Handbook of Pollution Control and Waste Minimization (Mechanical Engineering (Marcel Dekker Hardcover))

Handbook Of Pollution Control And Waste Minimization......Page 1 Foreword......Page 5 Preface......Page 7 Contributors......Page 12 Acronyms......Page 15 Glossary......Page 17 Contents......Page 9 1 Terminology......Page 23 Contents......Page 0 2 Background......Page 24 3.2 Process Substitution Or Elimination......Page 26 3.5 Pollution Prevention In Design And Planning......Page 27 3.8 Inventory Control......Page 28 5 Treatment (including Waste Segregation)......Page 29 7 Conclusion......Page 30 1 Pollution Prevention In Process Management......Page 31 1.2 Environmental Restoration (er)......Page 32 2 Regulatory Requirements......Page 34 3.1 Organizational Barriers......Page 37 3.4 Waste Generation Barriers......Page 38 4.1 Role Of Stakeholders......Page 39 5 Profile Of A Company......Page 40 6 Incorporation Wmin/p2 Into The Process......Page 41 6.1 Priorities For The Process......Page 42 7 Key Activities To Be Considered For Waste Minimization/pollution Prevention......Page 43 7.1 Measures To Consider Wmin/p2......Page 44 7.3 Pollution Prevention Opportunity Assessment (ppoa) (10)......Page 46 7.4 Return On Investment (roi)......Page 49 8 Data Quality Objective (dqo)......Page 50 9 Management Examples Of Wmin/p2......Page 51 Acknowledgement......Page 52 Abbreviations......Page 53 Glossary......Page 54 2 Historical Perspective......Page 57 3 Technical Approach......Page 60 4 The Natural Laws......Page 61 5 Waste Management Choices......Page 62 References......Page 63 1 Overview......Page 64 2.1 Love Canal And The Enactment Of The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation And Liability Act (“superfundž)......Page 65 2.2 The Incident At Bhopal And The Emergency Planning And Community Right-to-know Act......Page 67 2.3 Solid And Hazardous Waste Management And The Resource Conservation And Recovery Act......Page 68 2.4 The Pollution Prevention Act Of 1990 And A New Way Of Managing Hazardous/toxic Waste Streams......Page 69 3.1 The Environmental Management System Approach......Page 70 3.2 Tools Available For Employing Alternative Approaches......Page 72 3.3 “project Xlž And Epa Regulatory Reinvention Efforts......Page 74 References......Page 76 1 Introduction......Page 77 2 Environmental Management Information Systems (emis)......Page 78 2.3 Conceptual Framework......Page 79 2.6 Mapping The Model Onto Databases......Page 81 2.8 Implementing The Ieis Foundation......Page 82 3.1 What Are Environmental Decision Support Systems?......Page 83 3.4 The Nature Of Environmental Management Decisions......Page 84 3.5 Characteristics Of The Problem......Page 85 3.7 Task Analysis Of Environmental Decision Making......Page 86 3.9 Sources Of Uncertainty......Page 87 3.10 Stochastic Analysis......Page 89 4.1 Environmental Science......Page 90 4.3 Geographic Information Systems......Page 92 4.4 Computer Data Representation......Page 95 4.5 Supercomputing And Networking......Page 96 4.7 Decision Science......Page 97 4.8 Linear Programming......Page 98 5 Applications Of Edss......Page 99 5.1 Integrated Factory Decision Support......Page 100 5.3 Design For Environment......Page 101 References......Page 102 1 Introduction......Page 104 2.1 European Parliament And Council Directive On Packaging And Packaging Waste......Page 105 2.2 Council Directive On Landfill Of Waste......Page 109 2.3 European Parliament And Council Directive On Incineration Of Waste......Page 111 2.3.1 Air Emission Limit Values......Page 112 2.3.2 Determination Of Emission Limit Values For The Co-incineration Of Waste......Page 114 2.3.3 Special Provisions For Large Combustion Plants......Page 115 2.3.4 C: Total Emission