Handbook of Research on Teacher Education : Innovations and Practices in Asia

This comprehensive book presents emerging research findings and promising reform practices in the field of teacher education, curriculum, assessment, teaching and learning approaches, pedagogical innovations, and professional development in educating the next generation of globally competent students. It reflects the current trends and highlights contemporary teacher education programs in twenty greater Asian countries and regions. It offers insight into improving teacher education in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Indonesia, Brunei, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, Hong Kong, and Macau. The handbook contains chapters written by experienced international teacher educators who draw on their experience and expertise to perennial issues and formidable challenges in teacher preparation and meaningful school reforms. This volume is a valuable resource and essential companion for teacher educators, faculty members, staff developers, trainee teachers, undergraduate and postgraduate students, researchers, school leaders, policy-makers, and professional learning communities to refresh their knowledge and improve their understanding. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in evolving issues in teacher education. Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Teacher Education at the Crossroads: Challenges and Prospects in Changing Times Introduction Asian Perspectives on Teacher Education Subject-Specific Teacher Education Redesigning Teacher Education Teacher Education Reforms Teacher Professional Development Conclusion References Part I Asian Perspectives on Teacher Education 2 Teacher Education in a Developmental State: Singapore’s Ecosystem Model Introduction Teacher Education in the Developmental State Attuned Stewardship with Nimble Policies High Levels of Resourcing Supportive Communities of Practice Discussion Sustainability of the Developmental State Implications for Teacher Education Conclusion References 3 History of the Present: Practices, Development, and Challenges of Teacher Education in Macao Introduction Social Context and Educational Development in Macao Historical Development of Teacher Education in Macao Distinctive Features and Current Practices of Teacher Education in Macao Future Trends and Challenges References 4 Teacher Education System in Myanmar Introduction An Overview of the Historical Transition of Myanmar’s Teacher Education System Beginning of Teacher Education During the British Colonial Era Teacher Education During Japanese Fascism Era Establishment of Teacher Education System After Independence Deterioration of Teacher Education Under the Military Regime Reform of Teacher Education Under the Education Promotion Program (EPP) The Current Teacher Education System Educational Institutes for Teacher Education Curriculum of Education Colleges (EC) Textbooks and Content of Education Colleges (EC) Lesson Practice of Education Colleges (EC) An Ongoing Reform References 5 Teacher Education in Bhutan: Highlights and Challenges Background School System in Bhutan Primary Schools Lower Secondary Schools Middle Secondary Schools Higher Secondary Schools Teacher Education Programmes in Bhutan Teacher Education Curriculum Perceptions, Opportunities and Challenges of the Teacher Education Programmes Opportunities and Challenges in Teacher Education Programmes Conclusion References 6 Teacher Education in Malaysia: Preparation, Practices, and Future Directions Introduction History of Teacher Education in Malaysia Pre-service Teacher Education Pre-service Teacher Education Curriculum Research on Teacher Education Challenges for Teacher Education Teacher Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic Future Directions Professional Learning Communities Creating Teacher Leaders Conclusion References 7 Teacher Education: Theory and Practice in Bangladesh Introduction Background of the Teacher Education The Existing Teacher Education Program Teacher Education Program in Details Teacher Education Offering Institutions Basic Changes in Teacher Education Innovation in Teacher Education Accreditation of Teacher Education Challenges Future Directions National Teacher Education Council (NTEC) Conclusion References 8 Initial Teacher Education in Singapore and South Korea Introduction Initial Teacher Education in Singapore Historical Overview Rigorous Selection of Teachers Values-Based and Learner-Centred Approach to Initial Teacher Education A Strong Theory–Practice Nexus Initial Teacher Education in Korea Historical Overview A Well-Structured Teacher Education Programme High Standards Set by the Government A Recent Push for a Learner-Centred Teacher Education A Comparison of Initial Teacher Education Between Singapore and Korea An Emphasis on Values Development The Influence of Confucian Values A Challenge and Recommendation in a Post-pandemic World Conclusion References 9 Teacher