Handbook of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and their Nanocomposites

This comprehensive reference work satisfies the need for in-depth and multidisciplinary coverage of the current state of the art of magnetic hybrid nanoalloys (MHNAs) and their polymer and ceramic nanocomposites. MHNAs represent one of the most challenging research areas in modern science and technology. These materials are stiff and strong with remarkable electronic, mechanical, electrical, thermal and biocompatible properties, and a high potential for multifunctional applications ranging from industry to medicine. The peer-reviewed literature is already extensive, witnessing rapid progress in experimental and theoretical studies on fundamental properties as well as various advanced applications. Part 1 covers theory, modelling, and synthesis (growth and alloying mechanisms) of MHNAs. Formation mechanisms of magneto-electric multiferroic materials, magnetic carbon nanotube (CNTs), and perovskite materials, which are a novel class of next-generation multifunctional nanomaterials, are discussed. The second part focuses on characterization techniques for electrical and dielectrical, rheological, biocompatibility, and other properties, as well as applications in the industrial, agricultural, environmental, and biomedical sectors. Finally, life cycle assessment is considered as essential to the development of nanomaterials and nanoproducts from MHNAs. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, researchers, and other professionals in the fields of materials science and engineering, polymer science, surface science, bioengineering, and chemical engineering will find comprehensive and authoritative information for solving fundamental and applied problems in the characterization and use of these multifunctional nanomaterials. Preface Contents About the Editors Section Editors Contributors Part I: Theory, Modeling, and Synthesis 1 Nanotechnology and Medical Applications Introduction Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery and Cancer Therapy Gene Delivery-Based Nanomedicine Nanomaterial-Based Nanocarriers Carbon Nanomaterials Functionalized and Non-functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Delivery Process Magnetic Nanoparticles for Delivery Process Metal Nanoparticles for Delivery Process Nanomaterials in Tissue Engineering Materials Used for Nanostructured Scaffolds Electrospun Scaffolds Hydrogel-Based Scaffolds Nanomaterials Used for Detection Nanomaterials for Detection of Pathogens Nanomaterials for Detection of Proteins Nanomaterials Used in Diagnostics and Therapy Future of Nanomedicine Conclusion References 2 Synthesis of Iron-Cobalt Nanoalloys (ICNAs) and Their Metallic Composites Introduction Formation of ICNAs Anisotropy Oxidation Mechanism Preparation Techniques Chemical Methods Nanoalloys Formation Mechanism Sol-Gel Method Hydrothermal Method Physical Methods Molecular Beam Epitaxy Thermal Decomposition Mechanical Alloying Ball Milling Factors Influencing Nanoalloy Formation Effect of Temperature Effect of Doping Effect of Chemicals and Preparation Conditions Characterization Techniques and Resultant Properties Structural Studies and Properties X-ray Diffraction (XRD) X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) Microscopic Analysis and Properties Magnetic Analysis and Properties Vibrating Scanning Magnetometer SQUID Spectroscopic Analysis and Properties Electromagnetic Analysis and Properties Biological Analysis and Properties Metallic Composites of ICNAs Conclusion and Future Scope References 3 Synthesis of Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles Introduction Core-Shell Nanoparticles (CSNPs) Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) and Its Magnetic Behavior Functionalization and Surface Coating of MNPs and Core-Shell Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications of Magnetic Core-Shell NPs Synthesis of Noble Metal-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs Synthesis of Silica-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs Synthesis of MIP-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs Synthesis of Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Core-Shell NPs Synthesis Methods of Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles (CSMNPs) Micro-emulsion Synthesis Method Thermal Decomposition Method Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis Method Co-precipitation Synthesis Method Seed-Mediated Growth Method Layer-by-Layer Growth Method Conclusion References 4 Synthesis of Cobalt-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Introduction Properties of Cobalt and Cobalt-Based Magnetic Materials Cobalt Cobalt (II,III) Oxide (Co3O4) Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4) Synthesis Routes to