Limit Values......Page 116 References......Page 117 1 Introduction......Page 118 2 Energy Supplies And Demands......Page 119 3.1 Coal......Page 120 4.1.1 Carbon Dioxide......Page 121 4.2 Photochemical Oxidants......Page 123 4.4 Mining-related Pollution......Page 126 5.1 Imposition Of A Tax On Traditional Energy Sources......Page 128 5.2 Establishing Emissions Caps And Trading Programs......Page 130 5.3.1 International Subsidies......Page 131 5.3.2 U.s. Subsidies......Page 132 5.4.1 The Industrial Sector......Page 133 5.4.2 Buildings......Page 135 5.4.3 Lighting......Page 136 5.4.5 Caution......Page 137 5.5 Energy Conservation In Transportation......Page 138 5.5.1 Efficiency Issues In Transportation......Page 140 5.6 Increased Exploitation Of Natural Gas......Page 141 5.7 Increased Exploitation Of Passive Technologies......Page 142 6.1 Introduction......Page 143 6.4 Synthetic Fuels......Page 144 6.5 Tides......Page 145 6.6 Nuclear Power......Page 146 6.7 Geothermal Energy......Page 147 6.9 Solar Energy......Page 148 6.10 Costs Of Renewables......Page 151 7 Conclusion......Page 152 References......Page 153 1.1 Conduction......Page 155 1.1.1 Measurement Of Thermal Conductivity......Page 156 1.1.4 Relative Magnitude Of Values Of Thermal Conductivity......Page 157 1.2 Convection......Page 158 1.3 Radiation......Page 159 3.1 Constant-pressure Heat Capacity, Cp......Page 160 4 Heat Transfer Design......Page 161 4.1 Heat Transfer Design And Good Engineering Practices......Page 162 5 Conclusions......Page 163 References......Page 164 1.1 The General Macroscopic Balance......Page 165 1.3 Total Material Balance......Page 167 1.6 Macroscopic Energy Balance......Page 168 1.7 Entropy Balance......Page 169 1.8 Macroscopic Momentum Balance......Page 170 2.1 General Differential Balance Equation......Page 171 2.2 Differential Total Mass Balance......Page 172 2.4 Differential Species Balances......Page 173 2.6 Differential Energy Balance......Page 174 2.7 Differential Entropy Balance......Page 175 3.1 Diffusive Material Fluxes......Page 176 3.4 Fluid Stress......Page 177 4.1 Stoichiometry......Page 179 4.2 Reaction Rate......Page 181 5.3 Fugacity......Page 182 5.5 Fugacity And Activity......Page 183 6 Engineering Fluid Mechanics......Page 184 6.2 Fluid Friction In Pipes And Conduits......Page 185 6.3 Minor Losses......Page 186 References......Page 187 1 Introduction......Page 189 2.1 Adequate Microbial Population......Page 192 2.2 Terminal Electron Acceptor......Page 195 2.3 Nutrients......Page 196 2.4 Environmental Conditions......Page 197 3.1 Suspended Growth......Page 198 3.1.1 Biomass Material Balance......Page 199 3.1.2 Substrate Material Balance......Page 200 3.2.1 Biofiltration......Page 201 3.2.2 Bioxidation—scrubbing......Page 205 4.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers......Page 207 4.1.3 Conversion Of A Waste Stream To A Viable Product......Page 208 4.2 Isolated Enzymes And Biocatalysts......Page 209 4.3.1 Background......Page 210 4.3.2 Biosorption......Page 211 4.4 Minimization Of Biomass......Page 213 4.5 Innovative Bioreactors......Page 215 6 Nomenclature......Page 216 References......Page 217 1 Membranes Materials And Processes......Page 233 2 Adsorption Materials And Processes......Page 239 References......Page 240 1 Introduction......Page 242 2.1 Remote Monitoring Of Metal Contaminants......Page 243 2.3 Biosensors......Page 245 3 Submersible Electrochemical Analyzers......Page 246 4 Conclusions And Future Prospects......Page 248 References......Page 249 1 Introduction......Page 250 3 Roadmap Construction......Page 251 3.1.1 Level Zero Or Mission-level Map Element......Page 253 3.1.2 Level One Or Waste Stream Definition Level......Page 256 3.1.3 Level Two Or Waste Stream