Handbook of Islamic Philosophy of Science : Economics, Society and Science

This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of Islamic ethical issues within a wide spectrum of philosophy of science topics, examining the development of the model of moral inclusiveness in economics, science and society from ontological, epistemological and analytical perspectives. This paradigm takes the view that ethics is systemically endogenous, and can be studied by the most rigorous scientific analysis pertaining to diverse issues and problems of ethicality in socio-scientific inquiry. This handbook takes a sweeping transdisciplinary approach that is deeply phenomenological, to the nature and logic of scientific inquiry of, and in, the Qur’an. Such an approach invokes the episteme of the unity of knowledge in the socio-scientific systemic sense. The volumes' respective sections focus on the nature, logic, and role that ethics plays in formulating new vistas of alternative epistemic futures in Islamic economics, finance, and the social sciences. The ideas presented are situated within the broader context of the post-modernist, post-pandemic, and the post-Covid-19 epoch, while being aimed at conceptualising a distinctive new outlook of transdisciplinary intellection in Islamic philosophy. The content is rigorously conceptual, qualitative, quantitative, and applied. Covering a diversity of subject areas from philosophy of science, to economics and in socio-scientific context within the realm of Islamic philosophy, this forms a key text for scholars in these respective arenas, led by pioneering scholarship in Islamic studies. Foreword Preface Method of Deriving ahkam from the Qur ́an in This Handbook Who Is This Handbook Addressed To? Disclaimer Contents About the Author List of Figures List of Tables Section I: Nature and Logic of Islamic Philosophy of Science 1.1 Introduction and Objective of the Handbook of Islamic Philosophy of Science Ta ́wil as the Beginning of Methodology of Tawhid and the World-System in Conscious Continuum Deconstruction of the Tawhidi IIE-String Relation Epistemology According to Ta ́wil in Terms of Tawhid as Law Phenomenology Historical Consciousness in Evolutionary Learning Path of History Rationalism Non-Tawhidi Modality of Philosophy of Science Consequences of Rationalist Philosophy on the Shari ́ah Mind Essential Inferences from Ta ́wil A Shari ́ah Example of Wellbeing (Maslaha Wal-istihsan) from the Viewpoints of Its Commentary and Ta ́wil Derivation The Generalized Perspective of Philosophy of Science Ontology Epistemology Consciousness, Ontology, and Epistemology: Episteme (Epistemic) Evolutionary Epistemology (Episteme) Ontology and Onticology (Ontic) Ontic (Onticology) Ontic and Ontology, Being and Becoming Phenomenology of Conscious Continuum Briefly an Islamic Critique of Western Episteme Qur ́anic Precept of Evolutionary Episteme Via Primal Ontology Conclusion Appendix A1.1 Transitive Qua Intransitive Problem of Axiomatic Socio-Scientific Doctrines 1.2 The Tawhidi Methodological Question for Islamic Philosophy of Science: Comparative Study The Halting of Creative Inquiry Concerning the Nature and Logic of Reality Among Muslims and the Occidental Philosophers The Importance of Ta ́wil Method of Inquiry of the Qur ́anic Verses The Concept of Universality and Uniqueness of Tawhidi Methodological Worldview Are Universality and Uniqueness of Socio-scientific Methodology Valid in Occidental Thought? The Hellenic Background of the Good Society The Civilizational Divide Resulting in Philosophical Dichotomy of Postmodernisms Wither the Epistemic Foundation of New World Order The Well-Being Objective Criterion for Evaluating Degrees of Tawhidi Impact of Unity of Knowledge and the Diversity of Issues ... The Structure of Continuum as Cumulative Levels of Consciousness Continuum Well-Being Objective Function Time in Tawhidi Consciousness A Critique of the Axiom of Space-Time Structure of Science Conception Regarding the Structure of the Universe qua Consciousness Identifying the Benefits of the Ontological Status of Science