Education Curriculum in India: National Imagination and Actual Practices Introduction Teacher Education Curriculum Frameworks and Policy Recommendations Implementation of National Curriculum Frameworks for Teacher Education Conclusion References 10 Teacher Education Research and Development in Indonesia: Preparing Educators for the Twenty-First Century Introduction Educational Research on Teachers’ Teaching Ability and Their Low Professionalism Research in the Field of Education Approaches Teaching Profession in the Twenty-First Century Teacher Professional Development Teacher Professional Development Legal Basis for Teacher Professional Development Government Efforts to Improve Teacher Professionalism Teacher Professional Development Strategy Innovative Teacher Professional Development Professional Teachers in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0: Challenges and Hopes Professional Teachers in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0 Challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era Hope Government Efforts to Improve Teacher Professionalism PPG—Pendidikan Profesi Guru (Teacher Professional Education) Research Development: Method and Procedure Stages: Preliminary Study–Development Phase–Model Validation–Effectiveness Test Classroom Action Research to Improve Teacher Competence Conclusion References 11 Teacher Education in Lao People’s Democratic Republic Introduction Emerging Teacher Education Policy Teacher Education Institutions and Programs Pre-service Teacher Education Institutions and Programs In-service Teacher Education Programs Teachers and Teaching/Learning Practices Primary Teachers’ Characteristics and Their Work Situation Lower Secondary Teachers’ Characteristics and Their Work Situation Teacher Recruitment, Employment, Deployment, and Management Issues and Challenges Quality: Pre-service and In-service Education and Training Capacity of TEI Faculties Recruitment and Deployment Statistical Trends The Data Set and the Projections Teacher Deployment and Characteristics Teacher Qualifications Conclusions Appendix References 12 Teachers at the Cutting Edge of Educational Change: A Bangladesh Perspective Introduction The Education Workforce—Beyond Numbers Attracting the Talented to the Teaching Workforce Preparing the Education Workforce Professional Teacher Preparation in Some High Performing Countries New Thinking in Bangladesh Governance and Management of the Education Workforce Teachers for the Next Generation in Bangladesh A Broad Vision for Teachers’ Professional Development Ethics and Values Education and Teachers Teachers at the Cutting Edge of Change in Education Conclusion References 13 Teacher Education Development in China: A Historical Account with Contemporary Implications Introduction Historical Development of Teacher Education in China Phase 1: The Establishment of an Independent but Closed Normal Education System (1897–1921) Phase 2: An Open Normal Education System Initially Formed (1922–1948) Phase 3: Reconstruction of the Old and Closed Normal Education System (1949–1977) Phrase 4: Restoration, Adjustment, Consolidation, and Improvement (1978–1995) Phrase 5: Towards a Comprehensive, Tertiary-Level Oriented, Professionalized, Integrative Teacher Education (1996–) Prominent Challenges Facing Current Teacher Education To Optimize the Governance Capabilities of Teacher Education by Law Coordination and Balance Between Different Teacher Education Resources To Inject Innovative Force to Teacher Professional Development Establishing a Competitive Teacher Education System with Chinese Characteristics Exploration of Teacher Education Governance Innovation in Teacher Preparation and Training The Dialectical Relation Between Standardization and Multiplicity Conclusions References Part II Subject-Specific Teacher Education 14 The Trends and Highlights of Mathematics Teacher Education Research in Korea Introduction Review of the Literature on Mathematics Teacher Education Research in Korea Overview of the Analysis Research Papers Selected for Analysis Data Collection and Analysis Results of the Analysis Overall Analysis of Research Topics on Mathematics Teacher Education Overall Topic Distribution and Its Changes Over the Last 20 years Reflections on and Implications for Mathematics Teacher Education Research in Korea References 15 Philippine English and Teaching It: Awareness and Attitudes of Grassroots Filipino English Language Teachers Introduction PhE: Brief History, Functions, and Status Circles Within a Circle Paradigm of English in the Philippines Linguistic Features Studies of PhE Language Awareness and Attitudes: Why Study Them? Featuring Awareness and Attitudinal Studies of PhE FELTs’ Awareness of PhE FELTs’ Attitudes Towards Teaching EdPhE Educational Language Policies ELTE Programs ESL/EFL Curricula ELTT Conclusion References 16 Science Teacher Education in Taiwan Introduction School Culture in Taiwan Nine-Year Continued Curriculum Twelve-Year National Education