Process Definition......Page 258 3.2 Differentiating Among Technology Solutions At Level Two......Page 260 4 Using The Completed Roadmap......Page 262 Selected Bibliography......Page 265 References......Page 266 1 Basic Principles Of Pollution Prevention And Waste Minimization......Page 267 2 Role Of Pollution Prevention And Design For The Environment......Page 268 3 Environmental Framework......Page 269 4 Sustainable Development......Page 271 5 Common Focus Areas And Drivers For P2 And Dfe......Page 274 6.1 Semiconductor Manufacturing......Page 275 6.2 Metal Finishing......Page 279 References......Page 284 1 Introduction......Page 285 2 Understanding Of Industrial Pollution Prevention......Page 286 3.1.1 Material And Energy Balance......Page 292 3.1.2 Industrial Production And Waste Generation Tracking System......Page 293 3.1.3 Production-adjusted Pollution Prevention......Page 296 3.1.4 Calculating The Cost Of Pollution Prevention......Page 299 3.2 Life Cycle Assessment......Page 302 3.2.1 Goal And Scope Definition......Page 304 3.2.2 Inventory—calculating Energy And Material Inputs And Environmental Releases......Page 306 3.2.4 Co-product Allocation Procedures......Page 308 3.2.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment......Page 311 3.2.6 Weighting......Page 327 3.3 Life Cycle Costing......Page 330 4 Conclusions......Page 332 References......Page 333 Glossary......Page 335 2 Basics From Chemical Engineering......Page 337 4 Application......Page 339 5 Example Of Assessment......Page 340 References......Page 341 1 Introduction......Page 343 2 Site Description And Characterization......Page 344 3 Pollution Prevention And Waste Minimization At Lanl......Page 347 4.1 History At The Los Alamos National Laboratory......Page 350 4.1.1 Screening......Page 351 4.1.3 Tier 2 Assessments......Page 353 4.2 Ecorisk Assessments Applied......Page 356 4.3 Risk-based Prioritization Of Pc/wm Copc Targets......Page 358 References......Page 363 2 Modeling Decision Problems......Page 366 3 Multiobjective Programming......Page 371 3.1 Sequential Optimization......Page 376 3.2 The -constraint Method......Page 379 3.3 The Weighting Method......Page 381 3.4 Direction-based Methods......Page 385 3.5 Distance-based Methods......Page 387 4.1 Plurality Voting......Page 395 4.2 Borda Counts......Page 396 4.3 Hare System......Page 397 4.4 Pairwise Comparison......Page 398 5 Conflict Resolution......Page 399 6 Supplementary Notes......Page 401 References......Page 402 1 Introduction......Page 403 3 Process Simulation......Page 405 4 Optimization And Mathematical Programming......Page 413 5 Process Integration......Page 414 6 Process Synthesis And Assessment Of Alternatives......Page 415 7.1 Specification Of Probability Distributions For Stochastic Variables......Page 416 7.2.1 Sample Size......Page 419 7.2.2 Sampling Techniques......Page 420 7.3 Correlated Samples......Page 422 7.5.1 Cumulative Distributions......Page 424 7.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis......Page 426 7.7 Example: Modeling The Effect Of Uncertainties On The Performance Of A Liquid/liquid Extraction Operation......Page 427 8 Conclusions......Page 429 References......Page 430 1 Introduction And Background......Page 434 2 Federal Regulations Influencing Ccb Generation And Use......Page 436 3.1 Physical And Engineering Properties Of Ccbs......Page 438 3.2 Chemical Properties Of Ccbs......Page 439 4.1 Boiler Technology......Page 443 4.2 Air Pollution Control Technology......Page 445 4.3 Types Of Coal......Page 446 5.2 Use Of Coal Combustion By-products......Page 448 5.2.2 Flowable Fill......Page 450 5.2.4 Stabilized Base/subbase......Page 451 5.2.5 Mining Applications......Page 452 5.2.7 Agricultural Applications......Page 