Handbook of Psychology, History of Psychology Vol. 1

Psychology Is Of Interest To Academics From Many Fields, As Well As To The Thousands Of Academic And Clinical Psychologists And General Public Who Can't Help But Be Interested In Learning More About Why Humans Think And Behave As They Do. This Award-winning Twelve-volume Reference Covers Every Aspect Of The Ever-fascinating Discipline Of Psychology And Represents The Most Current Knowledge In The Field. This Ten-year Revision Now Covers Discoveries Based In Neuroscience, Clinical Psychology's New Interest In Evidence-based Practice And Mindfulness, And New Findings In Social, Developmental, And Forensic Psychology--provided By Publisher. V. 1. History Of Psychology -- V. 2. Research Methods In Psychology -- V. 3. Behavioral Neuroscience -- V. 4. Experimental Psychology -- V. 5. Personality And Social Psychology -- V. 6. Developmental Psychology -- V. 7. Educational Psychology -- V. 8. Clinical Psychology -- V. 9. Health Psychology -- V. 10. Assessment Psychology -- V. 11. Forensic Psychology -- V. 12. Industrial And Organizational Psychology. Irving B. Weiner, Editor-in-chief. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Cover Front Matter Title Page Copyright Editorial Board Contents Foreword to the First Edition Foreword to the Second Edition Handbook of Psychology Preface Volume Preface Contributors Chapter 1 Psychology as a Science The Origins of Scientific Psychology Psychology The Scientific Context in the 19th Century Sensory Physiology Psychophysics Mental Chronometry Psychology’s First Laboratory Beyond the First Laboratory: Evolution of the Discipline Psychology in Germany Psychology in America William James and Evolutionary Theory The Psychological Laboratory and the Psychological Experiment The Rise of Laboratories in America The Evolution of the Laboratory Experiment Data Treatment and Research Design Defining Psychology and Its Methods Competing Perspectives, Developing Research Structuralism Functionalism Child Study Individual Differences The Study of Nonhumans: Animal Psychology Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Logical Positivism and Operationism The Neo-Behaviorists: Guthrie, Tolman, and Hull The Radical Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner The Rise of Cognitive Psychology: Mentalism Revisited References Chapter 2 Psychology as a Profession What Defines a Profession? Pioneering Applications of Psychological Science The Beginnings of the New Profession of Psychology The Business Psychologist The Counseling Psychologist The School Psychologist The Clinical Psychologist World War I and the Growth of Psychological Practice The 1920s: The Decade of Popular Psychology Struggles for Professional Identity Postwar Growth of the Practice of Psychology Clinical Psychology Counseling Psychology Industrial Psychology A “Professional” Journal within APA Two Associational Developments APAGS The Changing Economic Context of the Psychology Profession Psychology Practice and Intradisciplinary Tensions The Scientist–Practitioner Gap Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs) A New Training Model and Accreditation System Current Efforts to Bridge the Gap Psychology Practice and Interdisciplinary Tensions Prescriptive Authority (RxP) Agenda Master’s-Level Practitioners The 21st Century References Chapter 3 Biological Psychology The Mind The Brain Sensory Processes Color Vision Pitch Detection Learning and Memory Motivation and Emotion Emotion Motivation Cognitive Neuroscience The Organization of Long-Term Declarative Memory Conclusion References Chapter 4 Comparative Psychology in Historical Perspective Early History Forerunners of Comparative Psychology Comparative Psychology Before World War I American Comparative Psychology International Developments Between the World Wars Leaders of the American Reconstruction New Blood for American Comparative Psychology The State of American Comparative Psychology Between the Wars Textbooks International Developments Comparative Psychology Since World War II Personnel Funding Research Centers Journals Academic Societies Soul Searching Three Important Postwar Influences European Ethology Sociobiology, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolutionary Psychology Comparative Cognition Recent Trends as Reflected in the Journal of Comparative Psychology Conclusion: Persistent Issues References Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception The Perceptual Problem Sensation, Perception, Reason, and Cognition Physics and Visual Perception Physiology and Perception The Science of Illusion The Rise of the Behavioral Laboratories The Psychophysicists and the Correspondence Problem The Gestaltists and the Correspondence Problem The Progress of Perceptual Research Bibliography References Chapter 6 Cognition and Learning The Philosophical Period The Premodern Period: Cognition Before the Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution and a New Understanding of Cognition The Modern Period: Cognition After the Scientific Revolution The Empiricist Tradition Summary: Psychology Takes Center Stage The Early Scientific Period