Curriculum Standards Changes of Teacher Education Programs MOE-Sponsored Projects Elementary and Junior High School Science Teachers’ Inquiry-Based Instruction Design and Professional Development Dream to the N Power (https://cirn.moe.edu.tw/Module/index.aspx?sid=1196) Senior High School Inquiry and Practice Center and Advisory Group Maker and Technology Education Guidance and Counseling Center (https://maker.nknu.edu.tw) FabLab (https://www.fablab.nknu.edu.tw/) Summary Science Teacher Education Research Teacher Education Program Studies Teachers' Professional Development Studies Summary Conclusion References 17 Language Teacher Education in Vietnam: Looking Back and Looking Forward Introduction The Vietnamese Socio-educational Context Looking Back: E.L.T.E. in Vietnam Teacher Education Teacher Development Issues to Be Addressed Looking Forward Conclusion References 18 Pre-service Primary Teachers’ Perceptions of a Primary Education Program and an English Language Teaching Practicum: A Macau Case Study Introduction Literature Review Preparing Future Teachers Challenges Possible Solutions Study Aims and Research Question Methods Participants Teaching Practicum Data Collection Data Analysis Results Quality of the Primary Education Program Quality of the Year-long Teaching Practice Discussion Microteaching is Useful but Must Be Expanded The Mentor’s Role in the Teaching Practice Should Be Central Lesson Planning and Practice is Sorely Needed English Proficiency and English as a Language of Instruction Must Play a Central Role in the Education Program Pre-Service Teachers Need to Be Prepared for Classroom Uncertainties Instruction on Parent–teacher Relationships Should Be Integrated into the Curriculum Limitations Conclusions Appendix A References 19 Psychology Teacher Education in Brunei: Evolution, Development, Challenges, and Growth Introduction, Background and Setting The Need for Psychology School Subject and Teachers in Brunei Psychology Content in Previous Brunei Main Teacher Education Program Psychology Content in Current Reformed Brunei Main Teacher Education Program Challenging Psychology Contents and Skills to Brunei High School Psychology Students Challenging Psychology Contents and Skills to Brunei Trainee Psychology Teachers Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Brunei Student Teachers Coping with Stress Among Brunei Trainee Teachers Influence of Inclusive and Special Education Policies on Brunei Teacher Education Arguments Against Segregated Special Education Institutions Arguments for Inclusive Educational Institutions Barriers to Inclusive Education Student Assessments and Examinations Conclusion References 20 Pre-service English Language Teacher Employability Issues: Voices from Indonesia Introduction Employability in Teacher Education Indonesian Teacher Education Context Method Findings The Prescribed Description of Teachers as Professionals Voices in the Field Discussion Conclusion References 21 Oral Feedback on Pre-service Teachers’ English Language Lesson Plans: A Macau Case Study Introduction Literature Review Oral Feedback Feedback Purpose Feedback Foci Feedback Delivery Methodology Learning Context Participants Feedback Procedures Data Collection Data Analysis Results Qualitative Content Analysis Results Quantitative Content Analysis Results Discussion and Implications Feedback On Task, Process, Self-Regulation, and Self Feedback-On-Lesson-Plan-Elements Limitations Conclusions Appendix A References 22 Biology Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Working Environment in the Context of China’s Educational Reform Introduction Theoretical Framework Research Questions Literature Review More Attention Should be Paid to Biology Teachers Working Context is Crucial for Educational Reform Science Teachers’ Capability Beliefs and Context Beliefs Method Participants Instruments and Procedures Validity. Analysis of Data Findings Question 1: How Positive are Teachers’ Perceptions of their Learning Environment? Question 2: How Teachers’ Perceptions Differentiate? Question 3: What is the Relationship between Teachers’ PWC and PWL? Discussion Factors that impact Teachers’ PWC and PWL The Relationships between PWC and PWL Teachers’ Personal Agency Belief Patterns Teachers’ Interactions with their Workplace Learning Environment Implications Conclusion References 23 English Language Teacher Education in Indonesia: Providers, Policies, Innovations, and Future Directions Introduction Indonesia’s Education System: An Overview Teacher Education Providers Teacher Education Institutions Government-Based Training Agencies Foreign Institutions Policies on Teacher Education: Development and Implementation Innovations in English Language Teacher Education Post-Methods Teacher Education Inclusion of Identity, Spirituality, and Criticality for Character Building Translanguaging Digital Technologies Pluricentric Approaches to English Conclusion and Future Directions References Part III Redesigning Teacher