Handbook of the History of Logic, Volume 8: The Many Valued and Nonmonotonic Turn in Logic
معرفی کتاب «Handbook of the History of Logic, Volume 8: The Many Valued and Nonmonotonic Turn in Logic» نوشتهٔ Woods, John Hayden;Gabbay, Dov M، منتشرشده توسط نشر Elsevier North Holland ; Elsevier Science [distributor در سال 2007. این کتاب در فرمت pdf، زبان انگلیسی ارائه شده است.
In Designing The Handbook Of The History Of Logic, The Editors Have Taken The View That The History Of Logic Holds More Than An Antiquarian Interest, And That A Knowledge Of Logic's Rich And Sophisticated Development Is, In Various Respects, Relevant To The Research Programmes Of The Present Day. Ancient Logic Is No Exception. The Present Volume Attests To The Distant Origins Of Some Of Modern Logic's Most Important Features, Such As Can Be Found In The Claim By The Authors Of The Chapter On Aristotle's Early Logic That, From Its Infancy, The Theory Of The Syllogism Is An Example Of An Intuitionistic, Non-monotonic, Relevantly Paraconsistent Logic. Similarly, In Addition To Its Comparative Earliness, What Is Striking About The Best Of The Megarian And Stoic Traditions Is Their Sophistication And Originality. V. 1. Greek, Indian, And Arabic Logic -- V. 2. Mediaeval And Renaissance Logic -- V. 3. The Rise Of Modern Logic: From Leibniz To Frege -- V. 4. British Logic In The Nineteenth Century -- V. 5. Logic From Russell To Church -- V. 6. Sets And Extensions In The Twentiteth Century / Edited By Dov M. Gabbay, Akihiro Kanamori, And John Woods -- V. 7. Logic And The Modalities In The Twentieth Century -- V. 8. The Many Valued And Nonmonotonic Turn In Logic -- V. 9. Computational Logic -- V. 10. Inductive Logic -- V. 11. Logic: A History Of Its Central Concepts. Edited By Dov M. Gabbay And John Woods. Includes Bibliographical References And Indexes. Front Cover 1 Handbook of the History of Logic 4 Copyright Page 5 Table of Contents 6 Preface 8 List of Authors 12 Chapter 1 Many-valued Logic and its Philosophy 14 INTRODUCTION 14 1 WAYS OF MANY VALUES 15 2 THE THREE-VALUED ŁUKASIEWICZ LOGIC 18 3 THREE-VALUED LOGICS OF KLEENE AND BOCHVAR 23 4 LOGIC ALGEBRAS, MATRICES AND STRUCTURALITY 27 5 POST LOGICS 32 6 ŁUKASIEWICZ LOGICS 37 7 STANDARD AXIOMATIZATION 42 8 BACKGROUND TO PROOF THEORY 45 9 QUANTIFIERS IN MANY-VALUED LOGIC 50 10 INTUITIONISM AND GÖDEL’S MATRICES 53 11 ON BIVALENT DESCRIPTIONS 57 12 INTERPRETATION AND JUSTIFICATION 61 13 MODES OF MANY-VALUEDNESS 66 14 FUZZY SETS AND FUZZY LOGICS 71 15 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 76 16 APPLICATIONS 82 BIBLIOGRAPHY 88 Chapter 2 Preservationism: A Short History 96 1 SOME OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE CLASSICAL VIEW OF CONSEQUENCE 97 2 ORIGIN MYTH 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY 126 Chapter 3 Paraconsistency and Dialetheism 130 1 INTRODUCTION 130 2 PARACONSISTENT LOGIC IN HISTORY 133 3 DIALETHEISM IN HISTORY 138 4 MODERN PARACONSISTENCY 149 5 MODERN DIALETHEISM 166 6 THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS 179 7 NEGATION 188 8 RATIONALITY 196 BIBLIOGRAPHY 201 Chapter 4 The History of Quantum Logic 206 1 THE BIRTH OF QUANTUM LOGIC: BIRKHOFF AND VON NEUMANN 206 2 THE RENAISSANCE OF THE QUANTUM LOGICAL APPROACHES TO QUANTUM THEORY 218 3 IS QUANTUM LOGIC A “VERITABLE” LOGIC? 