Handbook of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems: Science and Technology (Personal Care and Cosmetic Technology)

With the improvements in formulation science and certain transdermal delivery technologies, the non-invasive mode of drug delivery is now ready to compete with traditional methods of oral and injectible routes of drug delivery. The Handbook of Non-Invasive Drug Delivery Systems encompasses the broad field of non-invasive drug delivery systems that include drug delivery via topical, transdermal-passive, transdermal-active (device- aided enhanced penetration), trans-mucosal membrane, trans-ocular membrane as well as delivery via alveolar membrane from inhaled medication. Patient compliance has been found to be much higher when administrated by non-invasive routes and therefore they are considered to be a preferred mode of drug delivery. The book includes both science and technological aspects of new drug delivery systems. Its unique focus is that it is on new drug delivery systems that are considered to be "non-invasive". Other unique features include a chapter on Regulatory Aspects of non-invasive systems and one on FDA guidance for topical nano-drug delivery. Two chapters covering market trends and perspectives, as well as providing guidance to those marketing such systems are also included. cover......Page 1 Copyright......Page 2 PREFACE......Page 3 EDITOR BIOGRAPHY......Page 5 CONTRIBUTORS ......Page 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 13 Structure of the Skin......Page 14 Topical drug delivery......Page 16 Transdermal patch systems......Page 17 Percutaneous absorption pathways......Page 18 Supersaturation of drug......Page 19 Prodrug approach......Page 20 Complexation......Page 21 Liposomes......Page 22 Microemulsions......Page 26 Organogels......Page 27 Solid lipid nanoparticles......Page 28 Chemical permeation enhancers......Page 29 Water as a drug permeability enhancer......Page 30 Sulfoxides and similar solvents......Page 32 Pyrrolidones......Page 33 Fatty acids......Page 34 Alcohols, fatty alcohols, and glycol......Page 35 Urea......Page 37 Terpenes, terpenoids, and essential oils......Page 38 Conclusions......Page 39 References......Page 40 Introduction......Page 50 MNP composition and structures......Page 52 Physicochemical characterization......Page 55 Antimicrobial properties......Page 57 EstrasorbTM - commercial validation of MNP technology......Page 58 Raloxifene MNP product......Page 60 Nicotine MNP product......Page 64 Topical drug delivery applications of MNP technology......Page 66 Conclusion......Page 67 References......Page 69 Further reading......Page 71 Emulsions......Page 72 Microemulsions......Page 74 Phase behavior......Page 76 Rheology......Page 77 Particle size and dispersion......Page 78 Zeta potential......Page 79 Pulsed-field-gradient spin echo nuclear magnetic resonance......Page 80 Interfacial tension measurements......Page 81 Stability evaluation......Page 82 Drug transport from an emulsion to the skin......Page 84 Solubility and thermodynamic activity......Page 85 Drug release from emulsions......Page 87 Drug partition from an emulsion to the skin......Page 88 Drug diffusion across the stratum corneum......Page 89 Dose applied and dosing frequency......Page 90 Investigation of topical and transdermal delivery in human subjects......Page 91 Formulation strategies for emulsion-based products......Page 93 Consideration of thermodynamic activity......Page 94 Selection of excipients......Page 96 Stabilization of emulsions......Page 98 Advances in Using Microemulsions as Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery systems......Page 99 References......Page 104 Introduction......Page 108 Advantages and limitations of iontophoresis......Page 110 Iontophoretic delivery principles and system components......Page 111 Drug transport in iontophoresis......Page 113 Pathways for iontophoretic transport and factors affecting the same......Page 115 Properties of the iontophoretic system: pH, current......Page 116 Combination strategies to improve transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery......Page 118 Iontophoresis with chemical enhancers......Page 119 Iontophoresis with microneedles......Page 120 Iontophoresis with sonophoresis......Page 121 Ion-exchange