Handbook of Imaging the Alzheimer Brain (Advances in Alzheimer's Disease)

Alzheimers disease is a common problem that is becoming progressively more prevalent and burdensome to the world. Through better recognition of this disease and more precise diagnosis, led by brain imaging in the appropriate clinical context, it is our sincere hope that mankind can conquer this terrible disease. This handbook was developed to provide an overview of the state of the art of brain-imaging approaches that have recently emerged to reveal the critical characteristics of brains of patients with Alzheimers disease. It provides numerous chapters that examine this critical phase of Alzheimers disease, as well as chapters that discuss diagnosis, early biomarkers, late changes, the role of vascular disease, treatment, progression of the disease, determining the variability of the manifestation of Alzheimers disease, and estimating the utility of these metrics of disease severity for examining the effects of treatments. Each of 10 sections addresses a particular neuroimaging modality that has been found to be useful in understanding or diagnosing Alzheimers disease. Each section features an introduction to the particular technique and its potential for informing clinical care or evaluating novel therapies for Alzheimers patients. Chapters in each section provide clinicians with specific information as to how the particular neuroimaging technique is or can be useful in a clinical setting, from radiology to primary care, and address specific advances in the various types of neuroimaging. The book includes brief overviews of imaging of Alzheimers disease and reviews fundamental principles for neuroimaging pathological changes that it causes, with an emphasis on practical and future applications. IOS Press is an international science, technical and medical publisher of high-quality books for academics, scientists, and professionals in all fields. Some of the areas we publish in: -Biomedicine -Oncology -Artificial intelligence -Databases and information systems -Maritime engineering -Nanotechnology -Geoengineering -All aspects of physics -E-governance -E-commerce -The knowledge economy -Urban studies -Arms control -Understanding and responding to terrorism -Medical informatics -Computer Sciences Preface......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 Section 1 Imaging the Alzheimer Brain: The Pathology and Pathophysiolgical Bases of Alzheimer’s Disease: Implications for Advancing Diagnostic Imaging......Page 18 Introduction: Imaging the Alzheimer Brain: The Pathology and Pathophysiological Bases of Alzheimer’s Disease: Implications for Advancing Diagnostic Imaging......Page 20 Hippocampal Network Alterations in Alzheimer’s Disease and Down Syndrome: From Structure to Therapy......Page 28 Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers of Neurodegenerative and Ventricular Changes in the Elderly......Page 48 Section 2 Structural Imaging to Diagnose and Measure Alzheimer-Related Brain Changes......Page 60 Introduction: Structural Imaging......Page 62 Cognitive Performance and Its Relation to Brain Morphology in MCI and AD......Page 64 Patterns of Cortical Thickness in Pathologically-Confirmed Typical and Atypical Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 74 Volumetry of the Olfactory Bulb and Tract: Relation to Medial Temporal Lobe Atrophy and to Cognitive Performance in MCI and AD......Page 86 Presence of ApoE ε4 Allele Associated with Thinner Frontal Cortex in Middle Age......Page 94 Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies can be Differentiated by High Resolution MR Imaging of the Hippocampus......Page 106 Automated Volumetric Methods to Detect Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 118 Survey of Protocols for the Manual Segmentation of the Hippocampus: Preparatory Steps Towards a Joint EADC-ADNI Harmonized Protocol......Page 128 Relationship Between CSF Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease and Rates of Regional Cortical Thinning in ADNI Data......Page 144 Quantitative Structural MRI and CSF Biomarkers in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 158 Ultra-High Field 7T MRI: A New Tool for Studying Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 170 Section 3 Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow, Glucose Metabolism, Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD......Page 176 Introduction: Imaging of Cerebral Blood Flow, Glucose Metabolism, Amyloid Plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD......Page 178 Nuclear Medicine Diagnostic Techniques in the Era of Pathophysiology-Based CSF Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 180 Unawareness of Cognitive and Behavioral Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease may be reflected by Perfusion SPECT......Page 188 Brain Perfusion and Neuropsychological Deficits in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 196 Neural Correlates of Controlled Memory Processes in Questionable Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 208 The Value of SPECT in Detecting Alzheimer-Type Neurodegeneration in Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 222 A Tale of Two Tracers: Glucose Metabolism and Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 236 Amyloid-B and Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 252 Florbetaben to Trace Amyloid-B in the Alzheimer Brain by Means of PET......Page 264 Effects of Hypoperfusion in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 270 The Merits of FDDNP-PET Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 282 Research Towards Tau Imaging......Page 294 Section 4 Current Advances in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Alzheimer's