism Really the Problem? Detecting Anthropocentrism: The Renewable Energy Transition Conclusion Cross-References References The Earth Means the World to Me: Earth- and World-Interest in Times of Climate Change Introduction The Emergence of World in Times of Climate Change From World Interest to Earth Interest in Times of Climate Change The Givenness of Earth and World Conclusion: The Advantage of a Philosophical Concept of Earth and World in Times of Climate Change References Environmental Aesthetics and Global Climate Change Introduction: Aesthetics and Environment The Tools of Environmental Aesthetics Multisensory Sympathetic Attention and Immersion Emotions and Knowledge Temporality and Imagination Environmental Aesthetics and Loss Negative Aesthetic Values Conclusion: Aesthetic and Ethical Values Cross-References References Climate Change, Natural Aesthetics, and the Danger of Adapted Preferences Introduction The Weak Theory of Sustainability The Inherent Resistance of Aesthetic Goods to Quantification The Circularity of Using Adapted Aesthetic Preferences to Justify the Environmental Degradation That Caused Those Preferences The Implications of the Growing Gap Between Aesthetic Needs and (Adapted) Aesthetic Preferences Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Religion Religious Declarations on Climate Change Northcott ́s Interpretation of Such Statements and Attitudes The Implications of White ́s and Passmore ́s Stances The Bearing of Stewardship Concluding Remarks References Climate Change, Relational Philosophy, and Ecological Care Introduction Ecological Recognition: Solidarity and Care Philosophy ́s Answer to the Ethical Challenge of Climate Change Toward Recognitive Governance: Care and Solidarity Care Solidarity Conclusion Cross-References References Philosophical Perspectives on Climate Anxiety Introduction: Climate Emotions and Climate Anxiety Original Theories and Definitions of Climate Anxiety Earth Emotions and Climate Anxiety Apocalyptic Climate Anxiety The Two Waves of Climate Anxiety Climate Anxiety and Modern Forms of Animism The Interconnectedness of Climate Anxiety and Other Climate Emotions A Taxonomical Approach to Climate Emotions Christian Existential Perspectives on Climate Anxiety Climate Anxiety Through the Lens of Tillich ́s Christian Existentialism Climate Anxiety Through the Lens of Kierkegaard ́s Proto-existentialist Philosophy Phenomenological Perspectives on Climate Anxiety Climate Anxiety and the Lifeworld Climate Anxiety as a Threat to the Place of Safety Conclusion and a Provisional Philosophical Definition of Climate Anxiety References Climate Change and Myth Introduction Social Myths Academic Study of Climate Change and Myth The Mythemes of Environmentalism Summary Cross-References References Climate Change, Philosophy, and Fiction Introduction Cli-Fi and Literary Genre Cli-Fi as a Genre in Literary Studies Cli-Fi as a Genre in Philosophy Open Questions Cli-Fi and Thought Experiments The Notion of Thought Experiment in Philosophy Cli-Fi as Thought Experiment Setup Scenarios The Use of Imagination Real-World Consequences Open Questions Cli-Fi and Narrative Transportation Narrative Transportation Counterarguing Reduction in Cli-Fi Proximity to Real-Life Experiences Emotion and Identification Open Questions Summary References Climate Change and Fashion: At the Intersection of Ethics and Aesthetics Fashion and the Environment: Where We Stand Ethical, Aesthetics, and the Everyday Aesthetically Beautiful, Ethically Sustainable What Aesthetic Strategies Can Accomplish: More Sides to the Debate References Part V: Climate Change and Ethics Consequentialism and Climate Change Introduction: Consequentialist Environmental Ethics The No-Difference Problem Accepting the No-Difference Problem Rejecting the No-Difference Problem: Knock-on Effects Making a Difference Moral Mathematics Rule Consequentialism Virtue Consequentialism Individual Climate Action and Effectiveness Evaluative Uncertainty Conclusion: The Consequences of Consequentialism on Climate Change Cross-References References Responsibility for Climate Harms Introduction Collective Action Ethics: Collectivist and Individualist Accounts Ethics in a Tragedy of the Commons Justifying Climate Individualism: Denying the Description The Problem of Inconsequentialism The Efficacy of Individuals The Case for Collectivism A Confucian Collective? Against the Individualist Assumption Justifying Climate Individualism: Affirming the Prescription Virtue Contribution Universalization and Fair Shares The Extent of Individual Responsibility for Climate Justice Demandingness Constraints Against the Demandingness of Individual Emissions Reductions Carbon Offsetting Climate Ethics with an Ethnographic Sensibility Conclusion References Climate Change and Virtue Ethics Introduction Two Benefits of Virtue Ethical Approaches to Climate Change Virtue Ethical Approaches Capture Our Moral Phenomenology Virtue Ethical Approaches Can Tackle