The Psychology of Consciousness The Verbal Learning Tradition The Impact of Evolution Animal Psychology and the Coming of Behaviorism Behaviorism: The Golden Age of Learning Theory The Modern Scientific Period The Three Key Ideas of Computing The Fruits of Computation: Cognitive Science Cognitive Psychology Today The Two-Systems Metaphor References Chapter 7 Intelligence Expert Opinions on the Nature of Intelligence Intelligence Operationally Defined The 1921 Symposium Other Expert Opinions The Seminal Views of Galton and Binet Intelligence Is Simple: Galton’s Theory of Psychophysical Processes Psychometric Models of the Nature of Intelligence Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory Theories of Bonds and of Connections Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities Hierarchical Theories Guilford’s Structure-of-Intellect Model Guttman’s Radex Model Evaluation Piagetian Model Cognitive Structures Vygotsky’s and Feuerstein’s Theories The Theories Evaluation Cognitive Processes The Cognitive Correlates Approach The Cognitive Components Approach The Cognitive Training Approach The Cognitive Contents Approach Evaluation Biological Bases of Intelligence Theories and Data Evaluation Culture and Society The Theories Evaluation Systems Models The Nature of Systems Models Evaluation Conclusion: Relations Among Various Approaches and Theories Different Name Fighting for “Truth” Dialectical Synthesis References Chapter 8 Emotion Premodern History of Emotion Themes In a Modern History of Emotion Two Distinct Psychologies of Emotion Peripheral/Organic Approaches to Emotion: James, Lange, and Sergi Central/Mental Approaches to Emotion The Conflict Theories A Future History William James’s Question How Many Theories? References Chapter 9 Personality Case Studies and Life Histories in Personality Psychology: A History of Ambivalence Individual Lives and Individual Differences: The Multidisciplinary Study of Personality (1900–1930) The “Culture of Personality” Psychiatry and Psychopathology Sociology and Social Work The Mental Hygiene Movement American Psychology Promoting the Study of Individual Lives: Gordon Allport and Henry Murray Gordon Allport and Case Studies: “The Most Revealing Method of All” Henry Murray’s Personology and the Study of Lives The Study of Individual Lives in the 1930s and 1940s . . . and Later Reassessing the History of Ambivalence Toward the Study of Individual Lives Revival of the Study of Individual Lives in Personality Psychology Context and Complexity: Putting the Person Back Together References Chapter 10 Developmental Psychology The Beginning Years (1870–1915) The Founders Characteristics of Early Theories A Period of Institutional Organization and Clashing Conceptualization (1915–1940) The Society for Research in Child Development Institutes of Child Development A Trio of Towering Theorists Appraisal of the Era The ERA of Expansion (1940–1960) Extending the Psychodynamic Theory of Development Fusing Psychodynamic Theory With Learning Theory Operant Orientation Reflections on the Era of Expansion Rise of Contemporary Themes (1960–1985) Return of Cognition Discovery of Precocity Redefinition of Social Learning Theory From Social Interaction to Social Relationships Embracing Emotion The Importance of Early Experience Advances in Theory and Method The Current Period (1985–Present) Return to the Biology of Development Deepening the Study of Cognitive Development Appreciation of the Roles of Culture and Context in Development Taking a Life-Span Perspective Broadening the Units of Analysis Interdisciplinary Developmental Science Current Theoretical Trends Current Methodological Trends A Final Word References Chapter 11 Social Psychology Social Heavens and the new Century The Social as Dynamic and Moral: James and Baldwin Scientific Specificity and the Social Critical Interrogations of the “Social” A Social Psychology to Serve Psychology and Society Work During the Interwar Years Progressive Science Making and Finding Social Relevance Configuring the Individual and the Social Midcentury On: From Post–World War II and Post-Mechanism to Post-Positivism World War II Era Cold War, Cybernetics, and Social Psychology Social Movements and Movements for Change in Social Psychology Revisiting the Individual-Social World Dualism A Social Psychology of Social Psychology Transiting the Modern to Postmodern ERA References Chapter 12 Psychology of Women and Gender Beginnings: Women in Psychology Doing Psychology of Women Early-20th-Century Women in U.S. Psychology Midcentury Women in U.S. Psychology: Challenges and Contributions Women’s Liberation and the Emergence of Feminist Psychology in America Openings: Making New Knowledge About Women and Gender Recovering a Legacy: Toward Understanding the Social Relations of Psychology Masculinities, Femininities, and Androgyny Women-Centered Theories: Rehabilitating the Feminine Woman-as-Problem or Women-in-Context? Sex Differences and Similarities Moving Forward: Innovations in Theory and Research Practices Diversity of Women’s Lives From Traits to Social Processes Gender-Linked Violence Building Feminist Foundations: Concepts