Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health

This handbook highlights the relevance of the social sciences in global public health and their significantly crucial role in the explanation of health and illness in different population groups, the improvement of health, and the prevention of illnesses around the world. Knowledge generated via social science theories and research methodologies allows healthcare providers, policy-makers, and politicians to understand and appreciate the lived experience of their people, and to provide sensitive health and social care to them at a time of most need. Social sciences, such as medical sociology, medical anthropology, social psychology, and public health are the disciplines that examine the sociocultural causes and consequences of health and illness. It is evident that biomedicine cannot be the only answer to improving the health of people. What makes social sciences important in global public health is the critical role social, cultural, economic, and political factors play in determining or influencing the health of individuals, communities, and the larger society and nation. This handbook is comprehensive in its nature and contents, which range from a more disciplinary-based approach and theoretical and methodological frameworks to different aspects of global public health. It covers: Discussions of the social science disciplines and their essence, concepts, and theories relating to global public health Theoretical frameworks in social sciences that can be used to explain health and illness in populations Methodological inquiries that social science researchers can use to examine global public health issues and understand social issues relating to health in different population groups and regions Examples of social science research in global public health areas and concerns as well as population groups The Handbook of Social Sciences and Global Public Health is a useful reference for students, researchers, lecturers, practitioners, and policymakers in global health, public health, and social science disciplines; and libraries in universities and health and social care institutions. It offers readers a good understanding of the issues that can impact the health and well-being of people in society, which may lead to culturally sensitive health and social care for people that ultimately will lead to a more equitable society worldwide. Preface Contents About the Editor About the Contributors Contributors Part I: Introduction The Essence of Social Sciences in Global Public Health: An Introduction 1 Introduction 2 The Social Sciences 3 Social Science and Global Health 4 Global Health Inequality and Social Determinants of Health 5 About This Handbook 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Part II: Social Sciences and Health Disciplines Medical Sociology 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Was the Author Drawn to Study and Subsequently Undertake Research in Medical Sociology?: Positioning the Author Self 2 Defining Medical Sociology 3 Similarities Between Social Epidemiology and Medical Sociology 4 What Is the ``Social ́ ́ in Medical Sociology? 5 Is There a Role for ``Lay Theory ́ ́ in Medical Sociology? 6 Case Study On Medical Sociological Research On ``Trust In Healthcare ́ ́ 7 Conclusion and Future Directions 8 Cross-References References Medical Anthropology 1 Introduction 2 Kuru, Kinship, and Medical Anthropology 3 Medical Anthropology and Epidemics 4 Medical Anthropology and COVID-19 5 Paying Attention to the Social Determinants of COVID-19 6 The Global Body: Renting a Womb in Ukraine 7 Anthropological Methods 7.1 Participant Observation 7.2 Rapid Ethnographic Methods 7.3 Applying Anthropology in Disease Control 8 Conclusions and Future Directions References Social Work 1 Introduction 2 Antecedent Knowledge 3 Indigenous and Global Knowledge 4 Other Areas of Focus 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References Social Epidemiology and Its Contribution to Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 What Is Social Epidemiology? 