the Problem of Inconsequentialism A Catalogue of Environmental Virtues Old Virtues Reconceived New Virtues An Objection to Virtue-Oriented Approaches to Climate Change Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Environmental Justice Introduction A Brief Primer on Environmental Justice Origins of the Concept of Environmental Justice Components of Environmental Justice Climate Change and Distributional Justice Responsibility for Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Warming Disproportionate Impacts of Climate Change and the Cost of Adaptation Climate Change and Participative Justice The Role of Lower and Middle-Income Countries and Vulnerable Communities in Climate Governance Climate Change, Colonialism, and the Role of Indigenous Knowledges Applying Principles of Environmental Justice to Responses to Climate Change Bali Principles of Climate Justice and the Bali Action Plan The Paris Agreement Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Intergenerational Justice Introduction Something Rather Than Nothing? How Much Do We Owe Future Generations? What Do We Owe? Risk, Uncertainty, and Precaution Who Owes What? Creating Future People Institutions and Citizens for Intergenerational Justice Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Population Ethics Introduction Issues in Population Ethics and Implications for Climate Policy The Nonidentity Problem Theoretical Outlooks in Population Ethics Antinatalism and Procreative Limitarianism Population Size and Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change, the Non-identity Problem, and the Metaphysics of Transgenerational Actions Introduction The Structure of the Non-identity Paradox Challenging the Moral Argument of the Non-identity Paradox Non-consequentialist and Threshold-based Accounts of Harm The Impersonal Alternative to the Worse-off Argument The Non-identity Problem From the Individualist to the Collectivist Perspective Challenging the Metaphysical Premise The Argument The Non-identity Problem Doesn ́t Matter in the Transgenerational Sphere Transgenerational Actions From the Non-identity Problem to the Principle of Transgenerational Responsibility Conclusions Cross-References References Climate Change and Overpopulation Introduction Overpopulation and Climate Change The International Debate on Overpopulation: From the Kissinger Report to Reproductive Rights Conclusions Cross-References References Climate Change and the Motivational Gap Introduction Obstacles to an Intergenerational Climate-Change-Sensitive Motivation Misalignment Uncertainty Individual Causal Inefficiency The Link Among Risk Perception, Preference Management, and Taking Action Moral Corruption, Reciprocity, and Procrastination Moral Corruption Reciprocity Procrastination The Motivational Impasse and Three Ideal-Typic Reactions: Eco-anxiety, Indifference, and Solidarity The Subtler Obstacle: Intergenerational Indifference Contrastive Motivations Reconsidering Solidarity Versus Indifference Overcoming the Motivational Gap: A Twofold Path Grounding the Diachronic Solidarity A Kantian Approach Conclusion Cross-References References Mitigation Duties Introduction Definitions Two Mitigation Measures Five Kinds of Agents Responsibility and Duty Individual Climate Duties Two Individual Duties of Climate Justice Options to Fulfill Individual Climate Duties Are Mitigation Duties Too Demanding? The Mitigation Duties of States PPP, APP, and BPP CBDR-RC IPAT Subnational Jurisdictions, Supranational Organizations, and Corporations Cities Reforming the WTO Carbon Majors Conclusion Cross-References References Adaptation Duties Introduction Climate Change and Harm The Moral Features of the Duty of Adaptation The Duty Bearers The Forms The Scope The Duty Recipients Empirical Features of the Duty of Adaptation The Structure The Currency and the Magnitude Second-Order Agents and Duty Conclusion Cross-References References Compensation Duties Introduction Four Justifications of Compensation Polluter Pays Principle Beneficiary Pays Principle Ability to Pay Principle Polluter Pays, Then Receives Principle Methods and Institutions of Compensation Forward-Looking Compensation Methods and Institutions Backward-Looking Compensation Methods and Institutions Conclusions Cross-References References Climate Change, Global Health, and Planetary Health Health Effects of Climate Change Background Infectious Diseases Heat-Related Illnesses Air Pollution Strain on Vital Infrastructure Global Health Inequalities The Ethical Importance of Health Normal Functioning Well-Being Autonomy Dignity Injustice and Global Health Inequalities Direct Approach Indirect Approach Health Equity and Climate Change Case Study: Planetary Health Maximizing The Triumvirate Conclusion References Climate Change and Nature Conservation Introduction. The Discovery of Climate Change and the Beginning of Nature Conservation Old and New Conservationism Motives for Conservation Targets of