232 4 INDETERMINISM AND FUZZINESS: THE UNSHARP APPROACHES TO QT 245 5 THE DISCUSSION ABOUT THE EMPIRICAL NATURE OF LOGIC 263 6 MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX 265 BIBLIOGRAPHY 278 Chapter 5 Logics of Vagueness 286 1 VAGUENESS AND THE SORITES PUZZLE 287 2 STOICISM AND THE EPISTEMIC THEORY 292 3 FREGE, RUSSELL AND THE IDEAL LANGUAGE 296 4 THE “TRIUMPH” OF THE DIALECTIC 297 5 SUPERVALUATIONISM 301 6 MANY-VALUED AND FUZZY LOGICS 307 7 CONTEXTUALISM 316 8 HIGHER-ORDER VAGUENESS 320 BIBLIOGRAPHY 323 Chapter 6 Fuzzy-set Based Logics — An History-oriented Presentation of their Main Developments 326 1 INTRODUCTION: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 326 2 A GENERAL THEORY OF APPROXIMATE REASONING 331 3 MANY VALUED LOGICAL SYSTEMS BASED ON FUZZY SET CONNECTIVES 374 4 FUZZY SET-BASED LOGICAL HANDLING OF UNCERTAINTY AND SIMILARITY 415 5 CONCLUSION 432 BIBLIOGRAPHY 434 Chapter 7 Nonmonotonic Logics: A Preferential Approach 452 1 INTRODUCTION 452 2 BASIC DEFINITIONS, RESULTS, AND DISCUSSION 460 3 ADVANCED TOPICS 490 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 516 BIBLIOGRAPHY 516 Chapter 8 Default Logic 518 1 INTRODUCTION: DEFAULT REASONING 518 2 DEFAULT LOGIC 519 3 VARIANTS OF DEFAULT LOGIC 531 4 DEFAULT REASONING WITH PREFERENCE 542 5 PRIORITIZED LOGIC PROGRAMS 548 6 CONCLUSION 553 BIBLIOGRAPHY 554 Chapter 9 Nonmonotonic Reasoning 558 1 WHAT IS NONMONOTONIC REASONING 558 2 PRE-HISTORY: PROBLEMS AND FIRST SOLUTIONS 561 3 COMING OF AGE 567 4 PREFERENTIAL NONMONOTONIC REASONING 600 5 EXPLANATORY NONMONOTONIC REASONING 610 6 CONCLUSIONS 623 BIBLIOGRAPHY 624 Chapter 10 Free Logics 634 1 INTRODUCTION 634 2 FORMAL SYSTEMS 638 3 SEMANTIC APPROACHES 646 4 ROOTS AND FRUITS: DESCRIPTIONS AND PRESUPPOSITIONS 656 5 FREE LOGIC AND INTENSIONAL LOGICS 661 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 678 BIBLIOGRAPHY 678 Index 682 The present volume of the Handbook of the History of Logic brings together two of the most important developments in 20th century non-classical logic. These are many-valuedness and non-monotonicity. On the one approach, in deference to vagueness, temporal or quantum indeterminacy or reference-failure, sentences that are classically non-bivalent are allowed as inputs and outputs to consequence relations. Many-valued, dialetheic, fuzzy and quantum logics are, among other things, principled attempts to regulate the flow-through of sentences that are neither true nor false. On the second, or non-monotonic, approach, constraints are placed on inputs (and sometimes on outputs) of a classical consequence relation, with a view to producing a notion of consequence that serves in a more realistic way the requirements of real-life inference.
Many-valued logics produce an interesting problem. Non-bivalent inputs produce classically valid consequence statements, for any choice of outputs. A major task of many-valued logics of all stripes is to fashion an appropriately non-classical relation of consequence.
The chief preoccupation of non-monotonic (and default) logicians is how to constrain inputs and outputs of the consequence relation. In what is called “left non-monotonicity, it is forbidden to add new sentences to the inputs of true consequence-statements. The restriction takes notice of the fact that new information will sometimes override an antecedently (and reasonably) derived consequence. In what is called “right non-monotonicity, limitations are imposed on outputs of the consequence relation. Most notably, perhaps, is the requirement that the rule of or-introduction not be given free sway on outputs. Also prominent is the effort of paraconsistent logicians, both preservationist and dialetheic, to limit the outputs of inconsistent inputs, which in classical contexts are wholly unconstrained.
In some instances, our two themes coincide. Dialetheic logics are a case in point. Dialetheic logics allow certain selected sentences to have, as a third truth value, the classical values of truth and falsity together. So such logics also admit classically inconsistent inputs. A central task is to construct a right non-monotonic consequence relation that allows for these many-valued, and inconsistent, inputs.
The Many Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science, AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, and the history of ideas.
- Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic
- Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interprative insights that answers many questions in the field of logic With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the rise of modern logic. The period covered is 1685-1900, with this volume carving out the territory from Leibniz to Frege. What is striking about this period is the earliness and persistence of what could be called 'the mathematical turn in logic'. Virtually every working logician is aware that, after a centuries-long run, the logic that originated in antiquity came to be displaced by a new approach with a dominantly mathematical character. It is, however, a substantial error to suppose that the mathematization of logic was, in all essentials, Frege's accomplishment or, if not his alone, a development ensuing from the second half of the nineteenth century. The mathematical turn in logic, although given considerable torque by events of the nineteenth century, can with assurance be dated from the final quarter of the seventeenth century in the impressively prescient work of Leibniz. It is true that, in the three hundred year run-up to the Begriffsschrift, one does not see a smoothly continuous evolution of the mathematical turn, but the idea that logic is mathematics, albeit perhaps only the most general part of mathematics, is one that attracted some degree of support throughout the entire period in question. Still, as Alfred North Whitehead once noted, the relationship between mathematics and symbolic logic has been an "uneasy" one, as is the present-day association of mathematics with computing. Some of this unease has a philosophical texture. For example, those who equate mathematics and logic sometimes disagree about the directionality of the purported identity. Frege and Russell made themselves famous by insisting (though for different reasons) that logic was the senior partner. Indeed logicism is the view that mathematics can be re-expressed without relevant loss in a suitably framed symbolic logic. But for a number of thinkers who took an algebraic approach to logic, the dependency relation was reversed, with mathematics in some form emerging as the senior partner. This was the precursor of the modern view that, in its four main precincts (set theory, proof theory, model theory and recursion theory), logic is indeed a branch of pure mathematics. It would be a mistake to leave the impression that the mathematization of logic (or the logicization of mathematics) was the sole concern of the history of logic between 1665 and 1900. There are, in this long interval, aspects of the modern unfolding of logic that bear no stamp of the imperial designs of mathematicians, as the chapters on Kant and Hegcl make clear. Of the two, Hcgel's influence on logic is arguably the greater, serving as a spur to the unfolding of an idealist tradition in logic - a development that will be covered in a further volume, British Logic in the Nineteenth Century. With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the rise of modern logic. The period covered is 1685-1900, with this volume carving out the territory from Leibniz to Frege. What is striking about this period is the earliness and persistence of what could be called 'the mathematical turn in logic'. Virtually every working logician is aware that, after a centuries-long run, the logic that originated in antiquity came to be displaced by a new approach with a dominantly mathematical character. It is, however, a substantial error to suppose that the mathematization of logic was, in all essentials, Frege's accomplishment or, if not his alone, a development ensuing from the second half of the nineteenth century. The mathematical turn in logic, although given considerable torque by events of the nineteenth century, can with assurance be dated from the final quarter of the seventeenth century in the impressively prescient work of Leibniz. It is true that, in the three hundred year run-up to the Begriffsschrift, one does not see a smoothly continuous evolution of the mathematical turn, but the idea that logic is mathematics, albeit perhaps only the most general part of mathematics, is one that attracted some degree of support throughout the entire period in question. Still, as Alfred North Whitehead once noted, the relationship between mathematics and symbolic logic has been an "uneasy" one, as is the present-day association of mathematics with computing. Some of this unease has a philosophical texture. For example, those who equate mathematics and logic sometimes disagree about the directionality of the purported identity. Frege and Russell made themselves famous by insisting (though for different reasons) that logic was the senior partner. Indeed logicism is the view that mathematics can be re-expressed without relevant loss in a suitably framed symbolic logic. But for a number of thinkers who took an algebraic approach to logic, the dependency relation was reversed, with mathematics in some form emerging as the senior partner. This was the precursor of the modern view that, in its four main precincts (set theory, proof theory, model theory and recursion theory), logic is indeed a branch of pure mathematics. It would be a mistake to leave the impression that the mathematization of logic (or the logicization of mathematics) was the sole concern of the history of logic between 1665 and 1900. There are, in this long interval, aspects of the modern unfolding of logic that bear no stamp of the imperial designs of mathematicians, as the chapters on Kant and Hegel make clear. Of the two, Hegel's influence on logic is arguably the greater, serving as a spur to the unfolding of an idealist tradition in logic - a development that will be covered in a further volume, British Logic in the Nineteenth Century Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic marks the initial appearance of the multi-volume Handbook of the History of Logic. Additional volumes will be published when ready, rather than in strict chronological order. Soon to appear are The Rise of Modern Logic: From Leibniz to Frege. Also in preparation are Logic From Russell to Gödel, Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, and The Many-Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic. Further volumes will follow, including Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic and Logic: A History of its Central.
In designing the Handbook of the History of Logic, the Editors have taken the view that the history of logic holds more than an antiquarian interest, and that a knowledge of logic's rich and sophisticated development is, in various respects, relevant to the research programmes of the present day. Ancient logic is no exception. The present volume attests to the distant origins of some of modern logic's most important features, such as can be found in the claim by the authors of the chapter on Aristotle's early logic that, from its infancy, the theory of the syllogism is an example of an intuitionistic, non-monotonic, relevantly paraconsistent logic. Similarly, in addition to its comparative earliness, what is striking about the best of the Megarian and Stoic traditions is their sophistication and originality.
Logic is an indispensably important pivot of the Western intellectual tradition. But, as the chapters on Indian and Arabic logic make clear, logic's parentage extends more widely than any direct line from the Greek city states. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that for centuries logic has been an unfetteredly international enterprise, whose research programmes reach to every corner of the learned world.
Like its companion volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic is the result of a design that gives to its distinguished authors as much space as would be needed to produce highly authoritative chapters, rich in detail and interpretative reach. The aim of the Editors is to have placed before the relevant intellectual communities a research tool of indispensable value.