3 Globalization and Its Implications for Global Public Health and Health Inequalities 4 Impacts of Globalization on the World of Work and Workers ́ Health 5 Case Study: Evaluating the Impact of Organizational Change on Workers ́ Health 5.1 Background 5.2 Measurements of Exposure: Organizational Change (OC) 5.3 Measurements of Health Outcomes 5.4 Effects of OC on Health 6 Conclusion and Future Directions 7 Cross-References References Global Health 1 Introduction 2 Significant Events That Have Promoted the Development of Global Public Health 2.1 Infectious Diseases 2.2 International Drugs Trade and Public Health 2.3 Occupational Safety and Health 2.4 Transboundary Water and Air Pollution 3 Modern Politics and Global Health 4 History of Global Public Health as a Concept 4.1 Development of Global Health 4.2 The Introduction of Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals 4.2.1 Millennium Development Goals and Global Health (2000-2015) 4.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Global Health (2015-2030) 5 The ``Global ́ ́ Part of Global Health 5.1 Measuring Progress in Global Health 5.1.1 Life Expectancy 5.1.2 Child Mortality 5.1.3 Burden of Disease 5.2 Five Metaphors About Global Health and Global Health Policy: Stopped Here 5.3 Global Health as Foreign Policy 5.4 Global Health as Security 5.5 Global Health as Charity 5.6 Global Health as Investment 6 Global Health as Public Health 6.1 Disparities in Service and Access 6.2 Foreign Health Aid 6.3 Efficacy of Distributing Aid to Regional Areas 6.4 What Is Corruption? 6.5 Health Ethics 6.6 Healthcare Finance and Economics 7 Conclusion and Future Directions 8 Cross-References References Critical Public Health 1 Introduction 2 What Is ``Critical ́ ́ About Critical Public Health? 3 What Principles and Values Constitute a Critical Public Health? 4 Why Might One Want to Be Critical About Public Health? 5 How Might One Come to Be Critical About Public Health? 6 Where Can a Critical Public Health Be Found? 7 Conclusion and Future Directions References Health Promotion Practice 1 Introduction 2 The Art of Health Promotion Practice 2.1 Settings in Health Promotion Practice 2.2 Collaboration in Health Promotion Practice 2.3 Communication in Health Promotion Practice 2.4 Evaluation in Health Promotion Practice 2.5 Leadership in Health Promotion Practice 2.6 Advocacy in Health Promotion Practice 2.7 Politics in Health Promotion Practice 3 The Science of Health Promotion Practice 3.1 Integrated Learning in Health Promotion Practice 3.2 Critical Reflexivity in Health Promotion Practice 3.3 Health Determinants in Health Promotion Practice 3.4 Knowledge Translation in Health Promotion Practice 3.5 Co-Design in Health Promotion Practice 3.6 Evidence and Ethics in Health Promotion Practice 4 Conclusion and Future Direction References Community Nursing and Global Health 1 Introduction 2 Nursing and Global Health 2.1 Community Nursing 2.2 Nurse Practitioners (Advanced Nursing Practice) 2.3 Global Issues 2.4 Use of Community Nursing in Global Public Health 3 Conclusions and Future Directions References Primary Health Care 1 Introduction 1.1 Defining Primary Health Care 1.2 Focusing on PHC 1.3 The Importance of PHC in the Current Context 2 Components of PHC 2.1 Integrated Health Services 2.1.1 Primary Care 2.1.2 Population-Based Services 2.2 Multi-Sectoral Policies and Action 2.3 Empowered People and Communities 3 PHC in Action 3.1 Strategic Levers 3.1.1 Political Commitment and Leadership 3.1.2 Governance and Policy Formulation 3.1.3 Funding and Resource Allocation 3.1.4 Engagement of Communities and Other Stakeholders 3.2 Operational Levers 3.2.1 Models of Care 3.2.2 The PHC Workforce 3.2.3 Physical Infrastructure 3.2.4 Medicines, Products, and Technologies 3.2.5 Engagement with Private Sector Providers 3.2.6 Purchasing and Payment Systems 3.2.7 Digital Technologies 3.2.8 Systems for Improving Quality of Care 3.2.9 PHC-Oriented Research 3.2.10 Monitoring and Evaluation 4 Conclusion and Future Directions References Health and Medical Humanities in Global Health: From the Anglocentric to the