Handbook of recycling : state-of-the-art for practitioners, analysts, and scientists

Advancing the science of recycling, recovery and reuse of industrial materials and byproducts represents a multifaceted challenge for researchers. Resource efficiency has become a major topic on the political agenda throughout the world and has served to prioritize materials recycling as part of effective resource management strategies within industry and academia alike. This is reflected in increasing interest in resource efficiency, as commodity prices have steadily increased and geo-political issues around access to strategic resources arise again. Moreover, increased environmental pressure, including climate change, will increase interest in recycling as part of the environmental and waste management toolbox. Edited by Dr Ernst Worrell of Utrecht Univeristy, Editor-in-Chief of "Resources, Conservation and Recycling" and composed of strictly edited, multidisciplinary expert articles, this work directly addresses this research challenge, fostering comprehension not only of currently deployed industrial practice from a professional / user perspective, but within context of the underpinning resource conservation, waste reduction and sustainable development. Portrays recent and emerging technologies in metal recycling, by-product utilization and management of post-consumer waste Uses life cycle analysis to show how to reclaim valuable resources from mineral and metallurgical wastes Uses examples from current professional and industrial practice, with policy implications and economics, to present a real-world portrait useful to engineers and professionals as well as academics Front Cover......Page 1 Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Dedication......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 List of contributors......Page 14 About the editors......Page 16 Preface......Page 18 1.1 Introduction......Page 20 1.2 WEEE legislation, division, and characterization by hazardous content......Page 21 1.3 WEEE characterization by content value......Page 25 References......Page 29 2.1 Introduction......Page 32 2.2 Defining waste electrical, electronic equipment or e-waste......Page 34 2.3 The basel convention......Page 37 2.4 Causes for alarm......Page 38 2.5 Waste electrical, electronic equipment as an opportunity or environment and health threat?......Page 40 2.6 The adverse effects of waste electrical, electronic equipment on human health......Page 42 2.7 Summary and conclusion......Page 46 References......Page 47 3.1 Introduction......Page 52 3.3 Fundamentals and significance of e-waste and e-waste recycling (amounts and compositions)......Page 53 3.4 Lifecycle of electronics and e-waste......Page 58 3.5 Objectives and general driving forces for e-waste recycling......Page 60 3.7 Printed circuit boards......Page 61 3.7.1 Sources and value of WPCBs......Page 62 3.7.2 Characterization of WPCBs......Page 63 3.8 Impact on metal resources......Page 64 3.9.1 Methods of joining components in PCBs: soldering......Page 65 3.9.2 Soldering methods of electronic products......Page 66 3.10 History and fundamentals of e-waste recycling......Page 67 3.11 State-of-the-art WEEE/WPCB reuse and recycling systems......Page 69 3.11.3 Endprocessing/purification and refining......Page 70 3.12 Dismantling/disassembly process......Page 71 3.12.1.1 Tin (Sn) melting stoves......Page 72 3.13 Automatic PCB electronic component-dismantling machines......Page 73 3.13.3 Rod- and brush-type EC disassembly apparatus with IR heater......Page 74 3.13.4 Scanning and laser desoldering automated component-dismantling machine......Page 75 3.14 Traditional and advanced WEEE/PCB recycling methods comparison......Page 76 3.15.2 Mechanical separation......Page 77 3.15.4 Acid leaching (hydrometallurgy)......Page 78 3.16.1.1 Industrial pyrometallurgical processes for the recovery of metals from e-waste......Page 79 3.16.1.2 Cu/Pb smelters......Page 80 3.16.1.3 Limitations of pyrometallurgical processes......Page 82 3.17.1 Shredders......Page 83 3.17.2 Blade/hammer mill pulverizators/granulators......Page 84 3.17.3 Fractionator......Page 85 3.19 Gravity/density separation (DS)......Page 88 3.19.2 Dry gravity separation......Page 89 3.20 Electrostatic separation (e-sorting) (ES)......Page 91 3.20.1 Types of electrostatic separators......Page 92 3.20.1.1 Corona electrostatic separation......Page 93 3.20.1.3 Eddy current separators......Page 94 3.21 Magnetic separation......Page 96 3.22.1 Bare PCB recycling lines......Page 98 3.22.3 Eldan recycling in Zaragoza (Spain)......Page 100 3.23 Pyrometallurgical e-waste recycling lines......Page 101 3.24 Economics of e-waste recycling......Page 103 3.25 Conclusion......Page 107 References......Page 108 4.2 Characterization of printed circuit boards and their electronic components for suitable treatment......Page 114 4.3 Hydrometallurgical procedures as WPCB pretreatment......Page 118 4.4 Hydrometallurgical procedures for base and precious metal recovery......Page 120 References......Page 130 5.2 Principles of the cyanidation process in the mining industry......Page 134 5.2.1 Gold dissolution......Page 136 5.2.2.2 Dissolved Oxygen Concentration......Page 139 5.2.2.6 Pulp density......Page 141 5.3 Cyanidation examples of precious metal recovery from WPCBs......Page 142 5.3.1 Cyanidation process in column......Page 144 5.3.3 Autoclave oxidation of e-waste-pyrite for copper removal......Page 146 5.3.4 Oxidative leaching as pretreatment for copper