Together with the other volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic, will be essential reading for everyone with a curiosity about logic's long development, especially researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic in all its forms, argumentation theory, AI and computer science, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensics, philosophy and the history of philosophy, and the history of ideas. Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic marks the initial appearance of the multi-volume Handbook of the History of Logic. Additional volumes will be published when ready, rather than in strict chronological order. Soon to appear are The Rise of Modern From Leibniz to Frege. Also in preparation are Logic From Russell to Gdel,Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, and The Many-Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic. Further volumes will follow, including Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic and A History of its Central. In designing the Handbook of the History of Logic, the Editors have taken the view that the history of logic holds more than an antiquarian interest, and that a knowledge of logic's rich and sophisticated development is, in various respects, relevant to the research programmes of the present day. Ancient logic is no exception. The present volume attests to the distant origins of some of modern logic's most important features, such as can be found in the claim by the authors of the chapter on Aristotle's early logic that, from its infancy, the theory of the syllogism is an example of an intuitionistic, non-monotonic, relevantly paraconsistent logic. Similarly, in addition to its comparative earliness, what is striking about the best of the Megarian and Stoic traditions is their sophistication and originality. Logic is an indispensably important pivot of the Western intellectual tradition. But, as the chapters on Indian and Arabic logic make clear, logic's parentage extends more widely than any direct line from the Greek city states. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that for centuries logic has been an unfetteredly international enterprise, whose research programmes reach to every corner of the learned world. Like its companion volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic is the result of a design that gives to its distinguished authors as much space as would be needed to produce highly authoritative chapters, rich in detail and interpretative reach. The aim of the Editors is to have placed before the relevant intellectual communities a research tool of indispensable value. Together with the other volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic, will be essential reading for everyone with a curiosity about logic's long development, especially researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic in all its forms, argumentation theory, AI and computer science, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensics, philosophy and the history of philosophy, and the history of ideas. Starting at the very beginning with Aristotle's founding contributions, logic has been graced by several periods in which the subject has flourished, attaining standards of rigour and conceptual sophistication underpinning a large and deserved reputation as a leading expression of human intellectual effort. It is widely recognized that the period from the mid-19th century until the three-quarter mark of the century just past marked one of these golden ages, a period of explosive creativity and transforming insights. It has been said that ignorance of our history is a kind of amnesia, concerning which it is wise to note that amnesia is an illness. It would be a matter for regret, if we lost contact with another of logic's golden ages, one that greatly exceeds in reach that enjoyed by mathematical symbolic logic. This is the period between the 11th and 16th centuries, loosely conceived of as the Middle Ages. The logic of this period does not have the expressive virtues afforded by the symbolic resources of uninterpreted calculi, but mediaeval logic rivals in range, originality and intellectual robustness a good deal of the modern record. The range of logic in this period is striking, extending from investigation of quantifiers and logic consequence to inquiries into logical truth; from theories of reference to accounts of identity; from work on the modalities to the stirrings of the logic of relations, from theories of meaning to analyses of the paradoxes, and more. While the scope of mediaeval logic is impressive, of greater importance is that nearly all of it can be read by the modern logician with at least some prospect of profit. The last thing that mediaeval logic is, is a museum piece.
Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas.
- Provides detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic
- Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the remarkable renaissance of modal logic in the 20th century. Beginning with the early systems of C.I. Lewis in 1912, modal logic was a fixture in the century's research programme in logic, but for many years it ran on a parallel track to the rich developments in the more dominant classical logic. One of the great achievements of classical logic was the comparatively early production of a deep semantics for it. Modal logic would have to wait until the seminal work of Hintikka, Kanger and Kripke in the late 1950s and early 1960s. With modal semantics now in hand, it is not too much to say that modal logic leapt its tracks and challenged classical logic head-on for dominance. Part of what makes this an interesting challenge is the sheer proliferation of well-studied systems that burst out of the modal research programme. Further expansion came by way of adaptation of modal operators to epistemic and deontic interpretations, and an ensuing exuberance of further systems. Another important development was relevant logic, and with it a change to a more general conception of modal logic, in which the modalities of a system are now represented by a broader range of qualifications on its sentences. Under press of developments in computer science and argumentation theory (chiefly dialogue logic), recognition started to be given to sentence-qualifications other than necessity, obligatoriness and relevance. These include agents, times, tense, change, situations, roles, and with them the modalization of logic came to encompass temporal and tense logic, dynamic logic, situation logic, dialogue logic, game theoretic logic, and much more.Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas. Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and artificial intelligence, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas.
This volume is number seven in the eleven volume Handbook of the History of Logic. It concentrates on the development of modal logic in the 20th century, one of the most important undertakings in logic’s long history. Written by the leading researchers and scholars in the field, the volume explores the logics of necessity and possibility, knowledge and belief, obligation and permission, time, tense and change, relevance, and more. Both this volume and the Handbook as a whole are definitive reference tools for students and researchers in the history of logic, the history of philosophy, and any discipline, such as mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, for whom the historical background of his or her work is a salient consideration.
· Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic.
· Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic. Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and artificial intelligence, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas. This volume is number seven in the eleven volume Handbook of the History of Logic. It concentrates on the development of modal logic in the 20th century, one of the most important undertakings in logics long history. Written by the leading researchers and scholars in the field, the volume explores the logics of necessity and possibility, knowledge and belief, obligation and permission, time, tense and change, relevance, and more. Both this volume and the Handbook as a whole are definitive reference tools for students and researchers in the history of logic, the history of philosophy, and any discipline, such as mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, for whom the historical background of his or her work is a salient consideration. Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic. Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic 1. "Logic before 1100: The Latin Tradition" by John Marenbon 2. "Beginning of Scholastic Logic before Abelard" by Yukio Iwakuma 3. "The Logic of Abelard and His Contemporaries" by Ian Wilks 4. "The Development of Supposition Theory in the Later 12th and Early 13th Centuries" by Terence Parsons 5. "Assimilation of Aristotelian and Arabic Logic up to the Later 13th Century" by Henrik Lagerlund 6. "Logic and Theories of Meaning in the Late 13th and Early 14th Century Including the Modistae" by Ria van der Lecq 7. "The Nominalist Semantics of William Ockham and John Buridan" by Gyula Klima 8. "Logic in the 14th Century after Ockham" by Catarina Dutilh-Novaes 9. "Treatments of Modal and Other 'Opaque' Contexts in Mediaeval Logic" by Simo Knuuttila 10. "Treatments of the Paradoxes of Self-reference" by Mikko Yrjonsuuri 11. "Developments in the 15th and 16th Centuries" by Jennifer Ashworth 12. "Relational Logic of Juan Caramuel" by Petr Dvorak 13. "Port Royal: The Stirrings of Modernity" by Russell Wahl. A major task of many-valued logics of all stripes is to fashion an appropriately non-classical relation of consequence. The chief preoccupation of non-monotonic (and default) logicians is how to constrain inputs and outputs of the consequence relation. In what is called left non-monotonicity, it is forbidden to add new sentences to the inputs of true consequence-statements. The restriction takes notice of the fact that new information will sometimes override an antecedently (and reasonably) derived consequence. In what is called right non-monotonicity, limitations are imposed on outputs of the consequence relation. Most notably, perhaps, is the requirement that the rule of or-introduction not be given free sway on outputs. Also prominent is the effort of paraconsistent logicians, both preservationist and dialetheic, to limit the outputs of inconsistent inputs, which in classical contexts are wholly unconstrained. In some instances, our two themes coincide.- Dialetheic logics are a case in point. Dialetheic logics allow certain selected sentences to have, as a third truth value, the classical values of truth and falsity together. So such logics also admit classically inconsistent inputs. A central task is to construct a right non-monotonic consequence relation that allows for these many-valued, and inconsistent, inputs. The Many Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science, AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, and the history of ideas. - Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic - Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interprative insights that answers many questions in the field of logic Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic marks the initial appearance of the multi-volume Handbook of the History of Logic. Additional volumes will be published when ready, rather than in strict chronological order. Soon to appear are The Rise of Modern Logic: From Leibniz to Frege. Also in preparation are Logic From Russell to G̲del, The Emergence of Classical Logic, Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, and The Many-Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic. Further volumes will follow, including Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic and Logic: A History of its Central. In designing the Handbook of the History of Logic, the Editors have taken the view that the history of logic holds more than an antiquarian interest, and that a knowledge of logic's rich and sophisticated development is, in various respects, relevant to the research programmes of the present day. Ancient logic is no exception.- The present volume of the Handbook of the History of Logic is designed to establish 19th century Britain as a substantial force in logic, developing new ideas, some of which would be overtaken by, and other that would anticipate, the century's later capitulation to the mathematization of logic.
British Logic in the Nineteenth Century is indispensable reading and a definitive research resource for anyone with an interest in the history of logic.
- Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic
- Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic
دانلود کتاب Handbook of the History of Logic, Volume 8: The Many Valued and Nonmonotonic Turn in Logic
Many-valued logics produce an interesting problem. Non-bivalent inputs produce classically valid consequence statements, for any choice of outputs. A major task of many-valued logics of all stripes is to fashion an appropriately non-classical relation of consequence.
The chief preoccupation of non-monotonic (and default) logicians is how to constrain inputs and outputs of the consequence relation. In what is called “left non-monotonicity, it is forbidden to add new sentences to the inputs of true consequence-statements. The restriction takes notice of the fact that new information will sometimes override an antecedently (and reasonably) derived consequence. In what is called “right non-monotonicity, limitations are imposed on outputs of the consequence relation. Most notably, perhaps, is the requirement that the rule of or-introduction not be given free sway on outputs. Also prominent is the effort of paraconsistent logicians, both preservationist and dialetheic, to limit the outputs of inconsistent inputs, which in classical contexts are wholly unconstrained.
In some instances, our two themes coincide. Dialetheic logics are a case in point. Dialetheic logics allow certain selected sentences to have, as a third truth value, the classical values of truth and falsity together. So such logics also admit classically inconsistent inputs. A central task is to construct a right non-monotonic consequence relation that allows for these many-valued, and inconsistent, inputs.
The Many Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science, AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, and the history of ideas.
- Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic
- Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interprative insights that answers many questions in the field of logic With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the rise of modern logic. The period covered is 1685-1900, with this volume carving out the territory from Leibniz to Frege. What is striking about this period is the earliness and persistence of what could be called 'the mathematical turn in logic'. Virtually every working logician is aware that, after a centuries-long run, the logic that originated in antiquity came to be displaced by a new approach with a dominantly mathematical character. It is, however, a substantial error to suppose that the mathematization of logic was, in all essentials, Frege's accomplishment or, if not his alone, a development ensuing from the second half of the nineteenth century. The mathematical turn in logic, although given considerable torque by events of the nineteenth century, can with assurance be dated from the final quarter of the seventeenth century in the impressively prescient work of Leibniz. It is true that, in the three hundred year run-up to the Begriffsschrift, one does not see a smoothly continuous evolution of the mathematical turn, but the idea that logic is mathematics, albeit perhaps only the most general part of mathematics, is one that attracted some degree of support throughout the entire period in question. Still, as Alfred North Whitehead once noted, the relationship between mathematics and symbolic logic has been an "uneasy" one, as is the present-day association of mathematics with computing. Some of this unease has a philosophical texture. For example, those who equate mathematics and logic sometimes disagree about the directionality of the purported identity. Frege and Russell made themselves famous by insisting (though for different reasons) that logic was the senior partner. Indeed logicism is the view that mathematics can be re-expressed without relevant loss in a suitably framed symbolic logic. But for a number of thinkers who took an algebraic approach to logic, the dependency relation was reversed, with mathematics in some form emerging as the senior partner. This was the precursor of the modern view that, in its four main precincts (set theory, proof theory, model theory and recursion theory), logic is indeed a branch of pure mathematics. It would be a mistake to leave the impression that the mathematization of logic (or the logicization of mathematics) was the sole concern of the history of logic between 1665 and 1900. There are, in this long interval, aspects of the modern unfolding of logic that bear no stamp of the imperial designs of mathematicians, as the chapters on Kant and Hegcl make clear. Of the two, Hcgel's influence on logic is arguably the greater, serving as a spur to the unfolding of an idealist tradition in logic - a development that will be covered in a further volume, British Logic in the Nineteenth Century. With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the rise of modern logic. The period covered is 1685-1900, with this volume carving out the territory from Leibniz to Frege. What is striking about this period is the earliness and persistence of what could be called 'the mathematical turn in logic'. Virtually every working logician is aware that, after a centuries-long run, the logic that originated in antiquity came to be displaced by a new approach with a dominantly mathematical character. It is, however, a substantial error to suppose that the mathematization of logic was, in all essentials, Frege's accomplishment or, if not his alone, a development ensuing from the second half of the nineteenth century. The mathematical turn in logic, although given considerable torque by events of the nineteenth century, can with assurance be dated from the final quarter of the seventeenth century in the impressively prescient work of Leibniz. It is true that, in the three hundred year run-up to the Begriffsschrift, one does not see a smoothly continuous evolution of the mathematical turn, but the idea that logic is mathematics, albeit perhaps only the most general part of mathematics, is one that attracted some degree of support throughout the entire period in question. Still, as Alfred North Whitehead once noted, the relationship between mathematics and symbolic logic has been an "uneasy" one, as is the present-day association of mathematics with computing. Some of this unease has a philosophical texture. For example, those who equate mathematics and logic sometimes disagree about the directionality of the purported identity. Frege and Russell made themselves famous by insisting (though for different reasons) that logic was the senior partner. Indeed logicism is the view that mathematics can be re-expressed without relevant loss in a suitably framed symbolic logic. But for a number of thinkers who took an algebraic approach to logic, the dependency relation was reversed, with mathematics in some form emerging as the senior partner. This was the precursor of the modern view that, in its four main precincts (set theory, proof theory, model theory and recursion theory), logic is indeed a branch of pure mathematics. It would be a mistake to leave the impression that the mathematization of logic (or the logicization of mathematics) was the sole concern of the history of logic between 1665 and 1900. There are, in this long interval, aspects of the modern unfolding of logic that bear no stamp of the imperial designs of mathematicians, as the chapters on Kant and Hegel make clear. Of the two, Hegel's influence on logic is arguably the greater, serving as a spur to the unfolding of an idealist tradition in logic - a development that will be covered in a further volume, British Logic in the Nineteenth Century Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic marks the initial appearance of the multi-volume Handbook of the History of Logic. Additional volumes will be published when ready, rather than in strict chronological order. Soon to appear are The Rise of Modern Logic: From Leibniz to Frege. Also in preparation are Logic From Russell to Gödel, Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, and The Many-Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic. Further volumes will follow, including Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic and Logic: A History of its Central.
In designing the Handbook of the History of Logic, the Editors have taken the view that the history of logic holds more than an antiquarian interest, and that a knowledge of logic's rich and sophisticated development is, in various respects, relevant to the research programmes of the present day. Ancient logic is no exception. The present volume attests to the distant origins of some of modern logic's most important features, such as can be found in the claim by the authors of the chapter on Aristotle's early logic that, from its infancy, the theory of the syllogism is an example of an intuitionistic, non-monotonic, relevantly paraconsistent logic. Similarly, in addition to its comparative earliness, what is striking about the best of the Megarian and Stoic traditions is their sophistication and originality.