and Methods Intersectionality: Doing Diversity Differently Epistemological Debates: Objectivity, Reflexivity, and Subjectivity Clinical Practice, Counseling, and Feminist Therapy Biases in Diagnosis and Clinical Judgment Feminist Approaches to Therapy Organizations and Activism Rallying Points Inside or Out? The Value and Contributions of Feminist Organizations in Psychology Conclusion References Chapter 13 Educational Psychology Contributions of Early Philosophers European Influences in the 18th and 19th Centuries Early Developments in America Further Developments in the 20th Century Tracing Progress Through the Written Record The Effects of Instructional Psychology The Influences of Cognitive Psychology The Discipline of Educational Psychology Today Goal for the Future: The Research and Development of Questions, Models, Issues, and Applications The Future References Chapter 14 Assessment Psychology Origins of Assessment Psychology Evaluating Intellectual Ability The Binet Scales Group-Administered Tests The Wechsler Scales The Kaufman Scales Brief Methods Emotional and Nonverbal Intelligence Frequency of Test Use Identifying Personality Characteristics and Psychopathology Self-Report Measures Performance-Based Measures Interview Methods Behavioral Methods Monitoring Neuropsychological Functioning Bender–Gestalt Neuropsychological Test Batteries: The Halstead–Reitan and Luria–Nebraska Measuring Achievement, Aptitudes, and Interests Wrat Sii Kois Holland SDS Present and Future Status References Chapter 15 Abnormal Psychology Preliminary Issues Popular Myths of Psychopathology Early Attempts at Classification Legal Views of the Mentally Ill Theory and Practice in the Classical Period Classical Medical Theory The Middle Ages to the 18th Century Hospitals The Anatomy of Melancholy From Animal Spirits to Animal Electricity From Magnetism and Mesmerism to Hypnosis Moral Management and the Association Model 18th to Mid-19th Century Asylums of the Era Advent of Nosological Systems Brain Pathology Model of Psychopathology and Nervous Diseases Brain Hemisphere Theories Late 19th Into 20th Century Theory of the Evolution of the Brain and Psychopathology Social Darwinism Degeneracy Theory Eugenics Early Role of Hypnosis Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis Morton Prince and Multiple Personality The 20th Century Treatment Approaches Experimental Psychopathology Typologies of Mental Illness Organic versus Functional Psychoses Psychopathy Behaviorism and Behavior Therapy More Recent Approaches The Rise of Cognitive Therapy Into the 21st Century References Chapter 16 Clinical Psychology Lightner Witmer and the Founding of Clinical Psychology Relationship Between Clinical Psychology and Medicine Reception of Clinical Psychology by its Contemporaries Clinical Psychology Beyond the University of Pennsylvania Organizational Struggles and Training Models Clinical Psychology After World War II Subsequent Professional Development Treatment Interventions Conclusions and Future Trends References Chapter 17 Counseling Psychology The Modern Age The Guidance Movements A Plan for Guidance Guidance in Education and Psychology The Rise of Psychological Testing War and the Training of Psychologists An Identity for Counseling Psychology Diversification The Question of Identity Moving Ahead Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 18 Industrial-Organizational Psychology Confluence of Dynamic Forces Scientific Psychology Individual Differences and Measurement Socioeconomic Forces Business and Technology Forces Military Forces Legal Climate and Decisions Forces Professional and Educational Forces Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 19 Forensic Psychology Early Attempts to Apply Psychological or Psychiatric Knowledge to the Legal System Conceptualizations of Insanity Early Enthusiasts for Applying Psychology to the Law: Freud and M ̈unsterberg Amicus Curiae Briefs Early Research and Expert Testimony on Eyewitness Memory Psychologists as Expert Witnesses: Historical Trends Pre-1955 Psychological Writings About Psychology and Law Maturation of Forensic Psychology as a Recognized Subfield Professional Organizations Journals and Textbooks Training Recognition of Forensic Psychology as a Specialty Historical Perspective on Forensic Psychological Practice Clinical Forensic Evaluations Standards of Admissibility for Expert Testimony Ethics in Forensic Psychological Practice Historical Perspective on Forensic Psychological Science Trends in Scientific Amicus Briefs Advances in Forensic Psychology Research Forensic Psychology’s Development in the 21st Century References Chapter 20 School Psychology What is School Psychology? Demographic Descriptions Training and Credentialing Employment Characteristics and Services Historical Periods Defined The Hybrid Years Factors Contributing to the Origins of Practice Professional Developments (1890–1920) Emerging Symbols of Professionalization (1940–1970) The Thoroughbred Years (1970–Present) Organizational Development Literary Development Training Development Credentialing Development Practice Characteristics Overview A Comment on the Future