Education 24 Teacher Education in Singapore: Changes for a New Landscape Background Changing Landscapes and Milestones Landmark Events and Turning Points Turning Point 1: Cessation of the Non-Graduate Diploma Programme Turning Point 2: Advent of the Teaching Scholars Programme Turning Point 3: Extension of the PGDE Programme Teacher Education Model for the Twenty-First Century (TE21) Looking Ahead References 25 Reshaping Teacher Education for the Twenty-First Century: An Indian Perspective Introduction Pre-service Teacher Education Upgradation of Curriculum-Pre-service Teacher Education Upskilling—Digital Innovations in Teacher Education In-Service Teacher Training Gender Sensitivity Inclusive Education Multilingualism and the Power of Language Sanskrit Happiness Curriculum Indian Perspectives of Happiness Happiness and Teacher Education Outlook: Cultural Awareness for the Next Generation—Indian Knowledge Systems Conclusion References 26 Government Primary School Teachers’ Remote Teaching Experience in Bangladesh: Challenges and Opportunities Introduction The School Education System Teacher Training Programme in Bangladesh The Educational Response to COVID-19 in Bangladesh Literature Review Methodology Context and Procedure Participants Data Collection Data Analysis Findings Transition to Online Teaching Teachers’ Readiness Teacher Motivation Impact of COVID-19 on Education Discussion and a Closing Thought References 27 Multiculturalism in Current and Future Mathematics Teacher Education in South Korea Introduction Scope and Context Theoretical Backgrounds Multicultural Education in General Teacher Education Theoretical Models of Multicultural Teacher Education Teacher Beliefs in Multicultural Education Class Implementation of Multicultural Education Multicultural Education in Mathematics Teacher Education Theoretical Models for Multicultural Teacher Education Mathematics Teacher Beliefs in Multicultural Education Classroom Implementation of Multicultural Education in Mathematics Guiding Research Questions on Multicultural Education for Korean Math Teachers Directions for Research About Theoretical Models Directions for Teacher Beliefs Directions for Research on Class Implementation References 28 Rethinking Lesson Study in Japan: A Case Study Analysis Introduction-Background and Research Questions Background of This Study Research Questions Theories on Lesson Study and Teacher Knowledge Characteristics and Nature of Lesson Study in Japan Two Theories on Teacher Knowledge Research Design: Two Case Studies on Special School Culture in Japan Two Case Studies Discussion How Do Japanese Teachers Gain and Improve Their Teacher Knowledge Through Engaging in Lesson Study? Japanese Teachers Spend Much Effort at the Preparation Phase of Lesson Study from Teacher Knowledge Perspective Implications and Conclusion References 29 From Student Teachers to Hired Educators: Exploring the Attributes of Successful Teacher Certification and Placement Through Data Mining Introduction Background Attributes of Effective Teachers Systems of Teacher Selection Research Questions Method Data Selection Data Analysis Results Experiment 1: Predictors for Student Teachers to Become Certified Experiment 2: Predictors for Teacher Candidates to Become Hired Experiment 3: Predictors Varied by Candidates’ Disciplinary Backgrounds Discussion Conclusion References 30 Changes in Teacher Education Requirements in Thailand in the Twenty-First Century Introduction Historical Overview of Teacher Education in Thailand The National Education Act 1999 Teachers’ Council of Thailand (TCT) Teacher Education Programs in Colleges to University Degree Five-Year Teacher Education/Training Curriculum The Structure of the Five-Year Teacher Education Projects on Teacher Production to Attract Good and Smart Young People into the Teaching Profession The New Generation of Teachers Project Project for the Promotion of Science and Mathematics Talented Teachers (PSMT) Projects on the Bright Students from Poor Families The State and Problems of Teacher Education in Thailand The Culture of Thai Community and Learners in Thailand Evaluation on the Proposed 2019 Policy Changes for Four-Year Teacher Education Curriculum Taking the Teaching Professional License Examination Conclusion References 31 Improving Teacher Education Curriculum in Vietnam Introduction Literature Review Curriculum and Curriculum Development Approaches to Curriculum Development Teacher Competencies Teacher Education Model Improving Teacher Education Curriculum Barriers to Curriculum Development Teacher Education Curriculum Development Implications and Conclusions References 32 The Quest for Teacher Education Quality in Indonesia: The Long and Winding Road Introduction Historical Background of Teacher Education From Colonial Era to Independence Day in 1945 From Independence Day in 1945 to Teacher Law in 2005 From Teacher Law in 2005 to Freedom to Learn Policy in 2020 Structure of Pre-service Teacher Education Program