Conservation Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change The End of Nature as We Know It Conclusion. What Remains of Preservationism Cross-References References Food and Climate Change in a Philosophical Perspective Introduction Climate Change and the Future of Food: Three Frameworks The Impact of Climate Change on Food: A Philosophical Analysis Geographical Indications Global Hunger Food Biodiversity The Impact of Food on Climate Change: A Philosophical Analysis Food Waste Sustainable Diets Food Sovereignty Conclusion References Climate Change and the Ethics of Agriculture Introduction Inequalities at Five Dimensions Global Inequalities Local Inequalities Gender Inequalities Relational Inequalities Nutritional Inequalities Setting Priorities: Adaptation or Mitigation Avoiding Wastage: Farmer and Consumer Responsibilities Ideal: Resilience Innovation and Social Justice Landscape Changes and Social Justice Land Use Changes and Social Justice Conclusion: On the Challenges of Adequate Compensation References Climate Change and Animal Ethics Introduction Animals and Ethics Before Modern Age Turning Points: The Moral Value of Suffering and Darwin ́s Revolution Animal Ethics: A New Field for Philosophical Ethics Animal Ethics and Environmental Ethics: A Troubled Relation? Farming, Greenhouse Emissions, Virtues Climate Change, Wildlife, and Conservation Ethics Conclusion Cross-References References Plant Ethics and Climate Change Introduction Plant Ethics Intrinsic Value Theories Instrumentalist and Relational Theories Plants and Climate Change The Role of Plants in the Climate System Damages of Climate Change on Plants Plant Ethics and Climate Change Duties of Preservation of Plants and Forests Responsibility of Planting Trees Duties to Help Plant Migration Conclusion References The Ethics of Geoengineering Introduction What Is Geoengineering? Carbon Dioxide Removal Solar Radiation Management The Ethics of Research Moral Hazard Slippery Slope The Ethics of Deployment Procedural Justice Substantive Justice The Ethics of a Geoengineered World Nature and Naturalness Cessation Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Human Engineering Introduction The Rationale Behind Direct Human Engineering Evolutionary Lag Psychological Constraints Biological Constraints Human Engineering as a Possible Way Out Cognitive Enhancement Moral Bioenhancement Dietary Preference Modification Physiology Modification Ethical Concerns Against Human Engineering Safety Feasibility Resources Allocation Unpredictability Violation of Autonomy Moral Rigidity Social Injustice Designing the Next Generation Disrespect for Human Nature Conclusion References Climate Change and the Ethics of Technology Introduction Engineering Ethics: What Kind of Future Are We Designing? Do Technologies Present a Moral Hazard? Does AI in Relation to Climate Change Pose Moral Issues in Relation to Climate Change? Final Ethical Values and Climate Engineering Conclusions References Part VI: Climate Change and Political Philosophy Climate Change, Uncertainty, and Policy Introduction Conceptualizing Uncertainty A Typology of Uncertainty A1. Scientific Uncertainty Grounded in Lack of Evidence A2. Scientific Uncertainty Grounded in Theoretical and Conceptual Shortcomings A3. Scientific Uncertainty Grounded in Contestation A4. Scientific Uncertainty Grounded in Variability B1. Moral Uncertainty Grounded in Epistemic Uncertainty B2. Moral Uncertainty Grounded in Shortcomings of Moral Inquiry B3. Moral Uncertainty Grounded in Contestation B4. Moral Uncertainty Grounded in Variability Ground Versus Extent of Uncertainty Policy Implications Locating Uncertainties in Climate Science I. Observational Uncertainties II. Simulation Uncertainties Natural Variability External Forcings Model Response III. Impact Uncertainties Uncertainties in Climate Economics and Ethics Future Technologies Future Institutions Future Populations Representing Uncertainty Quantifying Uncertainty The IPCC ́s Treatment of Uncertainty Scenarios, Narratives, and Storylines Decision Strategies in the Face of Uncertainty Expected Utility Maximization Robust Decision-Making Adaptive Decision-Making Conclusion References Climate Change and Democracy Introduction Defining Democracy Diagnosing Climate-Related Problems in Democracy Less Democracy More Democracy Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Gender Introduction Feminist Philosophies Feminist Philosophies of Science Ecofeminisms Ecofeminist Philosophy As a Way of Understanding and Responding to Climate Change The Masters Tools Challenging the Heteronormativity of Climate Change Strategically Playing with Stereotypes Climate Change Reinforcing the Gender Hierarchy Ecofeminist Praxis: Philosophy into Action Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Human Rights Human Rights, the Environment, and Climate Change: A Brief History Climate Change as a Threat to Human Rights A Human Rights Approach to Climate Change Limits of the Human Rights