Handbook of Space Technology (Aerospace Series (PEP))

Twenty years since the first edition was published in the German language, and just over fifty years since the launch of the Earth's first ever artificial satellite Sputnik 1, this third edition of the Handbook of Space Technology presents in fully integrated colour a detailed insight into the fascinating world of space for the first time in the English language. Authored by over 70 leading experts from universities, research institutions and the space industry, this comprehensive handbook describes the processes and methodologies behind the development, construction, operation and utilization of space systems, presenting the profound changes that have occurred in recent years in the engineering, materials, processes and even politics associated with space technologies and utilization. The individual chapters are self-contained, enabling the reader to gain a quick and reliable overview of a selected field; an extensive reference and keyword list helps those who wish to deepen their understanding of individual topics. Featuring superb, full colour illustrations and photography throughout, this interdisciplinary reference contains practical, hands-on engineering and planning information that will be invaluable to those on a career path within space technology, or simply for those of us who'd like to know more about this fascinating industry. Main section headings include: Introduction (historical overview, space missions) Fundamentals (orbital mechanics, aerothermodynamics/ reentry, space debris) Launch Vehicles (staged technologies, propulsion systems, launch infrastructure) Space Vehicle Subsystems (structure, energy supply, thermal controls, attitude control, communication) Aspects of Human Flight (man in space, life support systems, rendezvous and docking) Mission Operations (satellite operation, control center, ground station network) Utilization of Space (Earth observation, communication navigation, space astronomy, material sciences, space medicine, robotics) Configuration and Design of a Space Vehicle (mission concept, system concept, environmental simulation, system design, Galileo satellites) Management of Space Missions (project management, quality management, cost management, space law) Cover Page 1 Title Page 4 ISBN 0470697393 5 Contents (with page links) 6 Foreword 6 Preface 6 The Editors 6 The Authors 6 1 Introduction 6 2 Fundamentals 6 3 Space Transportation Systems 7 4 Subsystems of Spacecraft 8 5 Aspects of Human Space Flight 9 6 Mission Operations 10 7 Utilization of Space 10 8 Spacecraft Design Process 12 9 Management of Space Projects 13 Acronyms and Abbreviations 14 Symbol List 14 Index 14 Foreword 15 Preface 17 The Editors 19 The Authors 19 1 Introduction 23 Bibliography 26 1.1 Historical Overview 26 1.1.1 Introduction 26 1.1.2 The Development of Unmanned German and European Space Flight 28 1.1.3 The Development of Human Space Flight in Europe 31 1.1.3.1 The International Space Station 35 Bibliography 37 1.2 Space Missions 38 1.2.1 Space System Segments 38 1.2.2 Design of System Segments for Space Flight Missions 44 1.2.3 Space Flight Mission Classification 47 Bibliography 51 2 Fundamentals 55 2.1 The Space Environment 55 2.1.1 Spacecraft and the Space Environment 55 2.1.2 Influence of the Sun and the Space Background 57 2.1.3 Influence of the Earth 61 2.1.4 Effect on Spacecraft and Mission Design 65 Bibliography 73 2.2 Orbital Mechanics 74 2.2.1 Orbit Modeling 74 2.2.2 Orbit Determination 88 2.2.3 Orbit Design and Station Keeping 96 Bibliography 103 2.3 Aerothermodynamics and Reentry 104 2.3.1 Introduction 104 2.3.2 Global Energy Considerations 105 2.3.3 Fluid Mechanical and Chemical Phenomena during Reentry 106 2.3.4 Heat Flux Balance 109 2.3.5 Reentry Trajectory 112 2.3.6 Aerodynamic Considerations 114 2.3.7 Tools for the Determination of Aerothermodynamic