453 6 Life Cycle Assessment (lca) Model For Minimization Of Ccbs......Page 454 7 Barriers To Ccb Utilization......Page 455 References......Page 456 2 Background......Page 461 3 Chemistry Of Metals-impacted Waters......Page 463 5.1 Source Control......Page 465 5.2 Downstream Treatment......Page 466 6 Engineered Wetlands To Treat Mine-impacted Water......Page 467 7 Case Study: Arco Demonstration Wetlands......Page 468 7.2 Wdp1 Performance......Page 470 8 Conclusions......Page 472 Acknowledgments......Page 473 References......Page 474 1 Introduction......Page 475 2.1.1 Sächsisches Textilforschungsinstitut (stfi)......Page 476 2.1.2 Thyssen Umwelttechnik Beratung Gmbh (tub)......Page 478 2.1.3 Thyssen Schachtbau Kohletechnik Gmbh......Page 479 2.1.4 Fechner Gmbh & Co. Kg......Page 481 2.2.1 Instituto Superior Técnico (ist)......Page 483 2.2.2 University Of Bochum (leat)......Page 484 2.2.4 International Flame Research Foundation (ifrf)......Page 486 2.2.5 Ici Films......Page 487 2.3.1 University Of Lund......Page 488 2.4.1 Dmt-systec......Page 489 2.5.1 Btu Cottbus......Page 491 2.6.1 University Of Heidelberg (pci)......Page 493 2.6.2 University Of Tampere (tut)......Page 494 2.6.3 University Of Göteborg (gu)......Page 495 2.6.4 Dmt-fueltec......Page 496 2.6.5 Foster Wheeler Energia Oy (fw)......Page 497 2.6.6 Rwe Energie Ag......Page 498 2.7.1 University Of Münster (fatm)......Page 499 2.7.2 Citeve......Page 501 2.8.1 University Of Ulster (uue)......Page 503 3 Conclusion......Page 505 References......Page 508 1 Introduction......Page 509 2.2 Used Lubricating Oil And Filters From Power Units On A Drilling Rig......Page 510 2.3 Coalescor Panels From Horizontal Separators In An Oil Field......Page 511 2.5 Pump-jack Gear-box Lube Oil At An Oil Field......Page 512 2.7 Heat-medium Oil Filters At A Natural Gas Processing Plant......Page 513 2.9 Soda Ash Reagent In A Sulfur Dioxide Scrubber At A Natural Gas Processing Plant......Page 514 3 Conclusions......Page 515 References......Page 516 Providing probability and statistical concepts developed using pseudorandom numbers, this book covers enumeration-, simulation-, and randomization-based statistical analyses for comparison of the test performance of alternative designs, as well as simulation- and randomization-based tests for examination of the credibility of statistical presumptions. The book discusses centroid and moment of inertia analogies for mean and variance and the organization structure of completely randomized, randomized complete block, and split spot experiment test programs. Purchase of the text provides access to 200 microcomputer programs illustrating a wide range of reliability and statistical analyses. Contains a compact disc with nearly 200 microcomputer programs illustrating a wide range of reliability and statistical analyses!Mechanical Reliability Improvement providesprobability and statistical concepts developed using pseudorandom numbersenumeration-, simulation-, and randomization-based statistical analyses for comparison of the test performance of alternative designs, as well as simulation- and randomization-based tests for examination of the credibility of statistical presumptionsand discussescentroid and moment of inertia analogies for mean and variancethe organization structure of completely randomized, randomized complete block, and split spot experiment test programs Providing probability and statistical concepts developed using pseudorandom numbers, this book covers enumeration-, simulation-, and randomization-based statistical analysis for comparison of the test performance of alternative designs, and simulation- and randomization-based tests for examination of the credibility of statistical presumptions.