Concern for Pre-service Teacher Education in Indonesia Student Teachers’ Motivation and Career Intention Role of Teacher Education Contemporary Issues: Multiple Perspectives Context of the Study Research Methodology Sample Data Collection Data Analysis Findings Deans’ Comments on the Quality of the Output Heads of Department’s Comments on Teacher Education and Online Learning Educators’ Comments on PPG and Student Teachers Student Teachers’ Comments on Teachers and Teacher Preparation Discussion Implication Conclusion References Part IV Teacher Education Reforms 33 Teacher Education Reform in Japan Introduction: The Teaching Profession in Japan Japanese Education System Japanese Teacher Education System Recent National Policy Trends in Teacher Education in Japan Local Council for Teacher Development National Institute for School Teachers and Professional Graduate Schools for Teachers Enhancement Teacher Preparation Practical Learning Conclusion: Policy Reform in Teacher Education in Japan References 34 Implications for Teacher Education in a Time of Rapid Reform: Lessons from Myanmar Introduction Standards-Based Reform Educational Reform in Myanmar Domain A Domain B Domain C Domain D The Validation of the TCSF The Challenges of Standards-Based Reform Challenge 1: Alignment Challenge 2: Transition Challenge 3: Embedding Standards Challenge 4: Time Implementation and Enactment of Standards-Based Reform Conclusion References 35 Embedding Action Research in Philippine Teacher Education Teacher Education in the Philippines Action Research in Philippine Teacher Education Pre-service Teachers’ Experiences in Learning Action Research Liza’s Case Middleton’s Case Harry’s Case Alexander’s Case Nova’s Case Deconstructing the Learning Experiences Model of Teaching Action Research in Pre-service Teacher Education References 36 Pre-service Curriculum and Perception of Prospective Student Teachers Towards Inclusive Education Introduction Pre-service Teachers Training Teachers’ Attitudes and Inclusion Approaches for Pre-service Teachers Training Pre-service Teacher Training in Thailand Context of the Case Research Methods Data Analysis Results Conclusion and Discussion References 37 Tradition, Challenges, and Innovation in Japanese Teacher Education Introduction Teacher Education in Japan: A Historical Overview Challenges to Japanese Teacher Education Teacher Busyness Increasing Diversity in Classroom Delayed Digital Transformation Innovations in Teacher Preparation and Professional Development Reforming Schools into Learning Communities Addressing Diversity in Teacher Preparation Facilitating Innovative Teaching Practices Conclusion References 38 Teacher Education at Crossroads in India: Dire Need of a New Direction Teacher Education at Crossroads in India: Dire Need of a New Direction Teacher Education Programmes (TEPs) The Need for a Statutory Gaze New Perspective on Teacher Education Process-Based ITE Curriculum: Orienting Assumptions Essentializing Economistic Moorings Teacher Education in NEP 2020 References 39 Preparing Teachers for a Changing World: Developments and Challenges in Brunei Darussalam Introduction The Effect of SPN21 on Teachers’ Expectations SHBIE: The Teacher Education Provider Twenty-First Century Teaching and Learning Developing Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Through Learning Study Conclusion References 40 Fast Growing Analog Economy and an Urgent Need to Improve Its Teacher Education Towards Digital Transformation of the Lao PDR Introduction Teacher Education in Brief Education During the French Colonial, 1893–1954 Lao Education Initiative in Liberated Zones—The Pathet Lao, 1947–1975 Lao Education Under the Lao PDR Governance, 1975–Present Teacher Education Institutes Governance Institute Governance Public Spending The National Teacher Education Setting Curriculum Qualifications Innovation and Professional Development Discussions and Future Directions References 41 Renovation in Curriculum Design and Training Programs for Teacher Education in Vietnam Introduction An Overview of Vietnam’s National Education System Education Reform in Vietnam After “Doi Moi” (Renovation) New General Education Curriculum (2018 Curriculum) National Policies Related to the Development of New General Education Curriculum Some Characteristics of the New Curriculum Qualities in the New Curriculum Competencies in the New Curriculum Changes in Teacher Education in Vietnam in the Education 4.0 Education 4.0 The Fundamental and Comprehensive Education Reform in Vietnam Teacher Training Models in Vietnam Curriculum Development for Pre-service Training In-service Teacher with Continuous Professional Development (CPD) in Vietnam Conclusion References 42 Special Teacher Education in China: Based on Teacher Roles Reorientation and Professional Development in China Introduction Special Teacher Education: An Overview of the Literature The Construction of Special Education Teachers Encountered Difficulties Contradiction Between