in IPS Some Definitional Problematique of Science: Truth Versus Specialization Summarizing the General Methodology of the Social and Natural Sciences The Impossibility of Actualizing Knowledge in Non-Tawhidi Philosophy of Science A Critique of Islamization of Knowledge in the Philosophy of Science Formulation of the Method of Circular Causation in Tawhidi Model of Unified Reality: Model of Moral Inclusion of Socio-scienti... A Symbolized Topology of Tawhidi Ontological Worldview Toward Final State of Phenomenology Vis-A-Vis Evolutionary Epistemology... From Knowledge-Flow to Aggregation by Stock of Knowledge Stock of Knowledge as Topology Topology of ``De-knowledge ́ ́ (Munkar, Qur ́an 3:104) Nature of Evolutionary Learning Subspace of Tawhidi Supercardinal Topology Tawhidi Hypertopology Endogenous and Exogenous Inter-variate Relations Shura-Tasbih Endogenous Evolutionary Learning Processes Contra Exogenous Decision-Making Preferences The Focus on Tawhidi Premise to Theories of Knowledge in the Islamic Literature Muinuddin Ibn Al-Arabi (1165-1240) Mulla Sadra (980-1050) Abu Hamid Muhammad Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Ibn Musa Al-Shatibi (790-1388) Syed Qutb (1906-1966) Conclusion 1.3 Summarizing the Model of Tawhidi Methodological Worldview Introduction Abiding Overview of the Lessons Derived from Qur ́anic Verses The Dynamic Nature of Knowledge in the Qur ́an Some Specifics of Tawhidi Dynamics in IPS A Further ta ́wil Interpretation of Sure Reality in IPS Rejecting the Questionable Belief in the Concept of A Priori in Rationalism of Occidental and Muslim Philosophy of Science The Influence of Neo-Platonic Philosophy in Muslim Thought Revelation-Reason Complementarity by the Use of Ta ́wil Along with Tafseer Physicalism as Necessary Rule of the Qur ́an for the Development of IPS Epistemic Socio-scientific Inferences from Qur ́anic Verses How Is This Possible? - Embedding of Knowledge in Cognitive and Physical Forms Evolutionary Learning Equilibriums in Conscious Process-Time Continuum of History Absence of Optimization in the Case of Evolutionary Learning Equilibriums Contradistinction to Evaluation of Objective Criterion in Non-Tawhidi Case Re-origination and Evolution in Terms of Consciousness-Induced Knowledge-Flows and Stock of Knowledge IPS of the Tawhidi Primordial Knowledge Induced in Life Beyond Life The Contrary Gap of ``De-knowledge ́ ́ in Non-Tawhidi Philosophy of Science Qur ́anic Mysteries in the Seen and Unseen Knowledge-Induced World-Systems ``Timal ́ ́ Topology (Process-Time Evolutionary Learning in Conscious Continuum) Relationship Between ```timal ́ ́ Topology and Sirat al-Mustaqim The Contrary Meanings of Evolution in Tawhidi and Non-Tawhidi Episteme The Purpose Behind Creation Knowledge as the Centerpiece of Creation: What Does This Mean? Knowledge and Education: Implication in Educational Policy Formulation of Socio-scientific Meanings in IPS Thoughts on Complementarism in Various Socio-scientific Research Conclusion 1.4 Selected More Qur ́anic Concepts in Islamic Philosophy of Science Introduction The Meaning of the ``Seven Heavens ́ ́ in the Light of Knowledge-Centered Worldview A Non-Tawhidi Explication of Time Contra the Timal Topology of the Tawhidi Worldview Perfection of the Divine Law of Tawhid Contrasting the Divine Law with Occidental Conception of Law Summarizing the Moral Inclusive Model of Tawhidi Worldview The Nature of the Tawhidi Worldview The Meaning of ``Everything ́ ́ that Tawhidi Law Governs Examples of Methodological Concrescence by Inter-variate Circular Causation The Tawhidi Lessons Derivable from the Prophet Muhammad ́s (PBUH) Life in the City State of Madinah A Worldly Example of Self and Other in Tawhidi Worldview: Selflessness and Piety The Dynamic Basic-Needs Regime of Socio-economic Development by the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Avoidance of Competition: Physicalist Causes Explaining Fig. 1.4.3 Further in Respect of Contradistinction Between Knowledge and ``De-knowledge ́ ́ World-Systems The Impossibility in the ``De-knowledge ́ ́ Model of