Data 117 Bibliography 121 2.4 Meteoroids and Space Debris 122 2.4.1 The Environmental Conditions 122 2.4.2 Future Development and Debris Mitigation Measures 123 2.4.3 Impact Flux and Impact Risk 125 2.4.4 Protection of Spacecraft Against Impacting Particles 129 2.4.5 Mission Planning 134 Bibliography 134 3 Space Transportation Systems 137 3.1 Systems 138 3.1.1 Introduction 138 3.1.2 Fundamentals 140 3.1.3 Building Blocks 143 3.1.4 Project Phases 143 3.1.5 Overview of Launch Systems 144 Bibliography 157 3.2 Multistage Rocket Technologies 157 3.2.1 Introduction and Overview 158 3.2.2 Mission Profiles and Operation 161 3.2.3 Components and Subsystems 164 3.2.4 Stage System Design Process and Technology 171 3.3 Propulsion Systems 176 3.3.1 Chemical Propulsion Basics 177 3.3.2 Types of Engines 178 3.3.3 Engine Components 185 3.3.4 Special Problems 200 3.3.5 Facilities for Rocket Engine Testing 202 3.3.6 Future Propulsion Systems 203 Bibliography 205 3.4 Launch Infrastructure 206 3.4.1 Requirements and Missions 206 3.4.2 Concepts 206 3.4.3 One Realized Example: Ariane 5 207 3.4.4 Major Launch Sites 211 3.5 System Qualification 211 3.5.1 Introduction 211 3.5.2 Categories of Qualification 217 3.5.3 Mechanical Qualification 217 3.5.4 Functional Qualification 219 4 Subsystems of Spacecraft 223 4.1 Structure and Mechanisms 225 4.1.1 The Primary Structure of the Spacecraft 225 4.1.2 Secondary and Deployable Structures 236 4.1.3 Structural Analysis 239 4.1.4 Qualification of the Spacecraft Structure 244 4.1.5 Mechanisms 245 Bibliography 257 4.2 Electrical Power Supply 258 4.2.1 Energy Generation 259 4.2.2 Power Sources 259 4.2.3 Designing an Optimized Electrical Power System Architecture 265 4.2.4 Electrical Power System Architectures 267 4.2.5 Solar Array 271 4.2.6 Energy Storage 279 4.2.7 Design Fundamentals of EPS Systems 286 Bibliography 289 4.3 Thermal Control 290 4.3.1 Introduction 290 4.3.2 Basic Thermal Principles 290 4.3.3 Development of the Thermal System 298 4.3.4 Technical Solutions 305 4.3.5 Example of a Thermal Design 314 4.3.6 Operation of the Thermal Control System 318 Bibliography 323 4.4 Satellite Propulsion 323 4.4.1 Fundamentals of Satellite Propulsion 323 4.4.2 Propulsion System Types 324 4.4.3 Propellants 327 4.4.4 Feed Systems and Propellant Storage 329 4.4.5 Cold Gas Propulsion Systems 335 4.4.6 Chemical Propulsion 337 4.4.7 Electric Propulsion 346 4.4.8 Components for Chemical Propulsion Systems 350 4.4.9 Ground Support Equipment and Services 352 Bibliography 353 4.5 Attitude Control 354 4.5.1 Introduction and Overview 354 4.5.2 Requirements for the Attitude Control System 355 4.5.3 Parameterization of the Attitude 356 4.5.4 Attitude Dynamics 359 4.5.5 Attitude Determination and Control 361 4.5.6 Attitude Sensors 363 4.5.7 Actuators for Attitude Control 373 4.5.8 Verification of the Attitude Control System 379 Bibliography 383 4.6 Data Management 383 4.6.1 Data and Information Management On-board 383 4.6.2 On-board Computer 390 4.6.3 Software 393 4.6.4 Dependability 397 Bibliography 401 4.7 Communication 402 4.7.1 Introduction 402 4.7.2 Radio Spectrum 403 4.7.3 Channel Capacity 404 4.7.4 Antennas 405 4.7.5 Thermal Noise 407 4.7.6 Modulation 408 4.7.7 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 413 4.7.8 Packet Telemetry 415 4.7.9 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 415 4.7.10 Coupling Networks 416 4.7.11 Transmit and Receive System of the BIRD Satellite 417 Bibliography 420 5 Aspects of Human Space Flight 423 5.1 Humans in Space 424 5.1.1 The Crew of the International Space Station 424 5.1.2 Astronaut Training 428 5.1.3 Infrastructure for Astronaut Training at the EAC 434 Bibliography 440 5.2 Life Support Systems 440 5.2.1 Functions of a Life Support System 440 5.2.2 Metabolic Balances 456 5.2.3 The ISS Life Support System 457 5.2.4 Biological Life Support Systems 459 Bibliography 464 5.3 Rendezvous