Knowledge and Practical Demand of Special Teacher Education Challenges in Special Education Teachers Post-service Training Policies and Legislation for Special Teacher Education Policies for Preparing Special Teachers for Special Education Schools Policies for Preparing Special Teachers for Regular Schools Development of Special Teacher Education: A Historical Review Special Teachers for Special Education Schools Special Teachers for Regular Schools The Strategy of Special Teacher Education in the Era of Teacher Roles Reorientation: Pre-service Education and In-service Training Teacher Training Strategies in Special Education Schools Strategies for Training Teachers in Regular Classes Several Relations that Need to Be Dealt with Reasonably in Special Education Teacher Education The Relationship Between the Training of Multi-qualified Special Education Teachers and Different Types of Special Education Teachers The Relationship of Teacher Training Between Non-compulsory Education and Compulsory Education The Relationship Between Pre-service and In-service Training of Special Education Teachers The Relationship Between Teachers in Regular Classes and Teacher Education in Special Education Schools References 43 The Precarious Politics of Teacher Education in Myanmar Introduction Political Transitions and Education Reforms Locating Teacher Education Within a Landscape of Reform: Opportunities and Challenges Positioning Teachers Within Shifting Discourses of Education The Precarious Nature of Education Reforms and Potential Repositioning of Teachers Conclusions References Part V Teacher Professional Development 44 Writing for Higher Education Academy Fellowship Towards Professionalization of Teaching: Perspectives from University Teachers in Thailand Introduction The Professionalization of Teaching Teacher’s Characteristics and Their Pedagogical Practice Writing for Fellowship Methodology Participants Tools, Data Collection, and Analysis Results Writing for Fellowship as an Institutional CPD Academics’ Engagement in Fellowship Writing Professionalizing Teachers and Teaching Through a Fellowship Discussion Implications and Conclusion References 45 Teachers’ Professional Development in Bangladesh: Issues and Way Forward Introduction Importance of Teacher Education Andragogical Model Overview of Teacher Education in Bangladesh Policies and Initiatives Related to Teacher Education History of Teacher Education in Bangladesh Present Teacher Education Technology Integration in Developing Teacher Education Improvements Proposed Framework for Teacher Education Discussion References 46 Teacher Leadership in Teacher Development for School Improvement and Student Achievement Introduction Teacher Leadership: An Overview Four Waves of Teacher Leadership Development Teacher Leadership in Relation to Other Leadership Concepts Teacher Leadership and School Improvement Teacher Leadership and Teacher Development Teacher Leadership and School Culture and Context Conclusion References 47 “Keeping the Knife Sharp”: Developing a Sustainable, Grassroots Approach to Professional Development for Cambodian Primary School Teachers Introduction Professional Development in Cambodia Literature Review Transformative Learning School-Based Individualized Learning Collaborative Learning Reflective Practice Methodology Findings and Discussion Thursday Technical Meetings Follow-Up External Training Conclusion—Developing a Sustainable, Grassroots Approach to PD for Cambodian Primary School Teachers References 48 Enhancing Identity Construction Through Inquiry into Narratives Introduction Narrative Research The Context Pedagogical Intervention The Study Instruments Trustworthiness of Inquiry Findings Discussion Time (Past, Present, and Future) Personal and Social Interaction (Inward and Outward) Place (Situation) Commentary and Concluding Remarks References 49 Influence of Leadership Training on Taiwanese Elementary School English Teachers’ Instructional Leadership Related Literature Review Methodology Research Setting and Participants Data Collection and Procedure Data Analysis Results and Discussion Definitions of Teacher Leaders and Leaders’ Visions Experience of Planning and Leading Meetings Consultancy for Being a Teacher Leader Learning About Comfort, Risk, and Danger of Being Teacher Leaders Attitude Towards Leadership Trainings Implications Integrating Leadership Issues into English Teachers’ Professional Development Integrating Tools and Reflective Practice into Leadership Training Conclusion References 50 Teacher Education in Pakistan: Structure, Problems, and Opportunities Introduction Structure of Teacher Education in Pakistan Issues and Problem in Education and Teacher Education Initial Teacher Education, Induction Provision and In-service Professional development Opportunities of Teachers Induction of Teacher Educators Induction, Professional Development Opportunities and Challenges for Teacher Educators Way Forward References Author Index Subject Index