Cobalt-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Coprecipitation Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Approaches Carbonization The Polyol Method Sol-Gel Pechini Method In Situ Reduction In Situ Polymerization Interfacial Polymerization Ball Milling Spin Coating Melt Blending Other Methods Applications of Co-based Magnetic Nanocomposites Environmental Remediation Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Magnetic Hyperthermia Magnetic Drug Delivery Conclusion References 5 Synthesis of Cobalt and Its Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles Introduction Polyol Method Solvent Properties Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles: The Case of Co and Co-Based Alloy Nanoparticles Conclusion References 6 Synthesis of Mn-Based Rare-Earth-Free Permanent Nanomagnets Introduction Synthesis Methods Stoichiometry and Formulations Doping Phase Diagrams MnBi MnAl MnGa MnSb Sample Preparation Chemical Methods Electrodeposition Mechanical Methods High-Energy Ball Milling Low-Energy Mechanical Milling Physical Methods Atomization Arc Melting Rapid Solidification Process Melt Spinning Heat Treatment or Annealing Quenching Integrated Methods Elucidations of Synthesized Mn-Based REFPMs Size, Shape, and Composition Purity and Strain Phase Transformation and Composition Magnetic Properties Conclusion References 7 Synthesis of Magnetoelectric Multiferroics and Its Composites Introduction to Magnetoelectric (ME) Multiferroics Classification of ME Multiferroic Materials Synthesis Methods of ME Multiferroics Synthesis Methods of Single-Phase and Composite Multiferroics Molten Salt Synthesis (MSS) Solgel Method Solid-State Reaction Method Hydrothermal or Solvothermal Method Sonochemical Method Solution Combustion Method Synthesis of Multiferroics and Composites by Thin Film Deposition Techniques PLD Sputtering MBE MOCVD ALD Conclusion References 8 Synthesis of Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes and Their Composites Introduction Classification, Morphology, Structure, and Properties of CNTs Structure and Morphology of CNTs Classification of CNTs Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNTs) Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Properties of CNTs Mechanical Properties Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Chemical Properties Optical Properties Magnetic Nanoparticles Synthesis Methods for Magnetic CNTs and Their Composites Template-Based Synthesis Self-Assembly Method Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Processes Filling Process Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Pyrolysis Method Sol-Gel Process Electrochemical Routes Electrospinning Co-precipitation Sonochemical Method Reverse Microemulsion Method Arc Discharge Technique Detonation-Induced Reaction Pulsed Laser Ablation Approach Applications of Magnetic CNTs and Their Composites Environmental Remediation Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Catalysis Separation or Identification of Biomolecules Drug Delivery and Disease Diagnosis Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage Conclusion References 9 Chiral Magnetic Nanocomposite Particles: Preparation and Chiral Applications Introduction Preparation of CMNPs Small Organic Molecules Amino Acids Cyclodextrins Others Macromolecules Biomacromolecules Synthetic Polymers Metal Complexes Chiral Applications Asymmetric Catalysis Chiral Separation Chiral Discrimination Concluding Remarks References 10 Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites Introduction Nanocomposite Materials Polymer Nanocomposite Materials Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites The Core-Shell Nanocomposites The Self-Assembled Colloidal Nanocomposites Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites Manufacturing Techniques of Magnetic Polymer Nanocomposites Conclusion References 11 Vacuum-Based Deposition Techniques to Synthesize Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Materials Introduction Basics of Thin Film Growth Vacuum Based Deposition Techniques Molecular Beam Epitaxy Fundamentals of MBE Instrument Pulsed Laser Deposition Photon Absorption Followed by Creation of Plasma and Ablation of the Target Material Dynamics of Plasma Deposition of the Ablated Materials on the Substrate Nucleation and Growth of a Thin Film on the Substrate Surface Sputtering Conclusion and Future Outlook References 12 Advanced Progress in Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Composites Introduction Magnetoelectric Materials and Operating Mechanisms Strain-Mediated Magnetoelectric Compounds Charge Carriers-Mediated Magnetoelectric Compounds Exchange-Mediated Magnetoelectric Compounds Aspects Influencing Magnetoelectric Coupling in Compounds Interfacial Connection and Phase Connectivity Type of Materials and Their Properties