Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles, Second Edition: for Oil, Gas, Chemical and Related Facilities

The security and economic stability of many nations and multinational oil and chemical companies is highly dependent on the safe and uninterrupted operation of their oil, gas and chemical facilities. Fire and explosion incidents are among the most critical impacts than can occur to these operations. This book provides a reference guide for professionals involved with fire and explosion prevention and protection aspects of these critical facilities. The main objectives of this handbook are to provide a practical understanding of fire and explosion problems at oil, gas and chemical facilities and to act as a general reference for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues. This book focuses on terminology that is applied and used in the fire protection profession. Therefore, NFPA standards and interpretations are utilized as the primary guidelines for the definitions and explanations. A unique practical guide to preventing fires and explosions at oil and gas facilities, based on the author's extensive experience in the industry. An essential reference tool for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues. The expanded second edition is based on the latest NFPA standards and interpretations. Cover......Page 1 Handbook of Fire andExplosion Protection Engineering Principles: for Oil, Gas, Chemical and RelatedFacilities......Page 2 ©......Page 3 Contents......Page 4 1.1 Fire, Explosions, and Environmental Pollution......Page 12 1.2 Historical Background......Page 13 1.3 Legal Influences......Page 16 1.4 Hazards and Their Prevention......Page 17 1.4.2 Fire Protection Engineering Role/Design Team......Page 18 1.5 Risk Management and Insurance......Page 19 1.6 Senior Management Responsibility and Accountability......Page 21 Bibliography......Page 22 2.2 Exploration......Page 23 2.3 Production......Page 25 2.4 Enhanced Oil Recovery......Page 26 2.4.2 Tertiary Recovery......Page 27 2.6 Refining......Page 28 2.6.3 Alkylation and Catalytic Cracking......Page 29 2.7.1 Production Percentages......Page 30 Bibliography......Page 31 3.2.1 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)......Page 32 3.3 Insurance Recommendations......Page 33 3.4.1 General Philosophy......Page 34 3.6 Independent Layers of Protection......Page 36 3.7 Design Principles......Page 37 3.8 Accountability and Auditability......Page 40 Bibliography......Page 41 4.2 General Description of Hydrocarbons......Page 42 4.2.2 Alkyne Series......Page 43 4.3.1 Lower Explosive Limit and Upper Explosive Limit......Page 44 4.5 Autoignition Temperature......Page 45 4.7 Vapor Pressure......Page 48 4.10 Combustible......Page 49 4.12.3 Methane......Page 50 4.12.6 Propane......Page 52 4.12.9 Gasoline......Page 53 4.12.11.2 Diesel......Page 54 4.15 Wax......Page 55 Bibliography......Page 56 5.1 Introduction......Page 57 5.3 Gaseous Releases......Page 58 5.4 Mists or Spray Releases......Page 59 5.6 Nature and Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Combustion......Page 60 5.7.1 Jet Fire......Page 63 5.7.2 Pool Fire......Page 64 5.7.4 Nature of Hydrocarbon Explosions......Page 65 5.7.4.2 Vapor Cloud Explosions......Page 66 5.9 Semi-Confined Explosion Overpressures......Page 68 5.10 Vapor Cloud Overpressures......Page 69 5.11 Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions......Page 70 5.12 Smoke and Combustion Gases......Page 71 5.13 Mathematical Consequence Modeling......Page 73 5.14.2 Oxygen Deprivation (Steam Smothering, Inerting, Foam Sealing, CO_2 Application)......Page 74 5.15 Incident Scenario Development......Page 75 5.16 Terminology of Hydrocarbon Explosions and Fires......Page 76 Bibliography......Page 77 6.1 Introduction......Page 78 6.3 Insurance Industry Perspective......Page 79 6.5 Major Incidents Affect Process Industry Safety Management......Page 81 6.5.1 Relevancy of Incident Data......Page 83 6.6 Incident Data......Page 84 6.7 Summary......Page 88 Bibliography......Page 89 7.2 Risk Identification and Evaluation......Page 90 7.2.1 Qualitative Reviews......Page 91 7.3 Specialized Supplemental Studies......Page 93 7.4 Risk Acceptance Criteria......Page 95 7.6 Insurance Risk Evaluations......Page 96 Bibliography......Page 97 8.2 Segregation......Page 98 8.3 Separation......Page 99 8.4 Manned Facilities and Locations......Page 102 8.6 Storage Facilities - Tanks......Page 103 8.7 Flares and Burn Pits......Page 104 8.8 Critical Utilities and Support Systems......Page 105 8.9 Arrangement......Page 106 Bibliography......Page 107 9.2 Drainage Systems......Page 109 9.3 Process and Area Drainage......Page 110 9.4 Surface Drainage......Page 111 9.5 Open Channels and Trenches......Page 112 9.6 Spill Containment......Page 113 Bibliography......Page 116 10.3 Electronic Process Control......Page 118 10.4 Instrumentation, Automation, and Alarm Management......Page 119 10.5 System Reliability......Page 120 Bibliography......Page 122 11.3 Design Philosophy......Page 124 11.5 Levels of Shutdown......Page 125 11.6 Reliability and Fail Safe Logic......Page 126 11.8 Activation Points......Page 128 11.10 Isolation Valve Requirements......Page 129 11.13 Protection Requirements......Page 130 Bibliography......Page 131 12.2 Objective of Depressuring......Page 132 12.3 Blowdown......Page 139 12.5 Flares and Burn Pits......Page 140 Bibliography......Page 142 13.2 Causes of Overpressure......Page 144 13.3 Pressure Relief Valves......Page 145 13.4 Thermal Relief......Page 146 13.5.1 Thermal Relief Fluid Disposal......Page 147 Bibliography......Page 148 14.3 Electrical Arrangements......Page 149 14.4 Electrical Area Classification......Page 150 14.7 Classified Locations and Release Sources......Page 152 14.8.1 Explosionproof Rated Equipment......Page 153 14.8.4 Purging......Page 154 14.10 Static......Page 155 14.11 Lightning......Page 156 14.15 Spark Arrestors......Page 157 Bibliography......Page 158 15.1 