Competitive Markets Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε)) Contradistinction to the Economic Postulate of ``Allocation of Scarce Resources ́ ́ Impossibility of Preference Aggregation in and from Microeconomics to Macroeconomics Moral Illogicalness of Neoliberal Wealth Formation by Capital Accumulation Human Prosperity Generated by Submission to God Life-Sustaining Values in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model: Freedom, Ownership, Justice, Alleviation of Hunger, and Poverty Sustainability Goal by the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Induction of Islamic Political Economy The ``Socio-scientific ́ ́ Research Program (SRP) of IPS The General Evolutionary Equilibrium Computational System in Respect of the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Generalized Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model of Compounded Wellbeing Functions Conclusion 1.5 The Theory of Tawhidi Interactive, Integrative, and Evolutionary Intellection (IIE) in Islamic Philosophy of Science Introduction How Is the Tawhidi Methodological Worldview a Scientific Research Program? The Tawhidi Epistemic Methodological Worldview of ``Everything ́ ́ in Creation Enriching the Tawhidi Worldview of Circular Causation by the Epistemic Model of Unity of Knowledge Ta ́wil Interpretation of the Above-Mentioned Verses Explanation of the Tawhidi Worldview Embedding of Unity of Knowledge in the Symbolism, {x1(θ(ε))}{x2(θ(ε))} 훟 (Nullity): Spon... Generalization of Contrariety Between Tawhidi and Non-Tawhidi Worldviews IPS Lessons Learnt from the Contrasting Features with Non-Tawhidi Worldview True Belief and Consciousness in IPS The Ontic Evidences as Signs of God in Planetary Wellbeing Inference Regarding (Consciousness Belief) on Felicity as Wellbeing The Epistemic Meaning IPS on the Prevalence of Truth in the Wellbeing Objective Criterion Expected Inference on the Final Prevalence of Truth over Falsehood: Role of ``Dawah ́ ́ Sustainability by Way of Resource Abundance According to Tawhidi Knowledge Augmentation The IPS Formulation of Resource Augmentation by Knowledge in Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Delineating the Tawhidi Spending Baskets: Imam Shatibi and Beyond How to Adopt SDGs-Index to Wellbeing Sustainability Index Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) Calculation in the Paradigm of Wellbeing of Ethical Balance Contra Economic Growth as Dev... Calculating Development Index with Induction of Ethical Factor in Political Economy The Epistemic Conclusion 1.6 Further Intellection in Tawhidi Mind-Matter Studies of Islamic Philosophy of Science ``Universe ́ ́ According to Qur ́anic Interpretation by IPS Goodness Enhances Felicity The Contrast Between Tawhidi Worldview and Non-Tawhidi Worldview Regarding Differentiated Wellbeing to Believers and Nonbeliev... The Tawhidi Methodological Implication for Neoliberal Socio-scientific Study The Life-Sustaining Nature of the Wellbeing-Inducing Vector of Entities/Variables The Social Contract in the Tawhidi Worldview All That Glitters Is Not Gold: Between Tawhidi and Non-Tawhidi Worldviews Contrasting Tawhidi and Non-Tawhidi Socio-scientific Episteme Through the Ages The Theory of Recursive Conscious Continuum of Interrelationship Between the World and the Hereafter The Principle of Universal Complementarities (Epistemic Unity of Knowledge) in Goodness Is Derived from the Inter-causality Be... Contemplative Empiricism How Reflective Empiricism of Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Presents the Divine Potential Is God Within the Evolutionary ``learning process ́ ́ of the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model? The Grounding of Tawhid in Mundane Decision-Making Answering the Questions Regarding God and Science in Hawking, Penrose, and Dawkins By the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model of IPS Determination of the Conscious Artificial Intelligence of Science: An Example The Holistic Model of Conscious Technology and Technological Change: Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model