Handbook of Materials Circular Economy

This book provides comprehensive and practical information on the design and implementation of circular systems for various industries, with a focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) factors. The scope of the handbook is to cover the materials circularity in a deeper analysis in accordance to ESG used in various industries such as oil and gas, IT, electronics, medicine, textile, and more. The handbook also covers the key principles of the circular economy, including material efficiency, resource conservation, and waste reduction, and how they impact to different industries. It further critically analyses the challenges and opportunities associated with implementing circular systems in these industries, including the framework for new business models and technical innovations, and the potential benefits in terms of environmental protection, social responsibility, and economic competitiveness. In addition to providing practical information, the handbook also addresses the ESG factors associated with the circular economy exclusively for each industry. This would include the impact of circular systems on the environment, including the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and the protection of biodiversity, as well as the social benefits, such as job creation, and the economic benefits, such as cost savings and increased competitiveness. The ultimate goal of the handbook should be to provide guidance and support in a niche evaluation for the development of a more sustainable and equitable future, where the circular economy is a key enabler. Contents 1 Introduction to Materials Circular Economy 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Basics of “Materials Circular Economy” 1.1.2 Scope and Benefits of Circular Economy 1.1.3 Classification of Materials for MCE 1.1.4 Parameters to Evaluate Sustainable Materials 1.1.5 Engineered Materials and Biomaterials 1.1.6 Steps to Increase Circular Economy in Consumer Products 1.1.7 World Scenario and Play of Digital Technologies References 2 Life Cycle Assessment and Tools 2.1 Introduction to LCA 2.2 Benefits of LCA 2.3 Types and Choice of LCA 2.4 Steps Involved in LCA as Per ISO14040 and ISO14044 2.4.1 Goal and Scope Definition 2.4.2 Inventory Analysis 2.4.3 Linear Model Life Cycle Inventory 2.4.4 Establishing Limits in an Inventory Model with an Unlimited Supply 2.4.5 Creating Models for Specific Geographic Areas 2.4.6 Spatial Archetypes 2.4.7 Advanced Inventory Modelling 2.5 Life Cycle Impact Assessment 2.6 Interpretation of Results 2.7 Data Availability and Integrity 2.7.1 Temporal Coverage, Geographic Coverage and Technological Coverage, Precision and Completeness 2.7.2 Open-Source Databases 2.7.3 Subscription Databases 2.8 Materials Inflow and Outflow Analysis 2.9 Standards for LCA and MCE 2.10 Conclusion References 3 Sustainable Strategies for Oil and Gas and Steel Industries 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Background of the Oil and Gas Industry 3.1.2 Background of the Steel Industry 3.2 Growing Importance of Sustainability in the Oil and Gas and Steel Industries 3.2.1 Environmental Impact and Climate Change 3.2.2 Resource Depletion and Conservation 3.2.3 Social Responsibility and Stakeholder Expectations 3.3 Current Initiatives and Barriers 3.4 Industrial Scenario 3.5 Strategies to Implement 3.5.1 Exploration 3.5.2 Drilling Fluids 3.5.3 Well Completion and Production 3.5.4 Surface Processing, Storage and Transportation 3.5.5 Other Practices 3.5.6 Strategies in Steel Manufacturing 3.6 Sustainable Reporting for Oil and Gas and Steel Industries 3.7 Conclusion References 4 Effective Waste Management Strategies and Circularity of Plastics 4.1 Paradox of Plastic: Value Versus Lifespan 4.1.1 Circularity Principles of Plastics 4.1.2 Moisture Control in Plastic 4.1.3 Ash and Carbon Content 4.2 End-of-Life Plastics 4.2.1 Landfill 4.2.2 Incineration 4.2.3 Composting 4.3 Waste Recycling and Upcycling Technologies 4.3.1 Mechanical Recycling of Plastics 4.3.2 Chemical Recycling of Plastics 4.