Handbook Of Neurosociology (handbooks Of Sociology And Social Research)

Until recently, a handbook on neurosociology would have been viewed with skepticism by sociologists, who have long been protective of their disciplinary domain against perceived encroachment by biology. But a number of developments in the last decade or so have made sociologists more receptive to biological factors in sociology and social psychology. Much of this has been encouraged by the coeditors of this volume, David Franks and Jonathan Turner. This new interest has been increased by the explosion of research in neuroscience on brain functioning and brain-environment interaction (via new MRI technologies), with implications for social and psychological functioning. This handbook emphasizes the integration of perspectives within sociology as well as between fields in social neuroscience. For example, Franks represents a social constructionist position following from G.H. Mead’s voluntaristic theory of the act while Turner is more social structural and positivistic. Furthermore, this handbook not only contains contributions from sociologists, but leading figures from the psychological perspective of social neuroscience. Cover......Page 1 Handbook of Neurosociology......Page 5 Preface......Page 7 References......Page 9 Contents......Page 11 Contributors......Page 13 David Franks: A Short History......Page 15 Brain Activity Measures and Limitations......Page 16 Jonathan H. Turner: Coming on Board as an Editor......Page 17 What Does Neurosociology Have to Offer?......Page 18 References......Page 19 Part I: Large Issues......Page 21 Reason Is Neural......Page 23 How Brain Circuits Become Meaningful......Page 24 The First Fallacy: Reason Is Conscious......Page 25 The Sixth Fallacy: Reason Is Literal and Logical......Page 26 The Tenth Fallacy: Words Have Fixed Meanings, and Concepts Have Fixed Logics......Page 27 Perception and Action......Page 28 Neural Computation and Simulation......Page 29 Neural Metaphor......Page 30 How Are Neural Circuits Learned?......Page 31 Narayanan on Spike-Time-Dependent Plasticity......Page 32 Integrating Multiple Neural Systems......Page 33 Embodiment Evidence in Social Psychology......Page 34 Real Social and Political Life......Page 35 What Can Progressives and Democrats Do?......Page 37 Solving a Social Science Puzzle......Page 38 References......Page 39 History of the Terms Neurosociology and Social Neuroscience......Page 41 Distinguishing Between the Two Fields Using Role-Taking and ToM......Page 42 What Social Neuroscience Can Offer Sociological Research on Role-Taking and Power......Page 43 Empirically Testing the Role-Taking and Power Hypothesis......Page 44 References......Page 45 Where in the World Are Minds?......Page 47 The Psychology of Individual Minds......Page 48 Social Psychology and Social Cognition......Page 50 What Do Minds Learn to Mind?......Page 52 Brains and Minds Grow Together......Page 55 Socialized Brains Remain Social Minds......Page 57 References......Page 58 What Is Aggression?......Page 61 Orbitofrontal Cortex......Page 62 Amygdala......Page 64 Serotonin......Page 65 Serotonergic Gene Polymorphisms......Page 66 Testosterone......Page 67 Challenge Hypothesis......Page 68 Androgen Receptor Gene......Page 69 Environmental Risk Factors......Page 70 Interpersonal Rejection......Page 71 Cognitive Reappraisal......Page 72 Gene × Hormone Interactions......Page 73 Gender Similarities and Differences......Page 74 References......Page 75 6 Social Neuroscience and the Modern Synthesis of Social and Biological Levels of Analysis......Page 81 Levels of Evaluative Function: Lower Levels and Spinal Reflexes......Page 83 Neural Hierarchies......Page 84 Neural Heterarchies......Page 85 Levels of Evaluative Function: Intermediate Levels—Decerebration......Page 86 Levels of Function: Higher-Level Representations......Page 87 Biological Influences on Social Processes: Examples from Oxytocin and Loneliness Research......Page 89 Social Psychological Influences on Biological Processes......Page 90 Conclusion......Page 91 References......Page 92 Neuroscience and the Humanities......Page 97 Snow’s Two Cultures......Page 99 Kagan’s Three Cultures......Page 100 Theories of Truth......Page 102 Pragmatism, Inquiry, and Truth......Page 103 Reconstruction and Reconciliation......Page 105 Neuropragmatism and Mirror Neurons......Page 107 References......Page 110 Connections