The Sustainability Goal According to the Tawhidi Methodological Worldview of Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model of IPS Control of Waste and Extravagance Generating Planetary Wellbeing Sustainability by the Goal of Spending in the Good Things of Life The Tawhidi Episteme of Spending: IPS The Most Extensive Widening of the z(θ(ε))-Menus Between the Heavens and the Earth A Generalized Model of Tawhidi Unity of Knowledge The Epistemic Conclusion: SRP-IPS Section II: Some Critical Contrasts Between Tawhidi and Non-Tawhidi Socio-scientific Worldviews 2.1 Introduction IPS Versus the Shari ́ah in Respect of Tawhid as Law An Example Instrumental in Shari ́ah Contra the Tawhidi Law Socio-scientific Episteme (Ontology x Epistemology) of Tawhid IPS Versus Non-Tawhidi Philosophy of Science Including the Muslim Coverage The Complexity and Nonlinearity Theme of the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Distinctiveness of IPS 2.2 The Epistemic Basis of the Contrast Between Islamic and Non-Islamic Scientific Thought Introduction The Nature of Qur ́anic Knowledge The Tawhidi Epistemic Usage of the Qur ́anic Verse (3:7) in Respect of IPS The Evolutionary Path Toward Attaining the Civilizing Process Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model in the Light of Life-Fulfillment Regime of Socio-economic Development The Knowledge Disentangling from Its Primal Episteme of Tawhid and the World-System Systemic Properties Arising from the Shura-Tasbih Practice of Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Evolutionary Learning Equilibriums Proving a Shura-Tasbih Evolutionary Learning Theorem in General Equilibrium Contra Economic Rationality Axiom in IPS The Nature of Reasoning (Fitra) in IPS by the Tawhidi Worldview An Intermittent Summary on the Tawhidi Epistemic Light Attribute of Behavior and Decision-Making: Fairness or Conceit? The Qur ́anic Topological Treatment of the Ethics of Fairness Contra Conceit (Belief, Consciousness, Knowledge, Unity) as Attributes of Tawhidi Worldview of Fairness, Justice Contra Conceit The Tawhidi Epistemic Model of Fairness (Justice) Implication of Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview in Socio-scientific Transformation The Epistemic Inference Concerning Fairness by Conscious Knowledge Induction The Tawhidi Attribute of Giving Generously in Charity How Does Productive Use of Charity Funds Sustain Wellbeing Along the Time-Path of Conscious Continuum? The Tawhidi Epistemic Meaning of Charity as Productive Spending for the Needy The Philosophy of Ummah as the Best of Nations How Occidentalism Explains the Role of Knowledge in Socio-scientific Study How Is the Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview Completed in IPS? The Epistemic Outlook of Monotheistic Oneness in Socio-scientific Specifics Formal Illogicalness of Spending Not in the Good Cause The Good and Bad Elements of the Spending Vector in Socio-economics The Organic Linkage of Spending in the Good Versus the Unwanted Does Spending in Extravagance Increase Economic Welfare? The Epistemic Conclusion Appendix 2.2.1 Tabulating the Data for Wellbeing Evaluation 2.3 IPS Implications of IIE(θ(ε))-Model in Specifics of the Socio-economic Theory Acquisitive Nature of Financial Interest The Extensive Curse of Interest of Every Kind in All Forms of Transactions Formal Explanation of Inversion Between ``r ́ ́ and ``i ́ ́ The Contingent-Induced Valuation in Reference to the Wellbeing Function The Tawhidi Epistemic Sustainability by Avoiding Interest-Based Transactions How Does Interest-Bearing Transaction Impede Spending in the Good Things of Life? Formalizing on Endogenous Ethics for Spending in the Good Cause The Ethical Inference Derived from the Generalized Formal Model of Spending The Tawhidi Epistemic Conclusion Regarding the Ethics of Spending and Interest Avoidance Conclusion Appendix 2.3: The Evolutionary Learning Dynamics Derived from [θ(ε)(Ω,s)] 2.4 The Tawhidi Epistemic Meaning of the Hereafter in IPS Introduction: The Physicalism and Non-physicalism Impact of the