Logic is an indispensably important pivot of the Western intellectual tradition. But, as the chapters on Indian and Arabic logic make clear, logic's parentage extends more widely than any direct line from the Greek city states. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that for centuries logic has been an unfetteredly international enterprise, whose research programmes reach to every corner of the learned world.
Like its companion volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic is the result of a design that gives to its distinguished authors as much space as would be needed to produce highly authoritative chapters, rich in detail and interpretative reach. The aim of the Editors is to have placed before the relevant intellectual communities a research tool of indispensable value.
Together with the other volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic, will be essential reading for everyone with a curiosity about logic's long development, especially researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic in all its forms, argumentation theory, AI and computer science, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensics, philosophy and the history of philosophy, and the history of ideas. Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic marks the initial appearance of the multi-volume Handbook of the History of Logic. Additional volumes will be published when ready, rather than in strict chronological order. Soon to appear are The Rise of Modern From Leibniz to Frege. Also in preparation are Logic From Russell to Gdel,Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, and The Many-Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic. Further volumes will follow, including Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic and A History of its Central. In designing the Handbook of the History of Logic, the Editors have taken the view that the history of logic holds more than an antiquarian interest, and that a knowledge of logic's rich and sophisticated development is, in various respects, relevant to the research programmes of the present day. Ancient logic is no exception. The present volume attests to the distant origins of some of modern logic's most important features, such as can be found in the claim by the authors of the chapter on Aristotle's early logic that, from its infancy, the theory of the syllogism is an example of an intuitionistic, non-monotonic, relevantly paraconsistent logic. Similarly, in addition to its comparative earliness, what is striking about the best of the Megarian and Stoic traditions is their sophistication and originality. Logic is an indispensably important pivot of the Western intellectual tradition. But, as the chapters on Indian and Arabic logic make clear, logic's parentage extends more widely than any direct line from the Greek city states. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that for centuries logic has been an unfetteredly international enterprise, whose research programmes reach to every corner of the learned world. Like its companion volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic is the result of a design that gives to its distinguished authors as much space as would be needed to produce highly authoritative chapters, rich in detail and interpretative reach. The aim of the Editors is to have placed before the relevant intellectual communities a research tool of indispensable value. Together with the other volumes, Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic, will be essential reading for everyone with a curiosity about logic's long development, especially researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic in all its forms, argumentation theory, AI and computer science, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensics, philosophy and the history of philosophy, and the history of ideas. Starting at the very beginning with Aristotle's founding contributions, logic has been graced by several periods in which the subject has flourished, attaining standards of rigour and conceptual sophistication underpinning a large and deserved reputation as a leading expression of human intellectual effort. It is widely recognized that the period from the mid-19th century until the three-quarter mark of the century just past marked one of these golden ages, a period of explosive creativity and transforming insights. It has been said that ignorance of our history is a kind of amnesia, concerning which it is wise to note that amnesia is an illness. It would be a matter for regret, if we lost contact with another of logic's golden ages, one that greatly exceeds in reach that enjoyed by mathematical symbolic logic. This is the period between the 11th and 16th centuries, loosely conceived of as the Middle Ages. The logic of this period does not have the expressive virtues afforded by the symbolic resources of uninterpreted calculi, but mediaeval logic rivals in range, originality and intellectual robustness a good deal of the modern record. The range of logic in this period is striking, extending from investigation of quantifiers and logic consequence to inquiries into logical truth; from theories of reference to accounts of identity; from work on the modalities to the stirrings of the logic of relations, from theories of meaning to analyses of the paradoxes, and more. While the scope of mediaeval logic is impressive, of greater importance is that nearly all of it can be read by the modern logician with at least some prospect of profit. The last thing that mediaeval logic is, is a museum piece.
Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas.
- Provides detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic
- Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the remarkable renaissance of modal logic in the 20th century. Beginning with the early systems of C.I. Lewis in 1912, modal logic was a fixture in the century's research programme in logic, but for many years it ran on a parallel track to the rich developments in the more dominant classical logic. One of the great achievements of classical logic was the comparatively early production of a deep semantics for it. Modal logic would have to wait until the seminal work of Hintikka, Kanger and Kripke in the late 1950s and early 1960s. With modal semantics now in hand, it is not too much to say that modal logic leapt its tracks and challenged classical logic head-on for dominance. Part of what makes this an interesting challenge is the sheer proliferation of well-studied systems that burst out of the modal research programme. Further expansion came by way of adaptation of modal operators to epistemic and deontic interpretations, and an ensuing exuberance of further systems. Another important development was relevant logic, and with it a change to a more general conception of modal logic, in which the modalities of a system are now represented by a broader range of qualifications on its sentences. Under press of developments in computer science and argumentation theory (chiefly dialogue logic), recognition started to be given to sentence-qualifications other than necessity, obligatoriness and relevance. These include agents, times, tense, change, situations, roles, and with them the modalization of logic came to encompass temporal and tense logic, dynamic logic, situation logic, dialogue logic, game theoretic logic, and much more.Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas. Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and artificial intelligence, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas.