Between the Social and Ethical......Page 113 Findings......Page 114 Simulation and Folk Theories of How We Know the Minds of Others......Page 115 Frans de Waal and Innate Empathy......Page 116 Read Montague’s Findings on Innate Ethics......Page 117 References......Page 118 A Short History of Early Emergence and Reductionism......Page 121 Quale......Page 122 Durkheim and Emergence......Page 123 Antonio Damasio......Page 124 Francis Crick......Page 125 Evidence for Sperry’s Thesis that Emergent Mind Can Move Matter......Page 126 Creating Downward Control in the Laboratory......Page 127 The Distanced Generalized Other as a Lever of Control in Human Therapy......Page 128 Conclusions......Page 129 References......Page 130 Part II: Neurology, Self, Interaction, and Sociality......Page 131 The Need for a More Robust “Theory of Mind”......Page 133 Role-Taking and Role-Making......Page 135 Status-Taking and Status-Making......Page 136 Culture-Taking and Culture-Making......Page 137 Motive-Taking and Motive-Making......Page 138 Emotion-Taking and Emotion-Making......Page 141 Attribution-Taking and Attribution-Making......Page 143 What Did Natural Selection Have to Work on?......Page 145 The Directional Bias of Natural Selection During Hominin Evolution......Page 146 What Processes Increase Sociality and Bonds of Solidarity?......Page 147 Conclusions......Page 148 References......Page 149 11 Relationships Between Neurosociology, Foundational Social Behaviorism, and Currents in Symbolic Interaction......Page 153 The Revisionist Nature of Perception......Page 155 The Revisionist Nature of Memory......Page 157 Neuroscientific Supports for Accounts......Page 158 Mirror Neurons......Page 159 Mead’s Four Stages of the Act......Page 160 References......Page 161 Introduction......Page 163 Overview of Identity Theory......Page 164 The Neurological Foundations of an Identity......Page 166 Relevant Measures of Neural Activity......Page 167 The Neurological Foundations of Declarative Knowledge......Page 169 The Neurological Foundations of Self- and Reflected Appraisals......Page 170 The Neurological Foundations of the Implicit Perception of Self-relevant Meanings......Page 171 The Neurological Foundations of the Identity Control Process......Page 173 Summary and Conclusion: The Importance of Neuroscience Research to Identity Theory......Page 175 References......Page 177 Scope and Limitations of Current Review......Page 181 Historical and Contemporary Definitions of Self......Page 182 Large-Scale Brain Networks and Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 183 The Mirror Neuron System in Humans......Page 184 The Default Mode Network......Page 186 Physical Self-recognition......Page 187 Self-trait Recognition......Page 188 Autobiographical Memory......Page 190 References......Page 191 The Mirror Neuron System......Page 197 The Putative Human Mirror System......Page 199 Prior Experiences......Page 201 Imitation and Learning......Page 202 Impossible Actions......Page 203 Social Groups......Page 205 Empathy......Page 206 The MNS, Language, and Embodied Semantics......Page 207 Gestures: Linking Action and Language......Page 208 The MNS and Embodied Semantics......Page 211 Embodied Cognition and Shared Representations Beyond the MNS......Page 212 Conclusion......Page 213 References......Page 214 Introduction......Page 221 The Cognitive Foundations of Instrumental Rationality: Calculation and Planning......Page 224 Market-Oriented and Authority-Ranked Social Relations and Rationality......Page 225 Propositional Logic......Page 226 Spatial and Language-Based Modes of Deductive Reasoning......Page 229 Linear and Numerical Thinking......Page 231 Linear Time Consciousness......Page 232 The Quantitative Assessment of Value......Page 233 Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes......Page 235 Integration of Analytic and Episodic Information Processing......Page 238 References......Page 240 16 Neurosociology and Theory of Mind (ToM)......Page 245 Development of ToM in Normal Children......Page 246 ToM: Association with Language......Page 248 Mirror Neurons and ToM (Make Regular Font)......Page 249 Lack of Development of ToM in Autistic Children......Page 250 ToM and the Emergence of the Sociological Self......Page 251 ToM and Other Sociological Perspectives......Page 252 References......Page 253 The Eclipse of Individualism......Page 257 Hyperstructures......Page 258 