Hereafter on the World-System The Impact of the Hereafter in the Tawhidi Episteme of the Wellbeing Function The Universe Recurses on Itself via the Evolutionary Process of Learning Inference on Tawhid-World-Hereafter Relation by the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model in IPS The Seven Firmaments The Great Principle of ``Just Ends ́ ́ in the Grand Design of Creation Formalizing the Objective Criterion of Planetary Wellbeing by the Precept of Justice The Broadening Vector: Tawhid, World, Hereafter, Seven Heavens, Sidrathul Muntaha, Sirat ul-Mustaqim, Wellbeing and Time The Rich Perfection in Nonlinearity and Complexity of the Grand Design Theorem: How Is the Complementary Non-physical-physical Universal Structure Explained? To Relate to Bountiful Rewards of Heaven with the Finitude of Earthly Rewards? Super-Cardinality (SC) Conscious Continuum (CC) in Hyper-topology Some Questions Addressed The Lessons of Madinah Charter for the Islamic World How Did We Get Here? The Philosophy of Political Economy of the Madinah Charter Practical Connotations of the Tawhidi Socio-scientific World-System: The Muslim Tomorrow ``to be or not to be? ́ ́ The Tawhidi Reconstruction of Maqasid as-Shari ́ah Explaining the Comparative Resplendence of the Tawhidi World-System Conclusion: The Qur ́anic Socio-scientific Community The Ethical Attributes of the Socio-scientific Community Conclusion 2.5 Specific Case-Studies Tawhidi Ethics of Provision: Forming the Sustainable Wellbeing Function Specificity of Charity (CR(θ(ε)) Specificity of Distribution as Spending D(θ(ε)) Nonexistence of Free-Rider Problem in CR(θ(ε))) and D(θ(ε))) The Destitution Caused by Muslim Ambivalence of Muslims to Islamic Belief and Conduct of Life Characterizing the Instruments of Islamic Political Economy by the Holism of Socio-scientific Study The Role of Shura-Tasbih in the Ecological World-System The Transformative Dynamics in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model The Polity-Market Ecological Functioning Those Who Do Not Ask in Free Ridership: Wellbeing Versus Welfare Some Comments on the Welfare State: Welfarism The Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview in Establishing Social Security The Generalized Evolutionary Equilibrium and the Topic of Productive Charity The Simultaneity Principle in the Topic of Productive Charity Frail Outlook of Shari ́ah Compliant Financing of Microenterprises: The Rise of Islamic Capitalism Conclusion 2.6 Tawhidi Epistemic Theory of Abolition of Interest and Charity as Productive Spending Introduction The Theory of Interest in Qur ́anic Reference to Verse (Qur ́an 2:275) Nature of Fair Market Pricing to Avoid Interest-Bearing Transaction Atemporal Case of Pricing: Avoidance of Interest Transactions Intertemporal Pricing of Exchange to Avoid Interest Rates From Atemporal to Intertemporal Takaful Contingency and Premium Valuation Atemporal Intra-system Takaful Intertemporal Inter-system Takaful Trade Versus Interest-Based Transaction A Generalized Theory of Interest Rate and Its Avoidance Generalized Formalization of Trade Versus Interest Transaction Relationship Contingencies and Tawhidi Socio-scientific Epistemic Implications of Pricing and Interest Rate Valuation Other Deleterious Social Effects of Riba-Transactions Charity Versus Interest Phasing Out of Interest-Bearing Transactions in the Islamic Socio-scientific System In Summary to the Above Sections Interest and Indebtedness Versus Debt Liquidation Various Ethical-Financial Modes in Liquidating Debt and Phasing Out Interest Payment The Real Islamic Political Economy in the Good Things of Life Is Debt-Free Debt Liquidation, Phasing Out of Interest Transactions, and the Moral Nonparametric Factors The Epistemic Conclusion Relating to Tawhid as Law and Charitable Spending The Spirit of Tawhidi Methodological Worldview in Formulating Contracts Formalism by Ta ́wil Interpretation in IPS Exemplification by Ta ́wil Interpretation in IPS Generalization of Charity as Productive Spending in Socio-scientific Fullness The Endogenous Capitalization Intergenerational