Anthropocene 1 Introduction 2 What Are the Health and Medical Humanities 3 Troubling the Territory: Historical Connections Between the Health and Medical Humanities and Global Health 3.1 ``First Wave ́ ́: An Anglocentric, Medical Paradigm 3.2 The Health Humanities and the Critical Medical Humanities 3.3 The Health and Medical Humanities Beyond the Anglosphere 4 Acclimatization: Connecting the Health and (Critical) Medical Humanities to Global Health 5 How Might the Health and Medical Humanities Become Global? A World Universities Network Contribution 6 Horizons: Toward the Future Global Health Humanities 6.1 Core Components of the Health Humanities for Global Health 6.2 Decolonizing Health and Medicine 7 Conclusion and Future Directions 8 Cross-References References Traditional Medicine and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Traditional Medicine and Everyday Practices 3 Global Flows of Traditional Medicine 4 Transformations and Reshapings of Traditional Medicine 5 Traditional Medicine and Biomedicine 6 Resorting to Traditional Medicine 7 Traditional Medicines Against COVID-19 8 Conclusion and Future Direction References Embedding Social Medicine in the Health Professions Curriculum 1 Introduction 2 Models of the Curriculum 2.1 Institutional-Led Models 2.1.1 Interventions at Postgraduate Level Advocacy Model Underserved Medicine and Public Health Program Engel ́s Biopsychosocial Model Healing Through History (HTH) Trigger-Based Model in Ambulatory Setting Psychosocial Curriculum 2.1.2 Interventions at Undergraduate Level Longitudinal Social Medicine Curriculum Research Electives Integrated Humanities-Social Sciences Course Value-Based Health Care Curriculum Introduction to Social Medicine and Global Health Theater-Based Curriculum 2.2 Student-Led Models 2.2.1 Curriculum Development 2.2.2 Social Medicine Network 2.2.3 CANMED Model 2.3 Community-Led Models 2.3.1 Social Justice Through Critical Reflections 2.3.2 Community Partnership Model 2.3.3 Nature of the Activities (Teaching and Assessment) 2.3.4 Teaching Strategies 2.3.5 Assessment Tools 2.4 Evaluation 2.4.1 Level One: Reaction 2.4.2 Level Two: Learning 2.4.3 Level Three: Behavior 2.4.4 Level Four: Results 3 Recommendations 3.1 Institutional/Organizational Level 3.1.1 Include Social Medicine as an Accreditation/Licensing Requirement 3.1.2 Engage Stakeholders 3.1.3 Establish Networks Through Active Collaboration Among All Stakeholders 3.2 Educator ́s Level 3.2.1 Define Taxonomy 3.2.2 Scan the Existing Curriculum 3.2.3 Redesign the Curricula 3.2.4 Extend Social Medicine at All Levels 3.2.5 Create Interprofessional Experiences 3.2.6 Involve Learners as Active Partners 3.2.7 Acknowledge Health Professional/Provider as a Person 3.2.8 Broaden Education Framework 3.2.9 Plan Structured Evaluation 4 Conclusion and Future Directions References Part III: Theoretical Frameworks and Social Sciences Strong Structuration Theory (SST) and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Theoretical Overview and Narrative Review 2.1 Theories of Social Practice 2.1.1 Structuration Theory 2.1.2 Strong Structuration Theory 2.2 The Empirical Application of Strong Structuration Theory 3 Strong Structuration in Global Public Health Research 3.1 Theorizing Change in Health Systems and Health Delivery 3.1.1 Introduction of Technology into Health Systems 3.1.2 Introduction of Policy into Health Systems 3.2 Theorizing the Social Practices of Persons with Health Conditions 4 Conclusion and Future Direction References Theories of Practice and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Practice Theories 3 Practice Theories and Health Research 4 Understanding (Sexual) Practice 4.1 Agency 4.2 Materiality 4.3 Relationality 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References Gender Theory and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Understanding Gender Theory and Health 2.1 Gender as a Social Process 2.2 Social Inequalities and Intersectionality 2.3 Pathways from Gender to Health 2.4 Gendered Approaches to Improving Health 3 Applications of Gender Theory in Global Health 