Introduction......Page 160 15.5 Drainage Systems......Page 161 15.6 Storage Facilities......Page 162 15.9 Rotating Equipment......Page 163 Bibliography......Page 164 16.2 Explosions......Page 165 16.3 Definition of Explosion Potentials......Page 166 16.4 Explosion Protection Design Arrangements......Page 167 16.5.3 Air Cooler Fans......Page 169 16.6 Damage-Limiting Construction......Page 170 16.7 Fireproofing......Page 171 16.7.1 Fireproofing Specifications......Page 173 16.7.2.5 Intumescent Coatings......Page 175 16.8 Radiation Shields......Page 176 16.11 Locations Requiring Consideration of Fire-Resistant Measures......Page 177 16.12.1 Interior Surfaces......Page 178 16.14 Smoke Dampers......Page 179 Bibliography......Page 180 17.2.1 Human Surveillance......Page 182 17.3 Smoke Detectors......Page 183 17.3.4 Laser......Page 184 17.4 Thermal or Heat Detectors......Page 185 17.4.1 Optical (Flame) Detectors......Page 186 17.5 Gas Detectors......Page 190 17.6 Application......Page 192 17.6.1 Typical Process Facility Applications......Page 194 17.8 Infra-Red (IR) Beam Gas Detector......Page 195 17.10 Alarm Setting......Page 196 17.11 Calibration......Page 198 17.15 Power Supplies......Page 199 17.19 Cross Zoning......Page 200 17.22 Vibration Avoidance......Page 201 Bibliography......Page 202 18.2 Emergency Response Plan......Page 203 18.3.1 Alarm Initiation......Page 204 18.5 Emergency Doors, Stairs, Exits, and Escape Hatches......Page 205 18.8 Offshore Evacuation......Page 206 18.8.1 North/South Atlantic and North/South Pacific Environments......Page 207 18.8.4 Flotation Assistance......Page 208 Bibliography......Page 209 19.2 Portable Fire Extinguishers......Page 210 19.2.4 Extinguishers for Class D Fires......Page 211 19.4 Water Supplies......Page 212 19.5 Fire Pumps......Page 213 19.6 Fire Pump Standards and Tests......Page 217 19.7 Firewater Distribution Systems......Page 218 19.8 Firewater Control and Isolation Valves......Page 219 19.11 Water Spray Systems......Page 220 19.14 Water Curtains......Page 221 19.16 Hydrants, Monitors, and Hose Reels......Page 222 19.18 Foam Suppression Systems......Page 224 19.18.2 Concentrations......Page 225 19.18.6 Overhead Foam Injection......Page 226 19.20.1 Carbon Dioxide Systems......Page 227 19.20.1.2 Safety Precautions......Page 228 19.20.1.4 System Leakages......Page 229 19.20.1.6 Halons......Page 230 19.20.2.1 Oxygen Deficient Gas Inerting Systems......Page 231 19.21.2 Dry Chemical......Page 232 19.22.1 Chemical and Foam......Page 234 Bibliography......Page 238 20.3 Desert Arid Environments......Page 241 20.4 Tropical Environments......Page 242 20.6 Offshore Facilities......Page 243 20.7.2 Isolation Capability......Page 244 20.8 Exploration Wellheads (Onshore and Offshore)......Page 245 20.9 Loading Facilities......Page 247 20.11 Oil Filled Transformers......Page 248 20.13 Enclosed Turbines or Gas Compressor Packages......Page 249 20.15 Heat Transfer Systems......Page 250 20.16 Cooling Towers......Page 251 20.19 Cafeterias and Kitchens......Page 252 Bibliography......Page 253 21.1 Introduction......Page 254 21.3 Control Room Consoles......Page 255 21.5 Instructions, Markings, and Identification......Page 257 21.6.1 Colors......Page 258 21.6.2 Numbering and Identification......Page 259 21.8 Panic......Page 260 21.10 Accommodation of Religious Practices......Page 261 Bibliography......Page 262 Appendix A: Testing Firewater Systems......Page 263 A.1 Testing of Firewater Pumping Systems......Page 264 A.2 Testing of Firewater Distribution Systems......Page 268 A.3 Testing of Sprinkler and Deluge Systems......Page 272 A.4 Testing of Foam Fire Suppression Systems......Page 274 A.5 Testing of Firewater Hose Reels and Monitors......Page 275 A.6 Fire Protection Hydrostatic Testing Requirements......Page 277 Appendix B: Reference Data......Page 278 B.1 Fire Resistance Testing Standards......Page 279 B.2 Explosion and Fire Resistance Ratings......Page 281 B.3 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Classifications......Page 284 B.4 Hydraulic Data......Page 290 B.5 Selected Conversion Factors......Page 291 Acronym List......Page 296 Glossary......Page 299 A......Page 307 B......Page 309 C......Page 311 D......Page 313 E......Page 316 F......Page 320 G......Page 324 H......Page 326 I......Page 330 J......Page 332 L......Page 333 M......Page 334 N......Page 335 O......Page 336 P......Page 338 R......Page 342 S......Page 344 T......Page 347 U......Page 348 V......Page 349 W......Page 350 Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles: for Oil, Gas, Chemical and Related Facilities is a general engineering handbook that provides an overview for understanding problems of fire and explosion at oil, gas, and chemical facilities. This handbook offers information about current safety management practices and technical engineering improvements. It also provides practical knowledge about the effects of hydrocarbon fires and explosions and their prevention, mitigation principals, and methodologies. This handbook offers an overview of oil and gas facilities, and it presents insights into the philosophy of protection principles. Properties of hydrocarbons, as well as the characteristics of its releases, fires and explosions, are also provided in this handbook. The book includes chapters about fire- and explosion-resistant systems, fire- and gas-detection systems, alarm systems, and methods of fire suppression. The handbook ends with a discussion about human factors and ergonomic considerations, including human attitude, field devices, noise control, panic, and security. People involved with fire and explosion prevention, such as engineers and designers, will find this book invaluable. A unique practical guide to preventing fires and explosions at oil and gas facilities, based on the author's extensive experience in the industry An essential reference tool for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues Based on the latest NFPA standards and interpretations