Magnetoelectric Composites Magnetoelectric Hexaferrites ME in Y-Type Hexaferrites ME in Z-Type Hexaferrites ME in M-Type Hexaferrites ME in Other Types of Hexaferrites Synthesis of Magnetoelectric Materials Zero-Dimensional (Nanoparticles) One-Dimensional (Wires, Fibers, Tubes, etc.) Two-Dimensional (Thick or Thin Films) Characterization Procedures for Magnetoelectric Coupling Measurements Dynamic Mode Based on Lock-in Program Piezoresponse Force Microscopy Applications of Magnetoelectric Materials Magnetic Field Sensors Electric Current Sensors Energy Harvesting Random Access Memory-Based Magnetoelectric Materials Magnetoelectric Antenna Spintronics Devices Based on ME Effect Giant Magnetoresistance Tunnel Magnetoresistance Applications of Magnetoelectric Materials in Biomedicine Toxicity of Magneto-Electric Nanocomposites Toward Technological and Biological Applications Toxicity of Magnetoelectric Materials and Their Impact on the Environment, Users ́ Health, and Technological Applications Toxicity Valuation of Magnetoelectric Materials in Biomedical Applications Conclusion and Future Challenges References 13 Surface Modification of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys Introduction Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys (MHNAs) Surface Modification of MHNAs Surface-Modified Transition Metal-Based MHNAs Surface-Modified Transition Metal-Noble Metal-Based MHNAs Conclusion References 14 Theory, Modeling, and Simulation of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys Introduction Modeling and Simulation of Nanoalloys Density Functional Theory (DFT) CALPHAD Method (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) Global Optimization Techniques Theoretical and Computational Method Conclusion References 15 Analytical Approaches of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoparticles Using Numerical Modelling and Simulation Tools Introduction Single-Phase Nanoparticles Fundamentals Anisotropy Energy Magnetic Properties Multiphase Nanoparticles Approaches Randomly Oriented Magnetic Nanocomposites Arranging Multiphase Nanoparticles Nanoscale Thermal Phenomena in the Vicinity of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Alternating Magnetic Fields Case Study 1: Modelling the Nanoscale Heating Case Study 2: Modelling the Microscale Heating Conclusions References 16 Computational Techniques for Nanostructured Materials Introduction Density Functional Theory Basic Formalism The Exchange-Correlation Energy Functional Local Density Approximation Generalized Gradient Approximation DFT + U Hybrid Functionals Numerical Implementation Plane Wave Method/Pseudopotential FP-LAPW Method Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) Method Korringa, Kohn, and Rostoker Green ́s Function Method Computational Implementations Applications of DFT in Nanostructured Materials Monte-Carlo Method Molecular Dynamics Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Part II: Characterization Techniques and Applications 17 Introduction of Vibrating Sample Magnetometer for Magnetic Characterization Introduction Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetism Antiferromagnetism Ferrimagnetism Hysteresis Curve Magnetization-Temperature (M-T) Curve Essential Part of VSM Power Supply Magnetic Field Sources in VSM Electromagnet Coils Temperature Control Sample Holder Vibration Exciter Sample Calibration by Standard Pick-up Coils Lock-in Amplifier Computer Interface Working Mechanism of VSM Conclusion References 18 Characterization of Iron Oxide and Doped Iron-Oxide Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Compounds Introduction Experimental Procedures Mössbauer Spectroscopy XRD Analyses TEM Analyses Catalytic Activity Test Samples and Sample Preparation Preparation of MWS Samples Preparation of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics via Chemicals Preparation of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples via Chemicals Structural Characterization XRD Analysis of MWS Samples XRD Patterns of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics XRD Analysis of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples 57Fe-Mössbauer Analysis of MWS Samples 57Fe-Mössbauer Spectra of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics 57Fe-Mössbauer Analysis of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples SEM and TEM Images of MWS Samples TEM Images of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics TEM Images of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples FTIR Spectrum of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics FT-IR Spectrum of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics Surface Area and Optical Properties of Simple Iron-Silicate Glass-Ceramics Photocatalytic Properties Photocatalytic Properties of MWS Samples