removal......Page 148 5.3.5 Precious metal dissolution from PCBs by acidic leaching pretreatment and cyanidation......Page 149 5.4 Comparison between cyanidation of ores and WPCBs......Page 151 5.4.1 Particle size effect during the cyanidation of WPCBs and ores......Page 152 5.4.3 Cyanidation time effect on WPCBs and ores......Page 153 References......Page 154 6.1 Introduction......Page 158 6.2.1 Current status for the recycling of fluorescent lamps......Page 159 6.2.2 HydroWEEE process for the recycling of fluorescent lamps......Page 161 6.2.2.2 Experimental procedure......Page 162 6.2.2.3 Results and discussion......Page 163 6.2.2.4 Process flowsheet......Page 166 6.3.1 Current status of the recycling of cathode ray tubes......Page 167 6.3.2.1 Material and methods......Page 168 6.3.2.2 Experimental procedure......Page 169 6.3.2.3 Results and discussion......Page 170 6.3.2.4 Process flowsheet......Page 171 6.4.1 Current status for the recycling of spent catalysts......Page 172 6.4.2.1 Material and methods......Page 173 6.4.2.3 Results and discussion......Page 174 6.4.2.4 Process flowsheet......Page 175 6.5 Conclusions......Page 176 References......Page 177 7.1 Introduction......Page 180 7.3 Indium extraction......Page 183 7.4 Indium recovery......Page 184 References......Page 189 Abbreviations......Page 194 8.1 Introduction......Page 195 8.2 The potential and need for recycling NdFeB magnets......Page 196 8.3 Main challenges in the recycling of NdFeB magnets......Page 199 8.4 Processing options for NdFeB magnet materials......Page 201 8.4.1 Physical and thermochemical processes for spent permanent magnet treatment......Page 204 8.4.2 Hydrometallurgical separation routes for NdFeB magnets......Page 206 8.4.2.1 Leaching of magnet materials......Page 209 8.4.2.2 Precipitation separation......Page 213 8.4.2.3 Solvent extraction......Page 217 8.5 Concluding remarks......Page 224 References......Page 226 9.1 Current legislation in waste electrical and electronic equipment processing......Page 232 9.2.1 Precipitation......Page 236 9.2.1.1 Chemical precipitation......Page 237 9.2.2 Neutralization......Page 239 9.2.3 Coagulation/flocculation......Page 241 9.2.4 Adsorption......Page 246 9.2.5.1 Sedimentation......Page 248 9.2.5.2 Filtration......Page 251 9.2.5.3 Centrifugation......Page 252 9.3 Coagulation applied to recycling of household batteries: a real case......Page 253 9.4 Conclusions......Page 255 References......Page 256 10.1.1 Global WEEE and PCB generation......Page 260 10.1.2 Potential hazards of improper WEEE management......Page 261 10.1.3 WEEE regulations and management......Page 262 10.1.5 WEEE as a secondary source of metals......Page 263 10.1.6 Discarded printed circuit boards (PCBs)......Page 264 10.2 Biotechnologies for metal recovery from WEEE......Page 265 Autotrophic and heterotrophic mechanisms of metal removal......Page 268 Contact mechanism of the cells......Page 269 10.2.1.2 Autotrophic bioleaching of valuable metals from WEEE......Page 271 Heterotrophic bacterial bioleaching of metals......Page 273 10.3 Perspectives......Page 275 References......Page 279 Further reading......Page 288 11.1 Overview......Page 290 11.2 Hydrometallurgy for noble metal recovery......Page 294 11.2.1 From ores to waste electrical and electronic equipment......Page 296 11.3 Green and coordination chemistry......Page 304 11.3.1 Sustainable leaching......Page 305 11.3.2 Concentration and separation......Page 328 11.4 Valorization of the recovered products......Page 336 11.5 Towards sustainable processes......Page 339 Acknowledgements......Page 341 References......Page 342 12.1 Introduction......Page 352 12.2 Current states of the recycling of rare-earth metals......Page 353 12.3.1 Use of commercial extractants for IL extraction......Page 356 12.4 Development of extractant applicable to IL extraction for rare-earth recycling......Page 358 12.5.1 Leaching from phosphor powder scraps......Page 362 12.5.2 Extraction and recovery of rare-earth metals from leachates......Page 363 12.6.1 Construction of supported liquid membrane......Page 366 12.6.2 Application of IL-based membrane system to real leached solution......Page 371 12.7 Conclusions......Page 372 References......Page 373 13.1 Introduction......Page 376 13.2.1 Background: HydroWEEE and HydroWEEE demo projects......Page 378 13.2.2 Industrial/mobile plant description......Page 379 13.2.2.1 Details of the operations and equipment......Page 380 13.2.2.2 Capacity of the plant: rare earths recovery from fluorescent powders......Page 385 13.3 Equipment details......Page 386 References......Page 399 14.1 Conclusions......Page 404 14.2 Recommendation......Page 407 Index......Page 408 Back Cover......Page 428 Electrical and electronic waste is a growing problem as volumes are increasing fast. Rapid product innovation and replacement, especially in information and communication technologies (ICT), combined with the migration from analog to digital technologies and to flat-screen televisions and monitors has resulted in some electronic products quickly reaching the end of their life. The EU directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) aims to minimise WEEE by putting organizational and financial responsibility on producers and distributors for collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of WEEE. Therefore all stakeholders need to be well-informed about their WEEE responsibilities and options. While focussing on the EU, this book draws lessons for policy and practice from all over the world.