3.1 Women ́s Reproductive Health and Rights: Intersectionality 3.2 Diverse Genders and Health 3.3 Men ́s Health: Masculinities and Health Theory 4 Critical Perspectives on Gender Theory and Health 4.1 Embracing Gender Diversity in Global Health 4.2 Developing Gender Theory for Public Health 4.3 Global Perspectives on Gender 5 Conclusion and Future Direction 6 Cross-References References Intersectionality and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Intersectionality 2.1 A Brief Background to Intersectionality 2.2 Some Core Tenets of Intersectionality 3 Using Intersectionality to Advance Global Public Health 3.1 Intersectionality as an Epistemological Approach 3.2 Intersectionality to Inform Research Methods 3.3 Intersectionality as a Tool for Action in Global Public Health 4 Using Intersectionality Theory in Sexual Violence Prevention: An Example 4.1 Sexual Violence in Tertiary Education Settings 4.2 Incorporating Intersectionality in Approaches to Sexual Violence Prevention in a Tertiary Educational Setting 5 Conclusion and Future Directions 6 Cross-References References Intersectional Risk Theory and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Intersectional Analyses in Global Public Health Research 3 Intersectional Risk Theory (IRT): A Framework 3.1 Intersectional Risk Analyses, Methodology, and Methods 4 An Example of an Intersectional Risk Analysis 4.1 Elective Cesarean Sections in Brazil and Sweden 4.1.1 Context-Specific Discourses in Brazil and Sweden 4.2 Docile Birthing Bodies and Utilitarian Obstetricians: Brazil 4.3 Terrified Subjects and Knowledgeable Midwives: Sweden 4.4 Natural Birth 5 Conclusion and Future Direction 6 Cross-References References Decolonial Methodology in Social Scientific Studies of Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Logics that Give Rise to Decolonizing Methodology 2.1 Power, Privilege, and Decoloniality 2.2 Relevance of Power, Privilege, and Coloniality to the Study of Communication Disorders 2.3 Epistemological Differences to Distinguish Between Mainstream and Decolonial Methodology 2.4 Relevance of Critical Disability Studies to Decolonial Methodology 3 Examples of and Guidelines for Decolonial Research Methodologies in Social Sciences Studies of Global Health 3.1 Guidelines to Consider 3.2 Examples: Decolonial Methodology in Action-Qualitative Approaches 3.2.1 Critical Reflection in DRM 3.2.2 Example of Valuing Indigenous Knowledge: Traditional Healers Concerning Parkinson ́s Disease 3.3 Recommendations: Decolonial Methodology in Action-Quantitative Approaches and Reference Practices That Reflect Decolonial ... 4 Ethical Considerations 5 Conclusion: Social Justice as Inspiration for Using Decolonial Feminist Methodologies 6 Cross-References References Feminist Pedagogy, the Women ́s Health Movement, and the Rise of the Anti-diet Health Professional 1 Introduction 2 Women ́s Liberation and Feminist Pedagogy: The Birth of Women ́s Studies 2.1 Consciousness-Raising: Lived Experience and Political Mobilization 2.2 Feminist Pedagogy and Women ́s Studies 3 The Women ́s Health Movement 3.1 Feminist Pedagogy and the Women ́s Health Curriculum 4 Lived and Learned Experiences: The Emergence of the ``Anti-Diet ́ ́ Health Professional 4.1 Activist Opposition to Diet Culture: Foregrounding Women ́s Lived Experiences 4.2 Health Professional Opposition to Diet Culture: Lived and Learned Experiences 5 Conclusion and Future Directions 6 Cross-References References Human Rights and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Universal, Indivisible, Interrelated, Interdependent, and Inabrogable: Key Features of Human Rights 3 The Instrumental Value of Human Rights in Global Public Health Policy and Practice 3.1 Rights-Based Approaches 3.2 JASS: Just Power 3.3 Working with a Human Rights-Based Approach to Psychiatry 3.4 Education for All Young Women in Sierra Leone 3.5 Protecting the Wild Coast, South Africa 3.6 Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development 4 Conclusion and Future Direction References Social Determinants of Health