Photocatalytic Properties of Alumina-Doped Iron-Silicate Glass Samples Factors Effecting the Degradation of Dye COD of Simulated Wastewater Procedure for Iron Determination Conclusion References 19 Optical Properties of Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites Introduction X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Experiments Basis of X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Chemical and Magnetic Specificity Landmark Works and Recent Developments in XMCD Research Raman Spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering Raman Spectroscopy Basis of Raman Spectroscopy Application of Raman Spectroscopy Landmark Research and Recent Advances Dynamic Light Scattering Basis of Dynamic Light Scattering Practical Applications of DLS Surface Plasmon Resonance in Magnetic Nanoalloys and Magneto-Optic Effects Surface Plasmon Resonance in Magnetic Nanoalloys Basis of Surface Plasma Resonance Research Based on SPR Nano Alloys The Promise of Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanocomposites for Detection Magneto-Optic Effects, Anisotropy, and Applications Basis of Magneto-Optic Effect and 2D Materials Anisotropy Applications Magneto-Photonics/Optics Application in Photodynamic Therapy Conclusion References 20 Electron Microscopy of Magnetic Nanoparticles Introduction Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis The Physical Method of Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis The Chemical Method of Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis Precipitation Method Sol-Gel Method Hydrothermal Method Microemulsion Method Nucleation and Growth Process of Magnetic Nanoparticles Nucleation Process Growth Process Properties of Magnetic Nanoparticles Small-Size Effect Surface Effect Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Effect Quantum Size Effect Conclusion References 21 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy of Magnetic Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites Introduction to Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) and Aberration-Corrected STEM Characterization Techniques Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) Aberration-Corrected TEM/STEM Spectroscopic Techniques Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX/XEDS) Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites Magnetic Spinel Nanoparticles Nanoalloys and Core-Shell Magnetic Nanoparticles Carbon-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Carbon Nanofiber-Based Nanocomposites Magnetic-Graphene Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanowires Conclusions References 22 Spectroscopic Techniques for Multiferroic Materials Introduction Spectroscopic Techniques Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy Photoelectron Spectroscopy Probing the Energy Band Alignments at the Interfaces Probing the Schottky Barrier Heights X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy Conclusion References 23 Rheological Characterization Tools: A Review Introduction Rheological Classification of Fluids Newtonian Fluids Non-Newtonian Fluids Rheological Mathematical Models The Herschel Bulkley Model Ostwald Model Bingham Model Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites Magnetorheology Magnetorheological Fluid Magnetorheological Elastomer Magnetorheological Gel Rheology of Magnetorheological (MR) Fluids Conclusion and Prospects References 24 Thermal Analysis of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites Introduction Physical and Chemical Characterizations of Nanoalloys Thermal Analysis of Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) Thermal Mechanical Analysis (TMA) Magnetic Hyperthermia (MH Via VSM and Other Magneto-thermal Experiments) Lock-in Thermography DC Magnetometry The Utility of These Above Techniques for Various Applications Conclusions References 25 Thermal Behavior of Magnetic Nanofluid Within an Enclosure Introduction The Description and Modeling of the Problem The Outputs of the Numerical Study Elliptic Chamber The Results of the Numerical Study References 26 Contact Angle Studies on Functional Surfaces Containing Magnetic Particles Introduction Wettability, Contact Angle, Work of Adhesion, and Surface Free Energy Magnetism and Magnetic Particles Wettability Studies and Applications of Functional Surfaces Containing Magnetic Particles Conclusion References 27 Contact Angle Studies of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces Introduction Historical Development in Evaluating Contact Angles Controversies in Contact Angle Evaluation Direct Contact Angle Measurement Methods Goniometric Method Conclusion References 28 Electrical and Dielectric Properties: Nanomaterials Introduction Electrical Properties of Materials Energy Band Structure Electrical Conductivity Temperature-Dependent