Part one introduces the reader to legislation and initiatives to manage WEEE. Part two discusses technologies for the refurbishment, treatment and recycling of waste electronics. Part three focuses on electronic products that present particular challenges for recyclers. Part four explores sustainable design of electronics and supply chains. Part five discusses national and regional WEEE management schemes and part six looks at corporate WEEE management strategies.

With an authoritative collection of chapters from an international team of authors, Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) handbook is designed to be used as a reference by policy-makers, producers and treatment operators in both the developed and developing world.

• Draws lessons for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) policy and practice from around the world
• Discusses legislation and initiatives to manage WEEE, including global e-waste initiatives, EU legislation relating to electronic waste, and eco-efficiency evaluation of WEEE take-back systems
• Sections cover technologies for refurbishment, treatment and recycling of waste, sustainable design of electronics and supply chains, national and regional waste management schemes, and corporate WEEE management strategies

Winner of the International Solid Waste Association's 2014 Publication Award, Handbook of Recycling is an authoritative review of the current state-of-the-art of recycling, reuse and reclamation processes commonly implemented today and how they interact with one another. The book addresses several material flows, including iron, steel, aluminum and other metals, pulp and paper, plastics, glass, construction materials, industrial by-products, and more. It also details various recycling technologies as well as recovery and collection techniques. To completely round out the picture of recycling, the book considers policy and economic implications, including the impact of recycling on energy use, sustainable development, and the environment. With contemporary recycling literature scattered across disparate, unconnected articles, this book is a crucial aid to students and researchers in a range of disciplines, from materials and environmental science to public policy studies. Portrays recent and emerging technologies in metal recycling, by-product utilization and management of post-consumer waste Uses life cycle analysis to show how to reclaim valuable resources from mineral and metallurgical wastes Uses examples from current professional and industrial practice, with policy and economic implications

