Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings - A Life Cycle Approach

Handbook of Energy Efficiency in Buildings: A Life Cycle Approach offers a comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the subject with a further focus on the Life Cycle. The editors, renowned academics, invited a diverse group of researchers to develop original chapters for the book and managed to well integrate all contributions in a consistent volume. Sections cover the role of the building sector on energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, international technical standards, laws and regulations, building energy efficiency and zero energy consumption buildings, the life cycle assessment of buildings, from construction to decommissioning, and other timely topics. The multidisciplinary approach to the subject makes it valuable for researchers and industry based Civil, Construction, and Architectural Engineers. Researchers in related fields as built environment, energy and sustainability at an urban scale will also benefit from the books integrated perspective. Presents a complete and thorough coverage of energy efficiency in buildings Provides an integrated approach to all the different elements that impact energy efficiency Contains coverage of worldwide regulation Front-Matter_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildings Front Matter Copyright_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildings Copyright Contributors_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildings Contributors Chapter-1---Introduction_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildings Introduction Chapter-2---Policies--Recommendations-and-Standards--In_2019_Handbook-of-Ene Policies, Recommendations and Standards (International Technical Standards, Main Laws and Regulations; EU Dire ... Introduction The Early EU Energy Efficiency Policies for Buildings The Save Directive The 2000 Action Plan The European Climate Change Programme The Energy Performance of Building Directive (EPBD 2002) The Green Paper 2005 and the Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2006 The Recast of the EPBD (2010) The Cost-Optimal Methodology Nearly Zero Energy Buildings The EPBD 2018 The Energy Service Directive The 2020 Energy and Climate Targets The Energy Efficiency Directive EED Article 7 Building Renovation Strategies (EED Article 4) The 2030 EU Energy and Climate Targets Financial Instruments Energy Service Companies Building Technical Equipment and Appliances Conclusions References Further Reading Introduction and Overview Regulatory Environment in the United States and Canada Codes, Standards, Rating Systems, and Guidelines: Definitions and Differences Codes Standards Rating or Reporting Systems Guidelines Current Status of Code Development, Adoption, and Compliance Enforcement Historical Review of Energy Standards/Codes Development General Approach to Energy Codes in North America United States Canada Comparison to Europe The Parallel Advent and Growth of Green Building Standards and Codes Code Adoption Versus Enforcement and Effectiveness Future Perspective Performance Versus Prescriptive Code Requirements Maintaining Efficiency, Energy Labeling, and Reporting Net-Zero or Nearly Net-Zero Energy Buildings Retrofitting Existing Buildings Integration of Renewable Energy, Smart Buildings, and Buildings as Prosumers Moving Beyond Individual Buildings Summary and Impact References Further Reading Introduction Status of Building Energy Efficiency in Asia China Overview Laws and Regulations of Building Energy Efficiency in China Design Standards of Building Energy Efficiency in China Labeling of Building Energy Efficiency in China Japan Overview Laws and Regulations of Building Energy Efficiency in Japan Design Standards of Building Energy Efficiency in Japan Labeling of Building Energy Efficiency in Japan India Overview Laws and Regulations of Building Energy Efficiency in India Design Standards of Building Energy Efficiency in India Labeling of Building Energy Efficiency in India Singapore Overview Laws and Regulations of Building Energy Efficiency in Singapore Design Standards of Building Energy Efficiency in Singapore Labeling of Building Energy Efficiency in Singapore Hong Kong Overview Laws and Regulations of Building Energy Efficiency in Hong Kong Design Standards of Building Energy Efficiency in Hong Kong Labeling of Building Energy Efficiency in Hong Kong Indonesia Overview Laws and Regulations of Building Energy Efficiency in Indonesia Design Standards of Building Energy Efficiency