Resistivity and Conductivity Magneto-Transport Properties Magnetoresistance (MR) Anisotropy Magnetoresistance (AMR) Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Colossal Magnetoresistance (CMR) Electroresistance (ER) Electrical Measurement Techniques The Four-Probe Method Van Der Pauw Method Hall Effect Dielectric Properties in Materials Types of Electric Polarization Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy Basics of Impedance Spectroscopy Elementary Analysis Impedance Electric Modulus Dielectric Loss AC Conductivity DC Conductivity Conclusion References 29 Diffusion and Transport Studies Introduction Diffusion Fick ́s First Law of Diffusion Fick ́s Second Law of Diffusion The Studies of Diffusion Transport Basic Transport Easy Transport Coupled Transport Active Transport The Studies of Transport Diffusion and Transport Studies Conclusion References 30 Oxidation Behavior of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys Introduction Synthesis of Nanomagnetic Particles Nanoalloys: Synthesis, Structure, and Properties Mixing and Segregation in Nanoalloys Probing Nanoalloy Chemistry Chemical Ordering in Nanoalloys Dependence of the Structures and Chemical Ordering of Nanoalloys on Potential Parameters Nanoalloy Hybrid Materials Synthesis of Nanoalloy Hybrid Materials Metal Oxidation State Oxidation State in the Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoalloys Hybrid Magnetic Nanostructures Ni-Co Nanoalloy Catalysts Ferromagnetic NiFe2O4 Nanosheet Structural and Optical Properties of Zn1-xNixO Alloy Nanocrystalline NiZnCu Ferrites NiZnCo Spinel Ferrite Matrix Electrocatalytic Activity NiMn2O4 Three-Dimensional ZnMn2O4 Nanoparticles NiO/ZnMn2O4 Nanocomposite Intergrowth-Type Perovskite Oxide MnCrO7 The Combination of KMnO4 Oxidation ZnOCr2O3 Composite Nanoparticles Nanostructured-Layered Hybrid ZnCoO/MoS2 Nanocrystalline Powders of ZnFeO PbCrxFe122xO19 Nanoparticles Magnetic Fe3O4@CaSiO3 Composites Cu-Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanocatalyst Ternary Fe1-xMnxPt Nanoalloys Trimetallic Nanoclusters FexCoyPdz Nanoplates of Zinc Vanadate Oxides Magnetic CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles Multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 Nanostructures Cu1-xCoxFe2O4 as a Catalytic Performance Fe/Cr/Ni and Fe/Ni/Cr Core/Alloy Nanoparticles Manganese and Silicon in Nickel-Iron Alloys Oxidation Behavior of Nanoalloys Behaviors of Metal-Core@metal Oxide-Shell Nanomaterials High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior in Hybrid Alloys Performance of Iron-Chromium-Aluminum Alloys Fe-25Mn-1.5Al-0.5C Ferrous Alloy Magnetic Ni-xAl (x = 5 or 10 wt %) Alloys Doped with Metal Ions Ni-TiO2 Composite Coating Al3Mg2 Complex Metallic Alloys Alloys of Sm2(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)17 Magnets Hexagonal Close-Packed ZrAl2 Amorphous Co75.26-xFe4.74(BSi)20-x Magnetic Alloy Fermi Liquid Behavior in Pd1-xNix Nanoalloys Creep Behavior of Iron-Aluminum Alloys Biomedical Applications of NiCu Magnetic Nanoparticles Tuning the Magnetic Moment of Small Late3d-Transition-Metal Oxide Clusters Pulse Electrodeposition of Cobalt/Zirconia Coatings The Sedimentation Behavior of Bare and Silica-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoalloys with Fe-Ni/Fe-Co Core and Iron Oxide Shell Bimetallic NiCr Nanoalloys Immersed in Ag Matrix Aluminum Oxidation in α-Ni1-xAlx Nanoalloys Magnetic Behavior of Ni-Pt Nanoalloys Supported on Silica Conclusion References 31 Biological Characterization of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys Introduction Hybrid Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanomaterials Microscopic Analysis Techniques Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM) Confocal Microscopy/Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) Analytical Electron Microscope (AEM) Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) Chemical Force Microscopy (CFM) Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPM) Chromatographic Techniques Field-Flow Fractionation (FFF) Hydrodynamic Chromatography (HDC) Spectroscopic Techniques Raman Spectroscopy Raman Spectroscopy: Recent Advancements, Techniques, and Applications X-Ray Photoelectron (XPS) X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Conclusions References 32 Magnetite-Graphene-Based Composites and Their Potential Application as Supercapacitor Electrode Material Introduction Supercapacitor Fundamentals Classification of Supercapacitors Charge Storage Mechanism of EDLCs Charge Storage Mechanism of Pseudocapacitors Components of Supercapacitors Evaluation of Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitors Calculation of Electrochemical Parameters Mechanism of Charge Storage in Fe3O4 Electrodes Factors Affecting Supercapacitive Performance