Disease......Page 306 Introduction: Current Advances in Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 308 Combining MRI Modalities to Study Visual and Default-Mode Networks in a-MCI......Page 312 Verbal Working Memory in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired Subjects: An fMRI Study......Page 330 Disease Tracking Markers for Alzheimer’s Disease at the Prodromal (MCI) Stage......Page 348 Section 5 Electromagnetic Brain Mapping: EEG, EP, ERP, and their Magnetic Equivalents......Page 390 Introduction: Electromagnetic Brain Mapping......Page 392 EEG Changes are Specifically Associated with Atrophy in Amydala and Hippocampus in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 396 Resting State Cortical Rhythms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: Electroencephalographic Evidence......Page 408 Working Memory Electroencephalographic Patterns in Subtypes of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 422 Cognitive Event-Related Potentials: Biomarkers of Synaptic Dysfunction Across the Stages of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 438 P300 Energy Loss in Aging and Alzheimer’sDisease......Page 452 Evaluation and Tracking of Alzheimer’s Disease Severity Using Resting-State Magnetoencephalography......Page 462 Section 6 Diffusion Tensor Imaging......Page 480 Introduction: Diffusion Tensor Imaging......Page 482 Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Hippocampus in MCI and Early Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 484 Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease with Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Deformation-Based Morphometry......Page 490 Mapping the Structural Brain Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Independent Contribution of Two Imaging Modalities......Page 504 Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Based Individual Prediction of Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment Using a Support Vector Machine Analysis......Page 516 Multiple Diffusion Indices Reveals White Matter Degeneration in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study......Page 530 DTI Analyses and Clinical Applications in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 542 White Matter Microstructure in Relation to Education in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 552 Searching for Novel Biomarkers Using High Resolution Diffusion Tensor Imaging......Page 564 Section 7 Magenetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 574 Introduction: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy......Page 576 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Detects Metabolic Changes within the Medial Temporal Lobe in a MCI......Page 578 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Detection of Early Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 588 Section 8 Longitudinal Neuroimaging Measures: Windows into Progression of Disease and Potential Endpoints for Clinical Trials......Page 602 Introduction: Longitudinal Neuroimaging Measures: Windows into Progression of Disease and Potential Endpoints for Clinical Trials......Page 604 Alzheimer’s Prevention Initiative: A Plan to Accelerate the Evaluation of Presymptomatic Treatments......Page 606 MR Spectroscopy for Assessment of Memantine Treatment in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Dementia......Page 616 Effects of a 6-Month Cognitive Intervention on Brain Metabolism in Patients with Amnestic MCI and Mild Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 622 Cognitive Training Changes Hippocampal Function in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study......Page 634 Validation and Pilot Application of [18F]FDG-PET in Evaluation of a Metabolic Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 644 An MRI Brain Atrophy and Lesion Index to Assess the Progression of Structural Changes in Alzheimer’s Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Normal Aging: A Follow-Up Study......Page 660 Power Calculations for Clinical Trials in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 670 Section 9 Vascular Changes in the Brain Causing Dementia and Contributing to Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 680 Introduction: Vascular Co-morbidity and Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 682 Impact of Vascular Risk Factors on Brain Structure......Page 684 Complexity of MRI White Matter Hyperintensity Assessments in Relation to Cognition in Aging and Dementia from the Sunnybrook Dementia Study......Page 696 Late Onset Alzheimer’s Disease with Cerebrovascular Lesions as a Distinctive Phenotype of the ABPP A713T Mutation in Southern Italy......Page 706 Section 10 Neuroimaging in the Context of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 716 Introduction: Neuroimaging in the Context of Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 718 Imaging in Alzheimer’s Disease and Its Pre-States......Page 722 Discriminating Alzheimer’s Patients from Cognitively Normal Older Adults Based on Hippocampal Volumes - Voxel-Based Morphometry with DARTEL and Standard Registration Versus Manual Volumetry......Page 746 Structural MRI Investigation of Neuroanatomy of Corpus Callosum in Alzheimer’s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment......Page 756 Using an Eye Movement Task to Detect Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 788 Principles of Classification Analyses in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer Disease......Page 800 Combinatorial Markers of Mild CognitiveImpairment Conversion to Alzheimer’sDisease - Cytokines and MRI MeasuresTogether Predict Disease Progression......Page 806 Subject Index......Page 818 Author Index......Page 822