The security and economic stability of many nations and multinational oil and chemical companies is highly dependent on the safe and uninterrupted operation of their oil, gas and chemical facilities. Fire and explosion incidents are among the most critical impacts than can occur to these operations. This book provides a reference guide for professionals involved with fire and explosion prevention and protection aspects of these critical facilities.

The main objectives of this handbook are to provide a practical understanding of fire and explosion problems at oil, gas and chemical facilities and to act as a general reference for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues.

This book focuses on terminology that is applied and used in the fire protection profession. Therefore, NFPA standards and interpretations are utilized as the primary guidelines for the definitions and explanations.

• A unique practical guide to preventing fires and explosions at oil and gas facilities, based on the author’s extensive experience in the industry
• An essential reference tool for engineers, designers and others facing fire protection issues
• Based on the latest NFPA standards and interpretations

The security and economic stability of many nations and of multinational oil companies are highly dependent on the safe and uninterrupted operation of their oil, gas, and chemical facilities. One of the most critical impacts that can occur to these operations are fires and explosions from accidental or political incidents. This publication is intended as a general engineering handbook and reference guideline for those personnel involved with fire and explosion protection, and protection aspects of these critical facilities. The first edition of this book was published when there was not much information available on the process safety, the US CSB had not been established and the CCPS was just beginning to publish its guidance books on process safety. At that time there was a considerable void of process safety information that may have lead to some serious incidents that occurred in the industry. The main objective of the 2nd edition of this book is to update and expand the information to the current practices of process safety management and technical engineering improvements which have occurred since the original publication