of Fe3O4 Morphology Particle Size and Crystallinity Uniform Particle Distribution Surface Modifications Surfactant-Modified Electrolyte Magnetic Field Fe3O4-Graphene-Based Composites as Supercapacitor Electrode Material Conclusion References 33 Iron-Based Magnetic Nanoadsorbents for Organic Dye Removal Introduction Dye Classification Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Coprecipitation Thermal Decomposition Hydrothermal Method Microemulsion Sol-Gel Method Different Classes of Magnetic Nanosorbents Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) Iron Oxides Surface-Modified Iron Oxide NPs Coated Iron Oxide NPs Magnetic Nanocomposites Magnetic Clays and Zeolite NCs Magnetic Carbon NCs Magnetic Agricultural and Industrial Low-Cost Sorbents Biosorbents and Microbial Biomass Conclusion References 34 The Impact of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Microbial Community Structure and Function in Rhizospheric Soils Introduction Microbial Community Structure in the Rhizosphere Magnetic Nanoparticles Major Sources of Nanoparticles in the Environment Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Plant Effect of Nanoparticles on Soil Effect of Nanoparticles on pH of Soil Effect of Magnetic Nanoparticles on Microbes Effect of Nanoparticles on Microbial Diversity Conclusions References 35 Environmental Applications of Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Polymer Nanocomposites Introduction Magnetic Properties Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors Metal/Metal Oxide NPs Polymer Magnets Modification of MNPs Organic-Based Nanocomposites Modified with Polymers/Biopolymers Inorganic Based Nanocomposites Environmental Application Photocatalysis Degradation of Dyes Hydrogen Evolution from Water Splitting Adsorption Adsorption of Toxic Metal Dye Adsorption/Removal Removal of Other Contaminants Conclusion References 36 Hydroelectric Cell as Source of Green Electricity Generation: Metal (Multiferroic, Iron, Ferrite, Cerium-Graphene)-Oxides Introduction Hydroelectric Cell (HEC) as Green Energy Source Metal-Oxide Hydroelectric Cell Mechanism for Generation of Voltage-Current in Metal Oxides Multiferroic Hydroelectric Cell Oxygen Defects Formation in BaTiO3 with CoFe2O4 Mechanism for Electricity Generation in BTO-CFO HEC Mg-Li Ferrites HEC Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), Hematite (α-Fe2O3), and Magnetite (Fe3O4) HECs Metal-Oxide Hydroelectric Cell: SnO2, Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, MgO, SiO2 CeO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hydroelectric Cell Outline for Present Metal Oxide-Based Hydroelectric Cells Synthesis Methods of Metal-Oxide HECs for Harvesting Green Energy from Water Details of Sol-Gel Using PVA for the Synthesis of BaTiO3/CoFe2O4 Nanocomposite Measurement Details of BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 HEC Schematic Experimental Set-Up for 0.15BaTiO3-0.85CoFe2O4 HEC Porosity Measurement of BTO-CFO Multiferroic Pellet Samples Results and Discussion Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Multiferroic BaTiO3-CoFe2O4 Phase Structure and Defects Analysis BTO-CFO Nanostructural Analysis Defect Carriers Analysis with Raman Spectra Voltage-Current Conduction in BTO-CFO HEC Ionic Conduction by Impedance Spectroscopy Defects and Oxygen Vacancies Studies by XPS Analysis Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Ferrites Mg0.8Li0.2Fe2O4 Hydroelectric Cell Cole-Cole Impedance Variation of Wet HEC with Its Dry State Voltage-Current Results from Wet Mg0.8Li0.2Fe2O4 Hydroelectric Cell Li0.3Ni0.4Fe2.3O4 HEC Porosity by Scanning Electron Microscopy, BET Isotherm Defects-Related Absorption Bands by FTIR Analysis Oxygen Vacancies Confirmation with XPS Technique Voltage-Current Behavior of LNFO-2 HEC Mg1-xLixFe2O4 (0.0 x 0.3) HEC Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Ion-Oxides Magnetite (Fe3O4) Hydroelectric Cell Phase Structure FESEM and Nanopores Measurement Impedance Measurement Involved Nyquist Plot for Both Dry and Wet HEC Voltage-Current Response as the Green Energy Generation Mechanism for Dissociation of Water Molecule in Magnetite Fe3O4 HEC Li-Doped Fe3O4 HEC Green Energy Improvement with Li Ions into Fe3O4 HEC Hematite (α-Fe2O3) HEC Phase Structure and Lattice Defects via Raman Measurement V-I Polarization of Hematite HEC Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) HEC Photoluminescence Studies for Maghemite γ-Fe2O3 HEC V-I Response Hydroelectric Cell Performance in Metal Oxide Metal Oxide: SnO2, Al2O3, ZnO, TiO2, MgO, SiO2 HEC Alkali (Li, Na, K) Doped ZnO HEC V-I Response Al2-xMgxO3 HEC Voltage-Current Responses Ionic Conduction Mechanism by Impedance Data Mg, Co-Doped SnO2 HEC Time-Dependent Current Conduction (Fix 0.61 V Open Circuit Voltage) V-I Polarization Response Hydroelectric