and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 The Social Determinants of Health 3 Delineating Global Public Health 4 The Role of Social Determinants in Global Public Health 5 Empowering Local Communities to Address the Social Determinants of Health 6 The Way Forward 7 Conclusion and Future Directions 8 Cross-References References Social Justice and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 The Nature of Social Injustice, Its Roots, and Its Impact on Public Health 3 Taking a Social Justice Approach to Global Public Health 4 Social Injustice in Context: The Case of South Africa 5 Challenges, Solutions, and Considerations of Centering Social Justice in Public Health 6 Social Sciences, Public Health, and Social Justice 7 Conclusion and Future Directions References Health Promotion Paradigms 1 Introduction 2 Vision: Underpinning Ideology 2.1 Beliefs and Values in Health Promotion 2.2 Equity and Justice in Health Promotion 2.3 Reflexivity and Positionality in Health Promotion 2.4 Planetary Health in Health Promotion 3 Approach: Theories and Frameworks 3.1 Existing Theory in Health Promotion 3.2 Indigenous Theory in Health Promotion 3.3 Posthuman Theory in Health Promotion 4 Scope: Professional Reach 4.1 Pedagogy in Health Promotion 4.2 Professional Identity in Health Promotion 4.3 Workforce Capacity in Health Promotion 5 Conclusion and Future Direction References Accessing Health Care in Global Public Health: The History of Conceptual Frameworks 1 Introduction 2 The Conceptual Frameworks of Access Prior to 2000 2.1 The Behavioral Model of Anderson and Colleagues 2.2 The Barrier-Focused Model of Penchansky and Thomas 2.3 The Barrier-Focused Model of Dutton 2.4 The Barrier-Focused Model of Frenk 3 Recent Conceptual Frameworks of Access to Health Care 3.1 System-Centered Approaches 3.2 Patient-Centered Approach 4 The Adoption of Conceptual Framework of Access to Health Care in Empirical Studies 5 The Conceptual Framework of Access and People Living with Disabilities 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Cultural-Historical Activity Theory [CHAT] and Health in Faith Communities 1 Introduction 2 Cultural Historical Influences 2.1 Object Activity and Action Within Knowledge Systems 2.1.1 Health as an Object 2.1.2 Health Activities and Actions 2.2 The Role of the Self and Social Mediation in an Activity System 3 Enacting Health Norms in the Context of Religion 3.1 Religious Institution Influences on Follower Health Norms 3.1.1 Normative Rule Adherence Effects 3.1.2 Coercive Rule Adherence 3.1.3 Mimetic Rule Adherence 3.2 Personal Influences 3.2.1 Evidence-Informed Health Norms 3.2.2 Derived Health Norms 3.2.3 Reference Health Norms 4 Reflexivity in Health Norms 4.1 Faith-Based Health Norms 4.2 Negotiated Health Norms 4.3 Privately Framed Health Norms 5 Competing and Complementary Health Norms with Religion Affiliation 5.1 Singular Effect Hypothesis 5.2 Competing Response Hypothesis 5.3 Over-Justification Hypothesis 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Institutional Change and Healthcare Social Workers ́ Identity: An Analysis from the Street-Level Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Professional Identity and Identity Crisis 3 Social Change and Changing Institutions 4 Being Street-Level Professionals in a Changing World 5 The Impact of Neoliberalization on Professional Identity 6 The Covid-19 Pandemic As a Game Changer? 7 Conclusion and Future Directions References The Ethics of AI and Robotics in Public Health: An East Asian Perspective 1 Introduction 2 Existing Applications of AI in East Asia 2.1 AI and Robotic Care: Some Background 2.2 Disease Prevention and Wellness 2.3 Diagnosis 2.4 Treatment 2.5 Lifelong and Elderly Care 3 Ethical Issues of AI in Healthcare 3.1 Bias and Reliability 3.2 Dependency and Deskilling 3.3 Objectification and Deception 3.4 Data Privacy 4 Ethical Traditions in East Asia 4.1 Buddhist Ethics 4.2 Confucian Ethics 4.3 Daoist Ethics 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References The Ethics of Vaccines During COVID-19: A Global Public Health Approach Through Utilitarianism 