Handbook of Recycling is an authoritative review of the current state-of-the-art of recycling, reuse and reclamation processes commonly implemented today and how they interact with one another. The book addresses several material flows, including iron, steel, aluminum and other metals, pulp and paper, plastics, glass, construction materials, industrial by-products, and more. It also details various recycling technologies as well as recovery and collection techniques. To completely round out the picture of recycling, the book considers policy and economic implications, including the impact of recycling on energy use, sustainable development, and the environment.

With contemporary recycling literature scattered across disparate, unconnected articles, this book is a crucial aid to students and researchers in a range of disciplines, from materials and environmental science to public policy studies.

• Portrays recent and emerging technologies in metal recycling, by-product utilization and management of post-consumer waste
• Uses life cycle analysis to show how to reclaim valuable resources from mineral and metallurgical wastes
• Uses examples from current professional and industrial practice, with policy and economic implications

Water Electrical and Electronic Equipment Recycling: Aqueous Recovery Methods provides data regarding the implementation of aqueous methods of processing of WEEEs at the industrial level. Chapters explore points-of-view of worldwide researchers and research project managers with respect to new research developments and how to improve processing technologies. The text is divided into two parts, with the first section addressing the new research regarding the hydrometallurgical procedures adopted from minerals processing technologies. Other sections cover green chemistry, bio-metallurgy applications for WEEE treatment and the current developed aqueous methods at industrial scale. A conclusion summarizes existing research with suggestions for future actions.

• Provides a one-stop reference for hydrometallurgical processes of metal recovery from WEEE
• Includes methods presented through intended applications, including waste printed circuit boards, LCD panels, lighting and more
• Contains suggestions and recommendations for future actions and research prospects

Industrial Waste Treatment Handbook provides the most reliable methodology for identifying which waste types are produced from particular industrial processes and how they can be treated. There is a thorough explanation of the fundamental mechanisms by which pollutants become dissolved or become suspended in water or air. Building on this knowledge, the reader will learn how different treatment processes work, how they can be optimized, and the most efficient method for selecting candidate treatment processes.

Utilizing the most up-to-date examples from recent work at one of the leading environmental and science consulting firms, this book also illustrates approaches to solve various environmental quality problems and the step-by-step design of facilities.

* Practical applications to assist with the selection of appropriate treatment technology for target pollutants.
* Includes case studies based on current work by experts in waste treatment, disposal, management, environmental law and data management.
* Provides glossary and table of acronyms for easy reference. Industrial Waste Treatment Handbook provides the most reliable methodology for identifying which waste types are produced from particular industrial processes and how they can be treated. There is a thorough explanation of the fundamental mechanisms by which pollutants become dissolved or become suspended in water or air. Building on this knowledge, the reader will learn how different treatment processes work, how they can be optimized, and the most efficient method for selecting candidate treatment processes. Utilizing the most up-to-date examples from recent work at one of the leading environmental and science consulting firms, this book also illustrates approaches to solve various environmental quality problems and the step-by-step design of facilities. * Practical applications to assist with the selection of appropriate treatment technology for target pollutants. * Includes case studies based on current work by experts in waste treatment, disposal, management, environmental law and data management. * Provides glossary and table of acronyms for easy reference Electronic waste is a growing problem. The EU directive on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) aims to minimise WEEE by putting the responsibility on producers and distributors to pay for the costs associated with the collection, treatment, recycling and recovery of WEEE. Therefore there is a need for information about waste electronics management. Part one provides an introduction to the management of electronic waste. Part two discusses technologies for the treatment and recycling of waste electronics. Part three explores sustainable design of electronics and supply chains. Part four discusses case studies of WEEE management schemes. Part five focuses on electronic products that are particularly challenging to recycle