Additional Resources References Chapter 21 Community Psychology Early Developments The Great Depression, Second World War, and Postwar Developments The 1960s: Social Upheaval and the Birth of Community Psychology The Swampscott Conference and Later Developments Global Development of Community Psychology Ecological Concepts Persons and Contexts: Levels of Analysis Policy Research and Advocacy at Multiple Levels of Analysis Understanding Social Systems as Ecosystems: Kelly’s Ecological Principles Conceptions of Settings Neighborhoods and Well-Being Psychological Sense of Community Human and Cultural Diversity Empowerment Empowerment and Levels of Analysis Empowerment and Citizen Participation Empowering Practices and Settings Community Psychology Research Problem Definition in Community Research Community Psychology Practice and Training Training for Community Research and Practice Conclusion References Chapter 22 Health Psychology Roots of the Field Formalization as a Field of Inquiry and Practice Formalization of the Field within Psychology American Organizational Efforts International Organizational Efforts Professional Practice: Health Psychology as a Specialty Education and Training Education and Training in the United States Education and Training in Other Parts of the World Conclusion Suggested Readings References Chapter 23 Undergraduate Education in Psychology Prologue Constructing a Paradigm Curriculum Outcomes Students Faculty Roles Teaching Strategies A Community of Scientist-Educators Rubrics and Benchmarks Composing the Narrative Liberal Learning and American Higher Education Century of the Discipline 21st-Century Transdisciplinary Outcomes Distance Learning for Global Citizens Epilogue Whither the Disciplinary Paradigm? Accreditation or a New Liberal Arts Story? References Chapter 24 Ethnic Minority Psychology African American Psychology Social–Historical Contexts of African American Psychology The Professional Association and Scientific Society Contexts Intellectual Traditions and Contributions Conclusion American Indians and Alaska Natives in Psychology Demographic Characteristics of American Indians and Alaska Natives in Psychology American Psychological Association Ethnic Demographic Patterns History of the Society of Indian Psychologists Indians Into Psychology (INDPSYDE) and Indian and Native Graduate Programs American Psychological Association Governance Participation Asian American Psychology The Founding of the Asian American Psychological Association Key Events and Conferences National Mental Health Policies and Activities Substantive Areas of Asian American Psychological Research Latino Americans The First Generation of Latino Psychologists National Associations and Organizations National Latino Research Centers Lake Arrowhead, California, Conference Conclusion Native Hawaiians and Psychology Definition of Native Hawaiians Trends in Psychology and Research on Native Hawaiians The Future of Psychology and Native Hawaiians References Chapter 25 International Psychology Roots The International Growth of Modern Psychology The Effects of Growth and Globalization on International Psychology Regionalization The Engines of International Exchange: International Organizations Politics and Policy: Selected Episodes Psychology and Politics—How World Developments Spawned International Developments Stepping Into the Policy Arena The Future: International Paths References Chapter 26 A History of Professional Organizations International Psychological Organizations The International Union of Psychological Sciences (IUPsyS) The International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP) The International Council of Psychologists (ICP) International Associations: Regional International Associations: Specialized The Society for Psychological Study of Social Issues American Psychology-Law Society Scientific Organizations Applied Psychological Organizations Psychological Organizations in the Public Interest Accreditation and Credentialing Organizations Interdisciplinary Organizations Conclusion References Author Index Subject Index A 12-volume reference covering every aspect of the discipline of psychology. Psychology is of interest to academics from many fields, as well as to the thousands of academic and clinical psychologists and general public who can't help but be interested in learning more about why humans think and behave as they do. This award-winning twelve-volume reference covers every aspect of the ever-fascinating discipline of psychology and represents the most current knowledge in the field, discoveries based in neuroscience, clinical psychology's new interest in evidence-based practice and mindfulness, and new findings in social, developmental, and forensic psychology. Offers an authoritative review as well as insight into emerging topics in psychology. Each volume is the result of the collaboration of leading national and international scholars with expert volume editors to produce chapters on virtually every topic in the subject area, from established theories to the most current research and developments. Recognized as the definitive reference work in the field