1 Introduction 2 Background 2.1 Global Issues Surrounding COVID-19 and Vaccines 2.2 Overview of COVID-19 in Australia: March 2020 to October 2021 2.3 Government and Public Influences on the Vaccine Rollout 3 COVID-19 as an Ethical Dilemma: Mandatory Vaccinations 4 Overview of the Ethical Theories 4.1 Universal Ethical Egoism 4.2 Utilitarianism 4.3 Divine Command Theory 5 Universal Ethical Egoism, Vaccine Hesitancy, Literacy, and Misinformation 6 Divine Command Theory, Vaccine Hesitancy, Literacy, and Misinformation 7 Utilitarianism, Vaccine Hesitancy, Literacy, and Misinformation 8 Recommendations 9 Conclusion and Future Direction References The ``Difficult Patient ́ ́: Dominant Logics and Misfits in Medicine 1 Introduction 2 The Difficult Patient 3 Misfit One: Logics of Standardization and Complex Patient Needs 4 Misfit Two: Logics of Normalization and ``Atypical ́ ́ Bodies 5 Misfit Three: Logics of Patient Activation and Being Active in the Wrong Way 6 Conclusion and Future Direction References Religion and Health 1 Introduction 2 Religion and Health 3 Religion and Culture in Health 3.1 Religion and Culture 3.1.1 Religion Functions 3.1.2 Secularization 3.1.3 Cross-Cultural Perspectives 3.1.4 Moral-Ethical Codes 4 Implications for Public Health Promotion with Religion Followers 4.1 Apostolic Faith Sexual and Reproductive Health Norms 4.1.1 Contention Between Apostolic Faith and Public Health Perspectives 4.2 Church Influences on Sexual Health Concepts Among Pentecostal Botswana Teenagers 4.3 Meaning in Life of Ghanaian Young Adults 5 Conclusion and Future Direction References Part IV: Research Methodologies, Social Sciences, and Global Health Social Constructionism, Power, and Understanding the Health Needs of Different Groups Engaged in a Shared Reality 1 Introduction 2 The Social Construction of Reality 3 Power 4 Social Constructionism, and It Relevance to Health 5 A Method of Investigating Multiple Groups Engaged with a Shared Reality 6 Conclusion and Future Directions 7 Cross-References References Symbolic Interactionism and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 General Tenets of Symbolic Interactionism 3 Using Symbolic Interactionism to Understand Issues Related to Global Public Health 3.1 Foundations in Symbolic Interactionism and Public Health 3.2 Recent Studies that Apply Symbolic Interactionism to Public Health 4 Conclusion and Future Directions 5 Cross-References References Critical Theory 1 Introduction 2 Critical Theory and Its Essence 3 Critical Theory and Research 4 Critical Theory and Global Health 5 Conclusion and Future Directions 6 Cross-References References Feminist Methodology 1 Introduction 2 Feminist Methods and Public Health 2.1 Feminist Quantitative Method 2.2 Oral History Methods 2.2.1 Storytelling 2.2.2 Life Story Research 2.2.3 Narrative Inquiry 2.3 Digital Storytelling 2.4 Photovoice 2.5 Critical Ethnography 3 Conclusion and Future Directions References Qualitative Research Inquiry and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Global Public Health 2.1 HIV/AIDS Epidemic 2.2 West African Ebola Epidemic 2.3 COVID-19 2.4 Mental Health Issues 2.5 Obesity 3 Qualitative Research and Its Role in Global Public Health 4 Qualitative Research Methods: Traditional and Emerging Method 4.1 Traditional Qualitative Research Methods 4.2 Emerging Qualitative Research Methods 5 Qualitative Research: Its Role in Implementation Science and Evidence-Based Practice in Public Health 5.1 Implementation Science and Qualitative Research 5.2 Evidence-Based Practice in Public Health and Qualitative Research 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Cultural Determinants of Health, Cross-Cultural Research and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Culture 3 Cultural Determinants of Health and Global Mental Health 4 Qualitative Inquiry and Cross-Cultural Research 5 Ethics and Cross-Cultural Research 6 Cross-Cultural Research and Languages 7 Conclusion and Future Directions References Ecofeminist Participatory Action Research for Planetary Health 1 Introduction 2 Feminist Participatory Action Research (FPAR) 3 Example of FPAR for Climate Justice and Women ́s Health 4 Planetary Health 4.1 Indigenous Wisdoms and Methods Are Central to Planetary Health 4.2 Example of Planetary Health Participatory Action Research: Watershed Interventions for Systems Health in Fiji (WISH-Fiji) ... 