Model Debt, Risk Diversification, and Interest Liquidation According to Tawhidi Episteme The Qur ́anic Theory of Reference Neutrality in Spending in the Good Things of Life Investment as Productive Spending Contrary to the Focus on Savings and Wellbeing Savings and Investment Are Reverse Activities in Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model IPS Implications of the Islamic Political Ethico-economic Participations of the Tawhidi Socio-scientific World-System Conclusion 2.7 The Theory of Moral Entitlement in IPS Introduction: Against Covetousness The Tawhidi Epistemic Inference in IPS in Respect of Qur ́an (4:32) Summary of Discussion in the Light of Tawhid Induction of IPS Inheritance as Productive Resource Adds to Planetary Wellbeing in Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model of IPS The Epistemic Understanding of Inheritance as Moral Entitlement Contrariness Between the Concepts of Wellbeing in Tawhidi World-System and Welfare in Mainstream Economic Theory The Tawhidi Epistemic Inferences Regarding Inheritances, Productive Spending, and Wellbeing Spending in the Good Cause Linked with Worship The Epistemic Meaning of Spending as Productive Resources in the Verses (Qur ́an 4:36, 37) Spending in the Good Directions Versus Savings Withheld and Resources Withdrawn Life Cycle Theory of Consumption and Spending in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model The Tawhidi Epistemic Inference in the Generalized Socio-scientific System Spending Without Moral Consciousness Is Rejected Example 1: Socio-scientific Stability Explained Contrarily by Tawhidi Epistemic IIE(θ(ε))-Model and Mainstream Economic Theory Inference Example 2: Contrary Definition of Society by Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Versus the Rationalist Model of Occidentalism The Tawhidi Social Worldview in ``Everything ́ ́: Tawhidi Socio-scientific World-System Is Social in Nature Non-Tawhidi Social Perspective: Methodological Independence and Group-Specific Methodological Individualism Characterizes This... 3. Example from Pure Science: Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview of Unity of Knowledge Versus Absence of Knowledge Dimension in Einst... The Tawhidi Epistemic Conclusion Regarding the Controversy Surrounding Profound Socio-scientific Discoveries How Does Spending in God ́s Cause with the Hereafter in Front Form the Tawhidi Socio-scientific Worldview? Formalism Regarding Revelation-Reason Complementarity in Socio-scientific Theory Example: From the Ta ́wil of Mathematical Formalism to the Socio-scientific Theory of Spending as Ethico-economic Productive Ac... Conclusion Section III: Sustainability as a Concept in Terms of Tawhidi Socio-scientific Precept 3.1 Introduction 3.2 How to Derive the Socio-scientific Laws from the Qur ́an in Respect of Tawhid as Law God, the Prophet, and Those in Authority The Basis of Critical Inquiry to Determine Knowledge of Truth Against Falsehood Maqasid as-Shari ́ah at-Tawhid The Role of Shura-Tasbih in Socio-scientific Thought The Socio-scientific Need for Ijtihad, Derivation of Inferences from the Qur ́an and Sunnah in Regard to Specific Problems Ijtihad in the Light of the Tawhidi Methodological Worldview How Is Tawhidi Socio-scientific Order Formed Oppositely to Occidental Approach? A Generalized Objective Criterion of Tawhidi Socio-scientific Interdisciplinarity The Role of Shura-Tasbih in Socio-scientific Awakening The Tawhidi Epistemic Meaning Inherent in IIE(θ(ε))-Model Qua Shura-Tasbih Practice of Evolutionary Learning Peaceful Acceptance of Shura-Tasbih Consensus Tawhidi Attributes of Participative Change in ``Everything ́ ́ Shura-Tasbih Process and Neoliberal Foundation of Democracy The Epistemic Truth as Derived from the Qur ́anic Verse The Contrasting Tawhidi Evolutionary Learning Dynamics and Rationalist Dialectics of Historicism Nature of Historicism in the Qur ́an Tawhidi Phenomenology as Conscious Completeness out of the Qur ́anic Worldview on Historicism The Nature of Tawhidi Epistemics Derived from the Qur ́an, Sunnah, and Learned Discourse