and Docking 465 5.3.1 Introduction 465 5.3.2 The RVD Mission 465 5.3.3 Basics of Relative Motion 468 5.3.4 The Safety Requirements 471 5.3.5 The ATV RVD System 472 5.3.6 Verification and Test 479 Bibliography 479 6 Mission Operations 481 6.1 Spacecraft Operations 481 6.1.1 General Concepts and Principles 482 6.1.2 Mission Types 483 6.1.3 Pre-Mission Support and Implementation Activities 484 6.1.4 Mission Phases 489 6.1.5 Mission Operations Tasks 492 6.2 Control Center 495 6.2.1 Control Rooms 495 6.2.2 Hardware Components 497 6.2.3 Software Components 499 6.2.4 Communications 505 6.3 The Network of Ground Stations 506 6.3.1 The Functions of a Ground Station 506 6.3.2 Site Selection of a Ground Station 509 6.3.3 Subsystems of Ground Stations for Orbiting Satellites 510 6.3.4 Link Design Aspects 516 6.3.5 Ground Station Operation 526 6.4 Operations for Human Space Flight 527 6.4.1 Preparation 528 6.4.2 System Operations of an ISS Module 533 6.4.3 Coordination of ISS Payload Operations 534 6.4.4 The ISS Communication Infrastructure 536 7 Utilization of Space 541 7.1 Earth Observation 545 7.1.1 Categories of Earth Observation Applications 545 7.1.2 Elements of Earth Observation Missions 551 7.1.3 Utilization Programs and Important Earth Observation Missions 558 Bibliography 560 7.2 Communications 560 7.2.1 The Beginning – Sputnik 561 7.2.2 Satellite Communication Services 562 7.2.3 Low-Orbit Spacecraft 563 7.2.4 Satellites in Medium-Altitude Orbits 565 7.2.5 Satellites in High Orbits 566 7.2.6 Satellites in Highly Inclined Orbits 566 7.2.7 Satellites in Inclined, Geostationary Orbits 567 7.2.8 Polar Orbiting Satellites 568 7.2.9 Platforms in the Stratosphere 568 7.2.10 Telecommunication Services: Little–Big–Mega 569 7.2.11 Transponders 570 7.2.12 Transmission Techniques 573 7.2.13 Multiple Access Techniques 573 7.2.14 Frequency Ranges in the Electromagnetic Spectrum 573 7.2.15 Disposal of Satellites 574 7.2.16 Outlook 574 Bibliography 575 7.3 Navigation 575 7.3.1 Basic Principles of Satellite Navigation 575 7.3.2 Satellite Navigation Systems 577 7.3.3 Space Segment 579 7.3.4 Ground Segment 584 7.3.5 Navigation Signals and Services 590 7.3.6 Receiver 594 7.3.7 Accuracy and Error Factors 595 Bibliography 597 7.4 Space Astronomy and Planetary Missions 597 7.4.1 Astronomy Missions 597 7.4.2 Moon Missions 600 7.4.3 Planetary Missions 603 7.4.4 Mission Analysis of Interplanetary Space Probes 609 7.4.5 Key Technologies for Planetary Missions 610 Bibliography 613 7.5 Materials Science 613 7.5.1 Microgravity 614 7.5.2 Critical Phenomena 617 7.5.3 Fluid Physics 618 7.5.4 Solidification 620 7.5.5 Thermophysics 623 7.5.6 Payloads 625 Bibliography 628 7.6 Space Medicine and Biology 628 7.6.1 Medicine in Space 628 7.6.2 Mission Scenarios 629 7.6.3 Experience to Date 631 7.6.4 Environmental Parameters 632 7.6.5 Medical Physiological Problems Arising from Residence in Space 632 7.6.6 Psycho-Physiological Problems Arising from Residence in Space 637 7.6.7 Corrective Measures 639 7.6.8 Outlook 642 Bibliography 642 7.7 New Technologies and Robotics 643 7.7.1 Space Robotics 644 7.7.2 On-Orbit Servicing 659 Bibliography 667 8 Spacecraft Design Process 669 8.1 Mission Concept and Architecture 669 8.1.1 Elements of a Space Mission 669 8.1.2 Segments of a Space Mission 674 8.1.3 The Mission Architecture 675 8.1.4 Development of a Mission Concept and a Mission Architecture 675 Bibliography 679 8.2 Systems Design and Integration 679 8.2.1 Systems Design of a Space System 679 8.2.2 System Integration 684 8.2.3 System Verification 686 Bibliography 689 8.3 Environmental Tests and Basic Concepts 690 8.3.1 Principles and Significance of Environmental Tests 690 8.3.2 Verification Planning and Cost Factors 691 8.3.3 Mechanical Tests 693 8.3.4 Space Simulation Tests 704 8.3.5 EMC and Magnetics 710 8.3.6 Special Environmental and Functional Tests 714 8.3.7 Future Developments 