5 EcoFeminist Participatory Action Research for Planetary Health 5.1 Interconnectedness of Oppressive Systems and Interconnectedness of Systems of Vitality 5.2 Multispecies Justice and Rights 5.3 Centering Indigenous Wisdoms and Methods 5.4 Place as Co-researcher 5.5 Relationality, Care, Love, and Solidarity 5.6 Action and Activism 6 Conclusion and Future Directions 7 Cross-References References Human Rights Methodologies in Minority Research 1 Introduction 2 Human Rights: Some Background 3 Humanization, Dehumanization, and Critical Consciousness 3.1 Humanization 3.2 Dehumanization 3.3 Critical Consciousness 4 The Need for Human Rights in Research Methodologies 4.1 Universality as Participatory Action Research 4.2 Indivisibility as Content Analysis 4.3 Participation as Narrative Enquiry Methodology 4.4 Accountability as Victimization Surveys 4.5 Transparency as Census Quantitative Data 4.6 Non-discrimination as Unobtrusive Methodology 5 How to Position Human Rights Research in Global Public Health Outcomes 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Upending Quantitative Methodology for Use in Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Statistics for Marginalized Groups 3 Statistics Under a Qualitative Mental Model 4 Diffractive Methodology 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References Mixed Methods Research in Global Public Health 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is Mixed Methods Research? 2 What Is Global Public Health Justice Research? 3 How Can MMR Address Global Public Health Justice Issues? 4 MMR Considerations 4.1 Mental Models 4.2 Positionality 4.3 Integration 4.4 Practices to Achieve Full Integration 5 Major Approaches to MMR in Global Public Health 5.1 Explaining Quantitative Results with Qualitative Data 5.2 Using Qualitative Methods to Select Measures for Quantitative Validation 5.3 Participatory Research 6 Conclusions and Future Directions References Part V: Research Methods, Social Sciences, and Global Health Digital Health Research Methods and Global Public Health 1 Introduction 2 Digitally Mediated Realities 3 Digital Health Research Methods 3.1 Internet and Social Media 3.2 Wearables and Personal Devices 3.3 Data Records and Management 4 Benefits of Digital Research Methods for Global Public Health 5 Bridging the Digital Divide and Other Regulatory Hurdles 6 Conclusion and Future Directions 7 Cross-References References Coproducing Online Focus or Consultation Groups for Health and Social Care Research 1 Introduction 2 Coproduction and Cocreation 3 The History of Focus and Consultation Groups in Research 4 Access to Participants and Ethics 5 Online Focus Groups or Consultation Groups 6 Conclusion and Future Directions References Community Mapping Method 1 Introduction 1.1 What Does the Term Community Mean? 1.2 What Is a Community Asset? 2 Mapping: Origin and Overview of Asset Mapping 3 CAM as a Participatory Community-Engaged Research Method 4 The Mapping Process 4.1 Identifying the Aim, Purpose, or Desired Outcome/s 4.2 Identifying the Setting and Participants 4.3 Determining the Time and Resources Needed to Map Assets 4.4 Establishing the Kind of Assets to Include 4.5 Identifying Specific Methods for Mapping Assets 4.6 Making Sense of the Data and Planning the Way Forward 5 Conclusion and Future Directions References Photovoice 1 Introduction 2 Photovoice and the Problem of Change-Making 3 The Multi-Country Photovoice Project and Social Change: Challenges and Prospects 3.1 Change-Making Successes 3.2 The Challenge of Change-Making 4 Conclusion and Future Directions References Walking Interviewing Method 1 Introduction 2 The Benefits of Walking Interviews 3 Walking Interviews in Public Health 4 How to Conduct Walking Interviews 5 Ethical Considerations for Walking Interviews 6 