via Shura-Tasbih Learning Process (Taw... Contrasting Nature of Historiography According to the Qur ́an and Rationalism Qur ́anic Historiography as the Locus of Events in Tawhidi Knowledge, Space, and Time Dimensions: Conscious Continuum Fellowship of the Righteous in Discovering the Tawhidi Socio-scientific Episteme The Outlook of the Shura-Tasbih Practice in Sustaining the Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview in Islamic Socio-scientific Development Fullness of Knowledge (From ilm al-marifa-to-the World-to-ilma al-marifa) in and by the Tawhid Worldview The Derivation of the Tawhidi Socio-scientific Theory in Terms of the Prior Existence of Knowledge out of the Interrelations B... Axioms and Assumptions of Tawhidi Theoretical Formulation The Epistemic Conclusion Conclusion: God as the Ultimate Determiner 3.3 A Theory of Justice According to the Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview Justice as the Tawhidi Reward of the World and the Hereafter Toward a Generalized Outlook of Justice According to the Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview The High Altar of Justice in and Between the Animate and Inanimate World-Systems The General Theory of Justice in Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview The Generalized Form of the Theory of Justice According to the Tawhidi Worldview Revelation-Reason, the Prophets, and the Hereafter in the Tawhidi Law of Justice The Epistemic Conclusion Financial Interest (Riba) as Social Inequity in the Law of Justice Interest Rates in the Comparative Theories of the Fiscalists and Monetarists The Qur ́anic Worldview on Interest and Phasing Out to Attain Planetary Wellbeing Righteousness and Piety Ethical Endogeneity The Finality of Islam (Tawhid) as the Completion of Knowledge The Good and the Pure Are Lawful Asserting the Scientific Philosophical Scope of Tawhidi IIE(θ) in the Fellowship of Believers The Socio-scientific Philosophical Implications of Moral Entitlement on Distribution The Worldly Way to the Adaptation of the Tawhidi Epistemic Worldview The Fall and Rise of the Ummah to Come in the Historicism of Civilizations The Epistemic Certainty of Ethical Prerogative and Change in the Socio-scientific World-System Conclusion: The Distinctive Tawhidi Epistemic Origination Replacing Non-Tawhidi Idea The Epistemic Meaning in This Conclusion 3.4 Historicism in Tawhidi Philosophy of Science Introduction What Qur ́anic Historicism Explains Regarding the Universal Strategy of Truth against Falsehood? The Historistic Conclusion by the Qur ́an Tawhidi Epistemic Conclusion for the Socio-scientific Meaning of Historicism The Science of Historicism Narcissism in Feigned Outlook of Western Development: Political Economy of War and Defeat Belief Versus Doubt as Premise of the Qur ́anic Philosophy of Historicism Epistemic Conclusion Relating to the Implication of Predetermination of Truth and Falsehood in the Philosophy of Historicism: ... Moral-Material Onticology in the Philosophy of Qur ́anic Historicism Tafseer and Ta ́wil in Interpreting Qur ́anic Verses: The Case of Historicism in Socio-scientific Study A Topological Study of the Qur ́anic Verse (Qur ́an 11:1) in Respect of Socio-scientific Philosophy of Historicism Epistemic Conclusion Example of Rationalistic Transgression by Muslim Scholars, Hence of Shari ́ah in Socio-scientific Thought The Uniqueness of Explanatory Power of the Principle of Ethical Endogeneity An Analytical Example of Establishing the Diversely Knowledge-Induced Socio-scientific Concepts in Economics and Society Resource Abundance and Mobilization Linked with Simulation of the Wellbeing Function Non-Cartesian Description of Tawhidi-Induced Events in Knowledge-Space-Time Epistemic Inference Historicism as Reflective of the Completeness of the Paired Universe: The Productive Complementarities The Philosophy of Historicism Comprises a Vast Stretch of Planetary Narratives Conclusion 3.5 Sustainability in Knowledge-Induced Socio-economic Development Introduction Life-Fulfilling Regime of Development in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model