in Indonesia Labeling of Building Energy Efficiency in Indonesia Others Obstacles and Recommendations References Further Reading Chapter-3---From-Efficient-to-Sustainable-and-_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Effic Chapter3: From Efficient to Sustainable and Zero Energy Consumption Buildings Chapter 3.1: ZEB and NZEB Overview The Role of Existing Buildings: The NZEB National Network Microgrid for Smart Energy Generation Systems in NZEB Perspective, Sapienza University of Rome Building Energy Management and Control Toward NZEB, University of Rome Tor Vergata Measurements of Building Energy Performance and Retrofit Certification in the NZEB Perspective, University of Lazio ... Energy Retrofitting of the Building Envelope Using Innovative Glazed Components and Opaque Components With Phase Cha ... Indoor Environmental Quality IEQ in Existing Building Energy Refurbishment in Terms of Diagnosis and Monitoring, Uni ... Cost Optimality Approach in Existing Building Energy Diagnosis, Politecnico di Torino and University of Roma 3 Building Dynamic Simulation, Politecnico Milano, and University of Trento Further Reading Microgrid for Smart Energy Generation Systems in NZEB Perspective Buildings Energy Management and Control Toward NZEB Measurements of Building Energy Performance and Retrofit Certification in NZEB Perspective Energy Retrofitting of the Building Envelope Through the Use of Innovative Glazed Components and Opaque Components With Phase Indoor Environmental Quality IEQ in Existing Buildings Energy Refurbishment in Terms of Diagnosis and Monitoring Cost Optimality Approach in Existing Building Energy Diagnosis Buildings Dynamic Simulation Chapter 3.2: ZEB and NZEB (Definitions, Design Methodologies, Good Practices, and Case Studies) Introduction Definitions of ZEB ZEB Balance Aspects and Options in the Definition of ZEB Type of (Accounted) Energy Use Connection to the Grid Infrastructure Building Physical Boundary Metric of Balance (Indicators) Energy Factors RES Supply Options Period of Balance and Time Variation Energy Balance Example in an NZEB Design Methodologies ZEB Diffusion Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 3.3: Passive Building and Bioclimatic Architecture Passive Building Concept and Development Building Energy and Emission Reduction Passive Strategies First, Then Active Fair-Share Principle History Roots in 1970s US Energy Crisis Codification of the Passivhaus Standard in Germany Spread to European Union and Resurgence in North America Bioclimatic Evolution-Climate Specific Passive Building Standards in the United States Bioclimatic Design Process Passive Building Principles and Strategies Insulation and Thermal Bridges Airtight Construction and Heat Recovery Ventilation Climate-Optimized Window Design and Performance Hygrothermal Performance of Enclosure Components Minimized Mechanical Systems and Thermal Storage Implementation Challenges Climate Issues Variations in Temperature and Length of Heating and Cooling Seasons Variations in Solar Insolation and Risk of Overheating Variations in Humidity-Moisture Risks and Latent Cooling Validation/Verification Issues Code Issues Certification Program PHIUS+ Modeling Tools PHPP-Features, Limitations, Use, and Implications WUFI Passive-Features, Limitations, Use, and Implications Interfaces with Other Modeling Tools Worldwide Adoption Passive Projects Statistics Legislation and Incentives in North America Integration with Other Programs Energy Star and DOE ZERH US Green Building Council and LEED Enterprise Green Communities Criteria Current and Future Standard Developments PHIUS+ Continues to Evolve PHIUS+ MF Criteria PHIUS+ Nonresidential Criteria Post-Occupancy Certification PHIUS+2015 and PHIUS+2015 Source Zero Certified Example Project References Chapter 3.4: Green Buildings Rating Systems Introduction GBRSs Features GBRSs Description BREEAM CASBEE DGNB Green Globes Green Pyramid Green Star HK-BEAM LEED Comparison and Critical Discussion Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-4---Life-Cycle-Assessment-of-_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in- Chapter 4: Life-Cycle Assessment of Buildings Introduction Origin and Developments of LCA Introduction to LCA 1-Goal and Scope Definition Functional Unit Data Quality Requirements Reference Study Period System Boundaries 2-Life-Cycle Inventory-LCI Life-Cycle Impact Assessment-LCIA 4-Interpretation of the Results LCA in the Building Sector A1-A3: Product Stage A4-A5: Construction Process Stage Use Stage (B1-B7) End-of-Life Stage (C1-C4) Benefits