Handbook of posttraumatic stress : psychosocial, cultural, and biological perspectives

The __Handbook of Posttraumatic Stress__ provides a comprehensive review of posttraumatic stress in its multiple dimensions, analyzing causation and epidemiology through prevention and treatment. Written by a diverse group of scholars, practitioners, and advocates, the chapters in this book seek to understand the history, the politics, and the biological, psychological, and social processes underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Featuring studies that focus on some of the most seriously affected occupational groups, the text examines topics such as how individuals experience PTSD in different work settings and the complexities of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery for those workers and their families. Together, the contributions provide an in-depth examination of the current understood causes, impacts, and treatments of and for posttraumatic stress, mobilizing academic, administrative, and clinical knowledge, and lived experience to inform ongoing and future work in the field. Drawing from range of different topics, fields of study, and research methods, this text will appeal to readers across medical, mental health, and academic disciplines. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Illustrations Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction Regarding Terminology Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? Defining (And Differentiating) Posttraumatic Stress: PTSD, PTSS, PTSIs, C-PTSD? From Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 Scope and Intentions Overview of Chapters Note References Part 1 Foundational 1 Changes in Our Understanding of Trauma and the Human Psyche as a Consequence of War: A Brief History Introduction Before the Great War: The Historical Context The Onset of WWI and Psychological Consequences Initial Treatments Stigma and the Brand of Cowardice The End of WWI Beyond the Great War The Return to Global War The Influence of the Korean and Vietnam Wars The Contemporary Understanding of PTSD Conclusion References 2 A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reported in Canadian Studies Methods Eligibility Criteria Search Strategy Study Selection Data Extraction Quality Assessment Results Search Results Study Characteristics PTSD Prevalence Quality Assessment Discussion Strengths and Limitations Conclusion Acknowledgements References 3 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Limits of Presumptive Legislation Introduction PTSD and Presumptive Legislation in Canada The Exclusion of Chronic Stress Ontario’s Focus On PTSD and First Responders Union Response to Bill 163: A Comprehensive Mental Health and Safety Approach Mental Injury Tool Model to Intervene in Mental Health References 4 Recognizing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Primary Care PTSD: A Common Psychiatric Disorder Advantages of Recognizing Psychological Trauma in Primary Care “Trauma-Informed” Primary Care Could this Be PTSD? Barriers and Facilitators to Recognition and Diagnosis Screening for PTSD PTSD Diagnosis PTSD Treatment The Many Faces of Adult PTSD in Primary Care Summary Note References 5 The Epidemiology of PTSD in Canada Introduction Changes in PTSD Criteria: DSM IV to 5 Current Canadian PTSD Estimates Canadian Armed Forces Other Careers With Frequent PPTE Exposures Medical Comorbidity Migrant Populations Homeless Populations Indigenous Populations Miscellaneous Research Maternal PTSD Youth Samples Other Populations Future Directions Conclusion References Part 2 Perspectives and Populations 6 Psychology of Men and Masculinities: Implications for Men’s Experiences of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Introduction Masculinities Masculine-typed Personality Traits Masculinity Ideology Traditional Male Role Norms Masculine Gender Role Strain, Stress, Conflict, and Precarious Manhood Masculinities and Mental Health Men, Masculinities, and Mental Health Stigma Men, Masculinities, and Mental Health Treatment Experiences Applications to PTSD Conclusions References 7 Implications of PTSD for Military Veteran Families Introduction Methods Identifying the Research Question Identifying Relevant Studies Charting the Data Collating, Summarizing, and Reporting Results Results Theme 1: PTSD Disrupts Family Functioning and Well-Being Changes in Relationships Communication Patterns Roles and Responsibilities Child Development Theme 2: Trauma Ripples Through Family Systems Secondary Trauma in Spouses Secondary Trauma in Children Directionality of Transmission Theme 3: Family Adaptation to Military Veteran PTSD Enhancing Resilience Treatment and Support Programs Discussion References 8 Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Workers Within the Homeless Serving Sector: The Impact of Organizational Factors Our Research Study Design and Methodology Results: Demographics Organizational Factors Qualitative Responses How Do You Cope With the Stresses of Your Job? What Do You Do When You Have a Negative Outcome? What Supports Would You Like to Have Added Or Increased in Your Workplace and Your Job? Discussion Conclusion Note References 9 Emotional Labour, Police, and the Investigation of Sex Crimes Perpetrated Against Children: Posttraumatic Stress and the Toll of Dirty Work Introduction Emotional Labour, Policing and Dirty Work Methods Data Collection Data Analysis Results Conclusion Notes References 10 Firefighters and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Scoping Review Background Method Step 1: Identifying the Research Question Step 2: Identifying the Relevant Studies Step 3: Study Selection Step 4: Charting the Data Step 5: Collating, Summarizing, and Reporting the Results Results Theme 1: Descriptions of the Nature of Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Event Exposure Among Firefighters Theme 2: Efforts to Understand PTSD Among Firefighters Prevalence Comorbidity A Complex Interplay of Factors Person Level Factors Occupational Factors Factors Related to Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Event Exposures Cumulative Exposures Critical Incident Characteristics Theme 3: Approaches to Dealing With PTSD Among Firefighters Organizational Factors Early Identification and Critical Incidents Role of Belonging and Social Supports Bolstering Individual Resiliency and Supporting Mental Health Discussion Next Steps Limitations Conclusion References 11 Correctional Officers: Experiences of Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Events and Mental Health Injuries Introduction Contextualizing Correctional Services Methods Results Potentially Psychologically Traumatic Events, Critical Incidents, and Mental Health Everyday Violence in Prison Coping and Impacts On Personal and Social Life Discussion References 12 Posttraumatic Growth Among Prisoners: Findings, Controversies, and Implications Life, Interrupted Methodological Note Posttraumatic Growth Manifestation of Posttraumatic Growth Among Prisoners Need for Survival Need for Meaning Religion and Redemption Self-Improvement and Strengthening Relationships Posttraumatic Growth Or Positive Illusion? Concluding Comments Notes References Part 3 Biology, Understanding, and Treatment 13 The Use, Validity, and Translational Utility of Animal Models of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder The Role of Animal Models in PTSD Research Early Life Stressors Physical Stressors Electric Shock Restraint Stress and Single Prolonged Stress (SPS) Underwater Trauma Chronic Stress Models Psychosocial Stressors Social Defeat Stress Predator Stress Predator Odour Predator-Based Psychosocial Stress Future Models Genetic Models of PTSD-Like Symptoms Optogenetics Conclusion References 14 Developing a Reliable Animal Model of PTSD in Order to Test Potential Pharmacological Treatments: Predator Stress ... Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) The Dynamic Nature of Memory Consolidation From Molecule to Memory mTOR and Rapamycin Animal Models of PTSD: From Pavlov to Predation Pavlovian Fear Conditioning mTOR and Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Limitations of Pavlovian Fear Conditioning as a PTSD Model Predator Stress Cat Exposure as a Paradigmatic Predator Stress Model Predator Stress, Consolidation, and Protein Synthesis Experimental Approaches to Predator Stress Models: Molecules, Drugs, and Behaviour Experiment 1: What Is the Neuroanatomical Distribution of MTOR Activation Underlying Predator Stress-Induced Fear Memories? Experiment 2A: The Rat-Exposure Test and Fear Memory Experiment 2B: Etho-Pharmacological Exploration of a Candidate PTSD Therapeutic—Rat-Exposure Test and Rapamycin Summary Note References Appendix 14 15 Severing the Trauma—PTSD Connection With Public Safety Personnel: The Role of Personal Social Support Networks Role of Social Support Following Traumatic Event Exposure Role of Formal Organizational Supports Role of Personal Support Networks New Research Exploring the Social Support Process Helpful Support Following Traumatic Event Exposures Perceived Barriers to Seeking and Providing Support Challenges Providing Effective Support Improving Social Support What Can Individuals and Families Do? Support Seekers Support Providers Future Directions for Organizational and Community Supports Notes References 16 Group Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD: Preliminary Outcomes, Group Cohesion, Therapeutic Alliance, and Participant Satisfaction in Current and Former Members of the Canadian Military and Federal Police Force Psychological Trauma What Leads to PTSD? Prevalence of PTSD Effectiveness of Psychological Interventions for PTSD What Is Cognitive Processing Therapy? The Current Study Is Group-Based Cognitive Processing Therapy Effective in Routine Clinical Practice? Were Reductions in Psychological Symptoms of Distress Related to Group Cohesion and Therapeutic Alliance? Discussion of Preliminary Results, Lessons Learned, and Plans for Future Research Individual Versus Group Cognitive Processing Therapy Limitations Conclusion References 17 Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in PTSD: Neurobiology and Its Applications in Other Mental Disorders Introduction An Overview On Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Proposed Mechanisms of Action of EMDR Neurobiological Correlates of Trauma and EMDR Recent EMDR Research Results: Applications Beyond PTSD Contribution of EMDR in Restoring Emotional Problems in Child Survivors of Earthquakes Use of Electroencephalogram to Explore the Effects of EMDR On Brain Neurobiology in Maltreated Children EMDR as Adjunctive Treatment for Recurrent Depressive Disorder EMDR as Add-On Treatment for Psychiatric and Traumatic Symptoms in Patients With Substance Use Disorder Clinical and Neurobiological Effects of EMDR for PTSD in Patients With Breast Cancer Summary References Conclusion: Towards a Better Future What Is to Be Done? References Index "The Handbook of Posttraumatic Stress provides a comprehensive review of posttraumatic stress in its multiple dimensions, analyzing causation and epidemiology through prevention and treatment. Written by a diverse group of scholars, practitioners, and advocates, chapters seek to understand the history, the politics, and the biological, psychological, and social processes underlying posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Featuring studies that focus on some of the most seriously affected occupational groups, the text examines topics such as how individuals experience PTSD in different work settings and the complexities of diagnosis, treatment, and recovery for those workers and their families. Together, the contributions provide an in-depth examination of the current understood causes, impacts, and treatments of and for posttraumatic stress, mobilizing academic, administrative, and clinical knowledge, and lived experience to inform ongoing and future work in the field. Drawing from range of different topics, fields of study, and research methods, this text will appeal to readers across medical, mental health, and academic disciplines"-- Provided by publisher