The Philosophy of Divine Bounties in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Meaning of Development Sustainability Formalism: Tawhidi Evolutionary General Equilibrium System Is Disaggregated into the Partial Steady-State Equilibrium Systems ... The Potentiality of Moral Inclusiveness in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model of Sustainability Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model of Ethicized Consumption, Production, and Distribution Menus Generalized Diversity of Blessings Further Meanings Conveyed by the Formalization of Sustainability in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model The Principle of Pervasive Complementarities Across Diversity in Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Contrasting the Meanings of Equity and Equality and of Ethics/Morality in the Non-Tawhidi Philosophy of Science Formalism: Contrasting Conceptions of ``Equality ́ ́ Between Tawhidi and Non-Tawhidi Worldviews 1. Neoclassical Economic Optimal Resource Allocation as Equality Payment to Productive Factors 2. Neoclassical Equality Formula in Imperfect Competition 3. Factor Equality Productive Payment for the Evolutionary Learning Firm in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Resources for Social Caring in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Epistemic Meaning in Political Philosophy Tawhidi Development Transformation Amid Human Ecology Equality, Justice, and Poverty Alleviation in the Environment of Ecological Diversity The Extensive {C,P,D,e}(θ(ε))-Menus in Sustainable Development Goals Life-Sustaining Ecological Development Model Derived from the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model in Reference to the Hereafter Nature of Ahkam in Development Decision-Making Personality Traits of Human Resource Development in Technological Change The Cumulative Knowledge Extant of Life and the Hereafter in Sustainable Development Conclusion: The Ummah as a Global Development Process 3.6 The Attributes of Balance, Stability, Growth, and Security in Sustainable Development Process Introduction The Concepts of Inequality and Moral Benignity in Islamic Political Economy Message of Stabilization in the Pure Islamic Market Ethicizing World-System Development Balance in Spending and Charity The Tawhidi Socio-economic Worldview in an Extended Wellbeing Context The Cyclicity of Sustainable Development in the Tawhidi-Epistemic Model The Span of Knowledge of World-System Details in the Qur ́an Cyclicity of the Sustainable Development Process Epistemic Inferences Development Cyclicity Conveyed by the Example of International Trade in the Qur ́an The Tawhidi Essence of Certainty, Stability, Security, and Wellbeing by the Sea Formalism in Depicting the Trade-Sea Perspective in the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Expression 3.6.2: International Trade in the Light of the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Model Human Potential Causality in Sustainable Development The Epistemic Derivation of Meaning of Trade, Sea, and Sustainable Development Completeness of Socio-scientific Truth in the Tawhidi Methodological Worldview The Intertemporal History of Socio-scientific Evolution The Res Extensa and Res Cogitans Domains of Islamic Philosophy of Science The Epistemic Meaning of the Qur ́anic Verse (Qur ́an 18:45-46) Conclusion: The Essentiality of the Qur ́an in the Tawhidi Episteme of Socio-scientific Inquiry Section IV: Deriving Certain Socio-scientific Implications from the Tawhidi Methodological Worldview 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Deriving Qur ́anic Ahkam on Socio-scientific Themes: Examples Introduction Principles Toward Derivation of Qur ́anic Rules (Ahkam) Ta ́wil of the Above Verses (Qur ́an 23:1-11) in Respect of Deriving Ahkam for the Tawhidi IIE(θ(ε))-Methodological Worldview The Socio-scientific Generalization Solidarity as a Sign of Oneness of God Emergence of the Ummah Amid the Tawhidi Socio-scientific Future The Tawhidi Epistemic Bearing in the Ummah The Blissful Composi