Conclusions and Future Directions References Digital Storytelling 1 Introduction 2 Digital Storytelling and Public Health 2.1 Critical Narrative Intervention 2.2 Theoretical Frameworks 3 Digital Storytelling Method 3.1 Components of the Digital Storytelling Process 3.2 Adaptations for Online and Under-Resourced Settings 3.2.1 In-Person and Online DST Curricula 3.2.2 DST in Under-Resourced Settings 3.3 Data Collection and Analysis 4 Ethical Framework and Considerations 4.1 Ethical Guidelines for the Research Team 4.2 Ethical Framework 5 Four Applications of DST for Global Public Health 6 Conclusion and Future Directions 7 Cross-References References Concept Mapping Method 1 Introduction 2 Group Concept Mapping 3 Key Characteristics of GCM 3.1 Mixed-Methods 3.2 Participatory 4 Using GCM for Public Health Research 4.1 Strengths of GCM 4.2 Limitations of GCM 5 Process: Stages of GCM Method 5.1 Stage 1: Planning 5.1.1 Rating Questions 5.1.2 Participants 5.2 Stage 2: Generation 5.2.1 Idea Generation Through Brainstorming 5.2.2 Idea Synthesis 5.3 Stage 3: Structuring 5.3.1 Sorting 5.3.2 Rating 5.3.3 Participant Questions 5.4 Stage 4: Analysis 5.4.1 Similarity Matrix 5.4.2 Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) 5.4.3 Bridging/Anchoring Analysis 5.4.4 Hierarchical Cluster Analysis 5.4.5 Other Analysis 5.5 Stage 5: Interpretation 5.6 Stage 6: Utilization 6 Case Study: Migrant and Refugee Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Decision-Making 6.1 Planning 6.2 Generation 6.3 Structuring 6.4 Analysis 6.5 Interpretation 6.6 Utilization 6.6.1 Benefits of GCM in This Study 7 Conclusion and Future Directions References Experience-Based Codesign (EBCD) for Sensitive Research 1 Introduction 2 Creating Trigger Films 3 Identifying Touch Points in Individual Case Study Films 4 Clustering Touch Points into a Collective Voice Trigger Film 5 Polishing the Films 6 Validating the Trigger Films 7 Conclusion and Future Directions 8 Cross-References References Researching Female Sexual Dysfunction in Sensitive Populations: Issues and Challenges in the Methodologies 1 Introduction 2 How FSD Is Defined Medically? 3 Culturally Sensitivities and Women with FSD 4 Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Studies Seeking to Understand the Experience of FSD 4.1 Included Studies Populations 4.2 Study Methods 4.3 Theoretical, Methodological, and Analytical Frameworks 4.4 Choice of Frameworks 4.5 Methodological Frameworks: Phenomenology vs Grounded Theory 4.6 Rigor and Reflexivity 5 Conclusion and Future Direction References Consensus Methods for Health Research in a Global Setting 1 Introduction 2 Overview of Consensus Methods in Health Research 3 Nominal Group Technique 3.1 When to Use Nominal Group Technique 3.2 Participant Selection, Recruitment, and Group Number 3.3 The Facilitator and Setting 3.4 How to Conduct the Nominal Group Technique 3.5 Data Analysis 3.6 Methodological Variations and Practical Aspects 4 The Delphi Method 4.1 Purpose and Aims of the Delphi Method 4.2 Panel Composition and Recruitment 4.3 Data Collection and Analysis 4.3.1 Questionnaire and Items Included in the Survey 4.3.2 Methods of Prioritization 4.3.3 Providing Feedback from Previous Rounds 4.3.4 Number of Rounds 4.3.5 The Definition of Consensus 4.4 Analysis 4.5 Challenges and Future Directions 5 Stakeholder and Consensus Workshops 5.1 Role and Aim 5.2 Participants and Contributors 5.3 Workshop Program and Process 5.4 Analysis 6 Cross-Cultural and Multinational Consensus Methods 7 Conclusion and Future Direction References The Delphi Method 1 Introduction 2 The Delphi Methodology 3 Various Types of Delphi 3.1 Classical Delphi 3.2 Decision Delphi 3.3 Policy Delphi 3.4 Ranking-Type Delphi 4 Characteristics of the Delphi Technique 4.1 Anonymity 4.2 Iteration Process 4.3 Controlled Feedback 4.4 Statistical Aggregation of Group Response 5 The Process of Implementing the Delphi Approach 5.1 The Exploratory Phase 5.2 The Distillation Phase 5.3 Conducting the Delphi Rounds 5.4 The Utilization Phase 6 Considering Delphi Shortcomings and Weaknesses 7 Conclusion and