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Plastic Conversion 4.3.4 Plasma-Assisted Conversion and Supercritical Conversion 4.3.5 Emerging Techniques 4.3.6 Recycling Techniques for PET/HDPE 4.4 ESG in Plastic Waste 4.4.1 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) 4.4.2 Policies and Schemes 4.5 Case Studies 4.5.1 Interpretation of Results 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Circular Practices in E-waste Management and Transportation 5.1 Overview of Electronic Waste Generation 5.2 Classification of E-waste 5.3 Recycling Strategies for Electronic Waste 5.3.1 Collection of E-waste 5.3.2 Emerging Technologies for e-waste Collection 5.3.3 Sorting of E-waste 5.3.4 Dismantling Components 5.3.5 Advanced Recycling Techniques 5.4 Alternate Materials and Solutions 5.4.1 Shared Economy Model 5.4.2 Products-as-a-Service (PaaS) Model 5.4.3 Product Ownership Model 5.5 Organic Electronics 5.5.1 Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFET) 5.5.2 Organic Photovoltaics 5.5.3 Organic Memory Devices and Organic LEDs 5.6 IT Enabled Electronics 5.7 Global Initiatives and Policies 5.8 Case Studies 5.8.1 Business Models Scenario and Considerations 5.9 Circularity in Transportation 5.10 Conclusion References 6 Circular Approaches in Fashion Industries and Building Materials 6.1 Circular Fashion Economy 6.2 Circular Design Principles in Fashion 6.2.1 Biomimicry-Inspired and Intelligent Materials 6.2.2 Zero-Waste Pattern Cutting 6.2.3 Biodegradable and Compostable Materials 6.2.4 Modular Design and Remanufacturing 6.2.5 Textile-to-Textile Recycling 6.3 Materials Circularity in Textile Fashion 6.3.1 Cellulose 6.3.2 Polyester 6.3.3 Polyurethane 6.3.4 Polyolefins 6.3.5 Polyamide 6.3.6 Polyacrylics 6.4 Circular Models for Fashion Industries 6.5 Challenges 6.6 Circular Approaches in Building Material Selection 6.6.1 Concrete 6.6.2 Steel and Wood 6.6.3 Other Materials 6.7 Critical Parameters and KPIs in Building Materials 6.8 Global Initiatives for Sustainable Building Materials and Fashion 6.9 Conclusion References 7 Circular Supply Chain Management for High-Tech Materials 7.1 Circular Supply Chain and KPIs 7.1.1 Challenges in Implementing Circular Supply Chain Practices 7.1.2 Circularity Gap 7.1.3 Circularity in Singapore 7.1.4 State-of-the-Art World Perspective in Circularity 7.2 High-Tech Materials 7.2.1 High-Tech Material Sourcing and Production 7.2.2 Supply and Demand of High-Tech Materials 7.2.3 Global Supply Chain for High-Tech Materials 7.3 Key Trends for High-Tech Materials 7.3.1 Prospects for Globalization for High-Tech Materials 7.3.2 Trajectory of Supply Chains for the Future 7.4 Emerging Technologies for Supply Chain Management 7.5 Circularity Approaches in Supply Chain 7.6 Conclusion References 8 ESG and Circular Economy 8.1 Introduction to ESG and Its Strategies 8.1.1 Economic Sustainability 3Ps—Purpose, Prosperity, and Preservation 8.1.2 Insights to Triple Bottom Line Theory 8.2 Counting the Cost of Misguided Sustainability Projections 8.2.1 Overlooking the Whole Lifecycle 8.2.2 Contamination: Obstacles to Efficient Recycling 8.3 Sustainable and Green Reporting 8.3.1 Global Reporting Initiative 8.3.2 Task Force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures 8.3.3 Sustainability Accounting Standards Board 8.3.4 Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) 8.3.5 International Integrated Reporting Council 8.4 Situational Planning and Investment Management 8.4.1 Investor Act 8.4.2 Institutional Funds Act 8.4.3 Freshfields Report 8.5 ESG Case Studies 8.5.1 Sustainability Indicators and Financial Stability in Russian Oil and Gas 8.5.2 Factors in Climate Risk Disclosure by Brazilian Companies in Sustainability Reports 8.5.3 IBM 8.5.4 Apple Inc 8.5.5 McKinsey ESG Approach 8.5.6 Others 8.6 Conclusion References Appendix