This volume is number seven in the eleven volume Handbook of the History of Logic. It concentrates on the development of modal logic in the 20th century, one of the most important undertakings in logic’s long history. Written by the leading researchers and scholars in the field, the volume explores the logics of necessity and possibility, knowledge and belief, obligation and permission, time, tense and change, relevance, and more. Both this volume and the Handbook as a whole are definitive reference tools for students and researchers in the history of logic, the history of philosophy, and any discipline, such as mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, for whom the historical background of his or her work is a salient consideration.
· Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic.
· Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic. Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science and artificial intelligence, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, philosophy, and the history of ideas. This volume is number seven in the eleven volume Handbook of the History of Logic. It concentrates on the development of modal logic in the 20th century, one of the most important undertakings in logics long history. Written by the leading researchers and scholars in the field, the volume explores the logics of necessity and possibility, knowledge and belief, obligation and permission, time, tense and change, relevance, and more. Both this volume and the Handbook as a whole are definitive reference tools for students and researchers in the history of logic, the history of philosophy, and any discipline, such as mathematics, computer science, artificial intelligence, for whom the historical background of his or her work is a salient consideration. Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic. Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic 1. "Logic before 1100: The Latin Tradition" by John Marenbon 2. "Beginning of Scholastic Logic before Abelard" by Yukio Iwakuma 3. "The Logic of Abelard and His Contemporaries" by Ian Wilks 4. "The Development of Supposition Theory in the Later 12th and Early 13th Centuries" by Terence Parsons 5. "Assimilation of Aristotelian and Arabic Logic up to the Later 13th Century" by Henrik Lagerlund 6. "Logic and Theories of Meaning in the Late 13th and Early 14th Century Including the Modistae" by Ria van der Lecq 7. "The Nominalist Semantics of William Ockham and John Buridan" by Gyula Klima 8. "Logic in the 14th Century after Ockham" by Catarina Dutilh-Novaes 9. "Treatments of Modal and Other 'Opaque' Contexts in Mediaeval Logic" by Simo Knuuttila 10. "Treatments of the Paradoxes of Self-reference" by Mikko Yrjonsuuri 11. "Developments in the 15th and 16th Centuries" by Jennifer Ashworth 12. "Relational Logic of Juan Caramuel" by Petr Dvorak 13. "Port Royal: The Stirrings of Modernity" by Russell Wahl. A major task of many-valued logics of all stripes is to fashion an appropriately non-classical relation of consequence. The chief preoccupation of non-monotonic (and default) logicians is how to constrain inputs and outputs of the consequence relation. In what is called left non-monotonicity, it is forbidden to add new sentences to the inputs of true consequence-statements. The restriction takes notice of the fact that new information will sometimes override an antecedently (and reasonably) derived consequence. In what is called right non-monotonicity, limitations are imposed on outputs of the consequence relation. Most notably, perhaps, is the requirement that the rule of or-introduction not be given free sway on outputs. Also prominent is the effort of paraconsistent logicians, both preservationist and dialetheic, to limit the outputs of inconsistent inputs, which in classical contexts are wholly unconstrained. In some instances, our two themes coincide.- Dialetheic logics are a case in point. Dialetheic logics allow certain selected sentences to have, as a third truth value, the classical values of truth and falsity together. So such logics also admit classically inconsistent inputs. A central task is to construct a right non-monotonic consequence relation that allows for these many-valued, and inconsistent, inputs. The Many Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic is an indispensable research tool for anyone interested in the development of logic, including researchers, graduate and senior undergraduate students in logic, history of logic, mathematics, history of mathematics, computer science, AI, linguistics, cognitive science, argumentation theory, and the history of ideas. - Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic - Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interprative insights that answers many questions in the field of logic Greek, Indian and Arabic Logic marks the initial appearance of the multi-volume Handbook of the History of Logic. Additional volumes will be published when ready, rather than in strict chronological order. Soon to appear are The Rise of Modern Logic: From Leibniz to Frege. Also in preparation are Logic From Russell to G̲del, The Emergence of Classical Logic, Logic and the Modalities in the Twentieth Century, and The Many-Valued and Non-Monotonic Turn in Logic. Further volumes will follow, including Mediaeval and Renaissance Logic and Logic: A History of its Central. In designing the Handbook of the History of Logic, the Editors have taken the view that the history of logic holds more than an antiquarian interest, and that a knowledge of logic's rich and sophisticated development is, in various respects, relevant to the research programmes of the present day. Ancient logic is no exception.- The present volume of the Handbook of the History of Logic is designed to establish 19th century Britain as a substantial force in logic, developing new ideas, some of which would be overtaken by, and other that would anticipate, the century's later capitulation to the mathematization of logic.
British Logic in the Nineteenth Century is indispensable reading and a definitive research resource for anyone with an interest in the history of logic.
- Detailed and comprehensive chapters covering the entire range of modal logic
- Contains the latest scholarly discoveries and interpretative insights that answer many questions in the field of logic