717 Bibliography 718 8.4 System Design Example: CubeSat 718 8.4.1 Introduction 718 8.4.2 Mission Concepts and Scenarios 719 8.4.3 Requirements 720 8.4.4 System Design and Subsystems 721 8.4.5 Model Philosophy 724 8.4.6 Assembly, Integration and Test 726 8.4.7 Operations Aspects and Ground Segment 727 Bibliography 728 8.5 Exemplary System Design of a Microsatellite Mission 728 8.5.1 Microsatellite Design Philosophy 728 8.5.2 Design and Mission Elements of BIRD 729 8.5.3 System Integration and Verification 736 Bibliography 739 8.6 Galileo Satellites 740 8.6.1 System Requirements 740 8.6.2 Design Driver and Design Process 741 8.6.3 Platform and Subsystems 743 8.6.4 The Galileo Payload 748 8.6.5 Launcher Interfaces 752 8.6.6 Satellite Assembly, Integration and Testing (AIT) 752 Bibliography 759 9 Management of Space Projects 761 Bibliography 762 9.1 Management of Space Projects 762 9.1.1 Project Management 762 9.1.2 Space Project Characteristics 766 9.1.3 Disciplines of Project Management 774 9.1.4 Tools of Project Management 780 9.1.5 Project Management Documentation 785 9.1.6 Customer–Contractor Relations 787 9.1.7 Conclusions 790 Bibliography 790 9.2 Quality Management 790 9.2.1 Terms 791 9.2.2 Requirements and Premises 792 9.2.3 The Product Main Processes 794 9.2.4 The Organization of Quality Management 797 9.2.5 Product Assurance (PA) 798 9.2.6 Product Assurance for a Project 803 9.2.7 Risk Management 812 9.2.8 Configuration Management 812 9.2.9 Failure and Change Management 813 9.2.10 Requirement Verification 813 9.2.11 Lessons Learned 814 9.2.12 Summary 815 Bibliography 815 9.3 Cost Management 815 9.3.1 Introduction 815 9.3.2 Objective 816 9.3.3 Cost Management Process 817 9.3.4 Tasks of Cost Management 819 9.3.5 Close-out 829 9.3.6 Outlook 829 Bibliography 830 9.4 Legal Aspects of Space Activities 830 9.4.1 Basic Rules of Space Law 830 9.4.2 Legal Conception of a Space Mission 835 9.4.3 Space Activities in the Framework of the EU and ESA 854 Bibliography 856 Acronyms and Abbreviations 859 Symbol List 870 Index (with page links) 874 A 874 B 876 C 876 D 879 E 881 F 883 G 884 H 885 I 886 J 887 K 887 L 887 M 888 O 891 P 892 Q 895 R 895 S 897 T 901 U 903 V 903 W 904 X 904 Y 904 Z 904 Figures_main_chapters (with page links) 905 Frontispiece: Computer generated image of the International Space Station. 905 Chapter 1: The first landing on the Moon 905 Chapter 2: Artist view of the satellite TerraSAR-X 905 Chapter 3: Ariane 5 ECA 905 Chapter 4: Space shuttle Discovery 905 Chapter 5: The astronauts Robert L. Curbeam and Christer Fuglesang 905 Chapter 6: S-Band antenna with 30 m disc diameter 905 Chapter 7: Southern Bavaria, seen from the satellite Landsat 905 Chapter 8: Students of the “Fachhochschule Aachen” with the pico satellite 905 Chapter 9: Artists’ view of the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) “Jules Verne” 905 Last figure: Galaxy NGC 1672 905 Handbook of Space Technology 906 Twenty Years Since The First Edition Was Published In The German Language, And Just Over Fifty Years Since The Launch Of The Earth's First Ever Artificial Satellite Sputnik 1, This Third Edition Of The Handbook Of Space Technology Presents In Fully Integrated Colour A Detailed Insight Into The Fascinating World Of Space For The First Time In The English Language. Authored By Over 70 Leading Experts From Universities, Research Institutions And The Space Industry, This Comprehensive Handbook Describes The Processes And Methodologies Behind The Development, Construction, Operation And Utilization. Introduction -- Fundamentals -- Space Transportation Systems -- Subsystems Of Spacecraft -- Aspects Of Human Space Flight -- Mission Operations -- Utilization Of Space -- Spacecraft Design Process -- Management Of Space Projects. Wilfried Ley, Klaus Wittmann, Willi Hallmann (editors). Includes Index. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.