Emergent Structure: Networks as Nonequilibrium Systems......Page 261 Synchronization as a Network Emergent......Page 263 Synchronization, the Immune Response, and the Sixth Sense......Page 264 Lost Dogs, Missing Children, Strangers, and Thieves......Page 266 References......Page 267 Part III: Evolution of the Brain......Page 269 18 The Secret of the Hominin Mind: An Evolutionary Story......Page 271 The Primates......Page 272 The Sensory System of Mammals......Page 273 The Origins of Primates......Page 274 The Evolution of Basal Anthropoids......Page 275 The Sensory System of the Stem Anthropoid of Old World Monkeys and Apes/Humans: A Cladistic Analysis......Page 276 The Olfactory Sense Modality......Page 277 The Taste Sense Modality......Page 278 The Auditory Sense Modality......Page 279 The Haptic Sense Modality......Page 280 The Visual Sense Modality......Page 281 The Origins of Old World Monkeys, Apes, and Hominins......Page 282 The Land of the Apes......Page 283 The Downfall of the Apes......Page 285 Hominoid Anatomy, Locomotion Patterns, and Social Networks......Page 286 The Cognitive Capacities of the Great Apes......Page 288 The Evolution of Hominins and the Shift to a Terrestrial Niche......Page 290 References......Page 296 19 The Evolution of the Neurological Basis of Human Sociality......Page 303 A Short History of Primate Evolution......Page 304 Alexandra Maryanski’s Cladistic Analysis......Page 305 The Weakness of Weak Ties......Page 307 Over-Emphasis on the Neocortex......Page 308 Visual Dominance and the Capacity for Language......Page 309 Empathy......Page 311 Fairness and Justice......Page 312 Rough but Suggestive Measurements of Key Brain Structures......Page 313 The First Language......Page 315 The Expansion of Hominins’ and Humans Emotional Repertoire......Page 316 Expansion of the Pallate of Primary Emotions......Page 317 The Evolution of First-Order Elaborations of Emotions......Page 319 Second-Order Elaborations of Emotions......Page 320 References......Page 321 Romantic Attachment and Beyond......Page 325 Religion and Attachment......Page 327 Inequality and Rewards......Page 330 The Exodus and the Inequality Explosion......Page 333 The Great Substitution......Page 336 Serial Novelty......Page 338 References......Page 341 Part IV: The Neurology of Social Issues and Problems......Page 345 Introduction......Page 347 Mechanisms of Persistent Inequality......Page 348 A Neurosociological Model of Persistent Inequality......Page 349 The Predictive Brain......Page 351 Brain and Behavior Under Environmental Uncertainty......Page 354 Toward Neurosociology of Prediction......Page 356 Conclusions......Page 357 References......Page 358 22 The Neurobiology of Stereotyping and Prejudice......Page 363 Social Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 364 The Amygdala, Fear, and Prejudice......Page 365 Cross-Race Identification Bias......Page 366 Event-Related Potentials (ERP) and Prejudice......Page 367 Implicit Stereotyping and Prejudice......Page 368 References......Page 369 Introduction......Page 373 A Primer on Testosterone......Page 374 Testosterone Works Differently Perinatally, at Puberty, and in Adulthood......Page 375 Reciprocal Causation......Page 376 Dominance Contests......Page 377 The Neurohormonal Nexus......Page 379 Murder......Page 380 References......Page 381 Introduction to SplitSpec Technology......Page 383 Laterality and Evolution......Page 384 Putting Contralateral Pathways to Work......Page 387 The Paraverbal Milestone of Social Status Communications......Page 389 The Paraverbal Milestone of Communications Quality......Page 390 Milestones in the Primacy of the Paraverbal Channel......Page 391 The Neural Milestones of the Paraverbal Signal......Page 392 The Paraverbally Enhanced Communications Neural Location Project......Page 393 The Paraverbally Enhanced Communications Driving Simulation Project......Page 394 References......Page 395 Introduction......Page 399 Mental Health, Mental Illness and Neurosociology......Page 400 Neurological Basis......Page 402 Etiology......Page 403 Neurosociological Perspective......Page 404 Neurological Basis......Page 405 Etiology......Page 406 Neurosociological Perspective......Page 407 Neurological Basis......Page 408 Etiology......Page 409 Neurosociological Perspective......Page 410 Alternative Research and Treatment Options......Page 411 References and Resources......Page 413 Index......Page 417