Approach and Reasons for Skepticism Responses to Skepticism and Final Considerations Cross-References References Documents and Reports Climate Change and the Circumstances of Justice Introduction A Climate Agreement The Circumstances of Climate Justice The Two Asymmetries and the Intergenerational Conflicts of the Climate Transition The Cost Asymmetry The Benefit Asymmetry Intergenerational Conflicts Unravelling an Intricate Prisoner ́s Dilemma Global Vulnerability to Asymmetric Shocks Narrows the Benefit Asymmetry The Co-benefits of Climate Action Narrow the Cost Asymmetry It Is Not Rational to Ignore Future Generations Conclusions Cross-References References Climate Change and Distributive Justice Introduction The Building Blocks of Climate Justice Intergenerational Justice Intragenerational Justice Implementing Climate Justice Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Global Justice Introduction Justice-Relevant Facts of the Matter The Polluter Pays Principle Beneficiaries Pay Principle Ability to Pay Principle Equal Per Capita Distribution Protection of the Vulnerable: Future Generations and the Global Poor Future Generations The Global Poor Sufficientarianism Burden Sharing Vs. Harm Avoidance Challenges to Achieving International Justice in the Context of Global Climate Change Challenge 1: Feasibility Challenge 2: Noncompliance, Free-Riding, and Additional Concerns of Justice Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Human Mobilities Introduction Gaps in the Global Protection Regime The Refugee Convention Limitations of a ``Refugee ́ ́ Paradigm Vulnerability, Resilience, and Agency Alarmist and National Security Narratives Alternative Moral Principles for Climate-Related Mobilities Causal Responsibility Humanitarian Obligations The International State System Co-ownership of the Earth The Right to a Livable Locality Group Rights What Is Owed? Immigration and Inclusion Territory and Land Compensation or Reparation? Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change and Social Movements Introduction Political Philosophy: From Civil Society to Social Movements, and Back Varieties of Climate Change Social Movements Forms of Contestation in Climate Change Social Movements: Participation, Civil Disobedience and Beyond Timing, Democracy, and Cosmopolitanism Cross-References References Climate Change Conspiracy Theories Introduction Climate Change Conspiracy Theories: Examples Empirical Studies Conspiracy Theory: A Definition Ethical Issues Policy Options Conclusions References Climate Change Action as Collective Action Introduction The ``Tragedy of the Commons ́ ́ Reconsidered Collective Action Failures Duties to Cooperate Climate Cooperation as Joint Climate Action Removing Obstacles References Climate Change and Republicanism Republicanism Climate Domination Republican Economics Vulnerable Places and People Virtuous Citizens Polis Versus Cosmopolis Conclusion References Climate Change and Communitarianism Morality Has Its Origin in the Community The Failure of Communitarianism Regarding Climate Change A New Communitarian Approach: The Transgenerational Community Grounds Obligations of Global Justice Why the Future Community Cannot Obligate the Present Community In Theory, Only Present Cultural Identities Can Be Sources of Obligations Toward Future Communities Yet, Present Identities Are Not Sources of Obligations Toward Future Communities The Psychology of Cultural Identity as Source of Global Justice Concluding Remarks References Climate Change and Institutions for Future Generations: The Litigation Option Introduction Institutions for Future Generations Climate Change Litigation as an Institution for Future Generations Legitimacy in Future-Focused Climate Litigation: Three Dimensions Source-Based Legitimacy in Future-Focused Climate Litigation Process-Based Legitimacy in Future-Focused Climate Litigation Outcome-Based Legitimacy in Future-Focused Climate Litigation Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Central Banks and Climate Justice: The Case for Green Quantitative Easing Introduction The Normative Significance of Central Banks What Can Central Banks Do to Fight Climate Change? What Is Green QE and Why Is It Superior to Alternative Strategies? Standard Green QE Progressive Green QE A Climate Bad Bank Intergenerational Green QE The Principle of Borrowing from the Future Concessive Arguments Enthusiastic Arguments Is Borrowing from the Future Morally Permissible? Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Climate Change and Security in the Anthropocene: Existential Threats, Ethics, and Futures Introduction Chronology and Debates: Security and the Nexus with Climate Change in Research Climate Security in Practice: The United Nations Security Council Climate Security in the Anthropocene: Security for Whom and How? Futures of Climate Security Research in the Anthropocene Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Part VII: Conclusion Conclusion Index