Cell Performance in CeO2-Reduced Graphene Oxide Oxygen Vacancy Defects Confirmation Voltage-Current and Linear Sweep Voltammetry Measurements HEC Working Mechanism of CeO2-rG2 (Bhargav et al. 2020) Evaluation of Voltage-Current Behaviors in Metal-Oxide HECs Applications of Hydroelectric Cell Conclusion References 37 Catalysis Application of Magnetic Ferrites and Hexaferrites Introduction General Theory and Properties of Ferrites General Properties of Spinels and Hexaferrites Magnetic Properties of Spinels and Hexaferrites Types of Ferrites Types and Structures of Ferrites Types and Structures of Hexaferrites M-Type Hexaferrite W-Type Hexaferrite Y-Type Hexaferrite X-Type Hexaferrites Z-Type Hexaferrite U-Type Hexaferrite Synthesis of Ferrites and Hexaferrites Standard Ceramic Technique Co-precipitation Method Synthesis of Citrates Hydrothermal Synthesis Combustion Method Pechini Method Synthesis of Ferrites Supported by Impregnation Glass Crystallization Water Microemulsions in Oil Sol-Gel Chemical Aspects of Spinel Ferrites and Hexaferrites Catalytic Applications of Ferrites Applications of Spinel Ferrites in Heterogeneous Catalysis Application of Spinel Ferrites in Photocatalysis Catalytic Applications of Hexaferrites Conclusion References 38 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanohybrids for Advanced Water Treatment Technology Introduction Iron Oxide-Based Nanomaterials Iron Oxide-Based Systems for Water Treatment Technology Photocatalysis Fenton and Fenton-Like Processes Photo-Fenton Processes Sulfate Radical-Based Processes Electrochemical Processes Alternative Advanced Oxidation Processes Conclusions References 39 Medicinal and Biological Application of Magnetic Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Polymer Nanocomposites Introduction Synthesis Methods of MANPs Co-reduction Coprecipitation Hydrothermal Method Thermal Decomposition Microemulsion Green Synthesis Medicinal and Biological Application of MANPs Imaging Drug Delivery Hyperthermia Water Treatment Sensor Conclusions References 40 X-Ray Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications of Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites Introduction Basics of X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Absorption Tomography Phase Contrast Tomography Dual Energy Computed Tomography Basics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Physics Behind MRI Essential Components of MRI Scanner Nanoparticles Used in Imaging Technologies Metallic Nanoparticles Used in CT and MRI Imaging Organic Coating Functionalization of Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoalloys and Nanocomposites Multipurpose Magnetic Nanocomposites Conclusion References 41 Magnetically Retrievable CuNi Alloy as Catalyst for Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes with 2-Propanol Introduction Structure, Preparation and Analysis Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation Reaction Plausible Reaction Mechanism Conclusions References 42 Photocatalytic Applications of Magnetic Hybrid Nanoalloys and Their Nanocomposites Introduction Methods of Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Co-precipitation Method Thermal Decomposition Hydrothermal Method Solvothermal Method Sol-Gel Method Microemulsion Method Sonochemical Method Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles Iron Based Magnetic Nanoparticles Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Doped Iron Oxide MNPs Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocomposites Cobalt Based Magnetic Nanoparticles Dyes Used for Degradation Direct Dyes Reactive Dyes Vat Dyes Basic Dyes Acid Dyes Azo Dyes Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Photocatalysis Principle Photocatalysts and Photocatalytic Reactions Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency Effect of Initial Dye Concentration Effect of Photocatalytic Dosage Effect of Visible Light Irradiation Effect of pH Reusability Conclusions References 43 Nanotoxicity and Environmental Risks of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanohybrids Introduction Iron Oxide-Based Nanomaterials Design and Synthesis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Hybrids Synthesis Processes Greener Synthesis of MIONs The Role of Surface Coating in the Stability of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Nanotoxicity and Environmental Risks Effects of Physicochemical Properties and Morphology on the Toxicity of MIONs Nano-Bio-interactions and Risks of Iron Oxide-Engineered Nanoparticles Assessment of In Vitro Nanotoxicity Oxidative Stress Evaluation Cell Viability Evaluation Assessment of In Vivo Nanotoxicity Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryotoxicity Test Model Daphnia magna as an Organism Toxicity Test Model Assessment of Ecotoxicity