materials......Page 122 Reverse iontophoresis......Page 123 Applications of iontophoresis......Page 124 Current and future development......Page 126 References......Page 127 Introduction......Page 132 What is ultrasound?......Page 133 Cavitation......Page 134 Historical background......Page 135 Sonophoresis for enhanced drug delivery......Page 136 Mechanisms......Page 138 Effective delivery of macromolecules......Page 140 ‘‘Reverse sonophoresis’’ for transdermal diagnostics......Page 141 Advances in transducer fabrication......Page 142 Current challenges and trends......Page 143 References......Page 144 Introduction......Page 147 Microneedle geometry......Page 148 Solid microneedles......Page 149 Hollow microneedles......Page 151 Types of approach......Page 152 Dip and scrape technique......Page 154 Coating strategies......Page 155 Microneedle geometry and force of penetration......Page 160 Microneedle technology in drug delivery......Page 163 Commercialization of microneedle technology......Page 169 Conclusion......Page 172 References......Page 173 Introduction......Page 177 The Anatomy of the Eye......Page 179 Delivery Systems for the Anterior Segment......Page 181 Viscous solutions......Page 182 Gels......Page 183 Bioadhesive polymers......Page 185 Nanosuspensions......Page 187 Inserts......Page 188 Liposomes......Page 189 Others......Page 190 Retinal Drug Delivery Systems......Page 191 Non-erodible implants......Page 192 Erodible implants......Page 193 Periocular drug delivery......Page 194 References......Page 198 Introduction......Page 205 Physiology of the nose......Page 210 Drug delivery formulation......Page 211 PLGA......Page 213 Chitosan......Page 215 Other polymers......Page 217 References......Page 218 Non-invasive drug delivery......Page 221 The human respiratory system......Page 223 Physical properties of drug aerosol particles......Page 224 Pulmonary Drug Deposition Mechanisms......Page 226 Pulmonary Drug Delivery Methods......Page 230 Metered-dose inhalers......Page 231 Valve-holding chamber or spacer......Page 232 Chlorofluorocarbon to hydrofluoroalkane propellants......Page 235 Dry powder inhalers......Page 237 Nebulizers......Page 239 Comparable and contrasting features of MDIs, DPIs, and nebulizers......Page 241 Analytical Methods......Page 243 Non-invasive scintigraphic techniques......Page 244 Cascade impactor......Page 245 Electrical low-pressure impactor......Page 247 Aerodynamic particle sizer......Page 249 Electronic single-particle aerodynamic relaxation time analyzer......Page 250 Challenges and Advantages......Page 251 Conclusions......Page 253 REFERENCES......Page 254 Introduction......Page 259 References......Page 265 Stability considerations......Page 266 Background......Page 267 Background......Page 268 Stability considerations......Page 269 Background......Page 270 Stability considerations......Page 271 References......Page 272 Stability considerations......Page 273 Background......Page 274 Stability considerations......Page 275 Background......Page 276 Stability considerations......Page 277 Background (CDER, 1998, 2002; CHMP, 2006)......Page 278 Background......Page 279 Background......Page 280 Stability considerations......Page 281 Background......Page 282 Background......Page 283 References......Page 285 Background......Page 286 Background......Page 287 Stability considerations......Page 288 Stability considerations......Page 289 Background......Page 290 Stability considerations......Page 291 Background......Page 292 References......Page 294 Background......Page 295 Stability considerations......Page 296 Stability considerations......Page 297 Stability considerations......Page 298 References......Page 299 INDEX......Page 303 1. Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery 2. Micellar Nanoparticles: Applications for Topical and Passive Transdermal Drug Delivery 3. Emulsions and Microemulsions for Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery 4.Iontophoretic Transdermal Drug Delivery 5. Ultrasound-based Technology for Skin Barrier Permeabilization 6. Microneedles - Minimally Invasive Transdermal Delivery Technology7.Recent Advances in Ophthalmic Drug Delivery 8. Nasal Delivery of Micro- and Nano-encapsulated Drugs 9. Pulmonary Drug Delivery 10. Regulatory Aspects of Nasal and Pulmonary Spray Drug Products.