and Loads Beyond the System Boundary (D) Indicators for Life-Cycle Sustainability Performance Evaluation Environmental Indicators Economic Indicators Social Life Cycle Evaluation Tools for the Construction Sector Simplified Approaches for LCA in Construction Simplification of Impact Indicators Simplification of the Boundary Sensitivity Evaluation Reference Service Life of the Building (RSLb) Estimated Service Life of the Products (ESLm) Climate Zone (CZ) Data on the Environmental Impact of Products and Processes Occupancy Schedules and User Behavior (OU) Temporal Evolution of the Electricity Mix Energy Price Increment (EPIy), Discount Rate, and Inflation Rate (IR) Examples of Life-Cycle Analysis for Buildings Case Study for a New Building Description of the Case Study Goal and Scope Definition Life-Cycle Inventory Life-Cycle Impact Assessment and Interpretation Case Study for Building Renovation Description of the Case Study Goal and Scope Definition Life-Cycle Inventory Life-Cycle Impact Assessment and Interpretation Conclusions References Chapter-5---Steady-State-and-Dynamic-Codes--Critical_2019_Handbook-of-Energy Chapter 5: Steady-State and Dynamic Codes, Critical Review, Advantages and Disadvantages, Accuracy, and Reliability Overview Introduction The Energy Modeling of Buildings General Approaches to Simulation Forward Models Results of a Forward Simulation Data-Driven Models (or Inverse Models) Insights on Forward Energy Models Scope of Application Classification of Models Application Context and Boundary Conditions Classification of Algorithms Calculation Assumptions Detailed Models Air Heat, Air, and Moisture Balance Simplified Methods Special Applications Simulation Tools EnergyPlus TRNSYS ESP-r IES VE Validation of Simulation Tools Calibration Procedures References Further Reading Chapter-6---Building-Envelope_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Building Chapter 6: Building Envelope Chapter 6.1: Physical Properties of Building Materials Introduction Thermal Insulation Thermal Conductivity Laboratory Measurements: The GHP Method Nonhomogeneous Thermal Performance Assessment: Hot Box Method The Transient Plane Source Method Experimental Evaluation of Dynamic Response of Building Elements Optical Properties of Building Materials Acoustic Properties of Building Materials Sound Absorption Sound Insulation Hygrometric Properties of Building Materials Embodied Energy Acknowledgments References Chapter 6.2: Innovative and Advanced Insulation Materials and Systems Introduction Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Insulation Materials Traditional Materials for Thermal Insulation of Buildings Loose Fill Insulation Materials Sprayed and Foamed Insulation Materials Batts and Boards as Insulation Materials Highly Reflective Materials Natural, Bio-based, and Recycled/Reused Insulation Materials Loose Fill Insulation Materials Insulation Materials Such as Batts and Boards Others Highly Reflective Materials Innovative and Superperforming Insulating Materials and Systems: State-of-the-Art and New Trends for Building Application Progress About the State of the Art Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 6.3: Innovative Glazing Materials Introduction Whats Needed: Technological Solutions and Performance Objectives Switchable Glazing Materials Properties of Switchable Windows for Building Energy-Efficiency Applications Solar-Optical Performance of Switchable Glazing Materials Solar-Optical Performance of Switchable Windows Appearance, Color, Uniformity of Coloration, and Haze Switching Speed of Switchable Devices Open-Circuit Memory, Operating Voltage, and Operating Temperature Range Durability How Switchable Glazings Fulfill Energy-Efficiency Needs Building Energy Simulations Monitored Studies in Outdoor Instrumented Test Beds Monitored Building Demonstrations Influence of IEQ on Energy-Efficiency Outcomes EC Windows, Indoor Shades, and Comfort Future Needs Acknowledgments References Chapter 6.4: Adaptive Façades Adaptiveness as a Key Issue for the Energy Efficiency in Buildings Definitions and Classifications Typologies and Features Examples of Application Switchable NIR Reflecting Windows Dynamic Glazing and Shadings Embedding PCMs PCMs Integrated in Glazing PCMs Integrated in Shading Devices Lumiduct Active Transparent Façades Multifunctional Façade Modules Kinetic Façades Strengths, Weaknesses, and Opportunities Acknowledgments References Chapter 6.5: Cool Roofs Introduction Materials and Technical Solutions for Cool Roofs General Properties and Indexes Types of Cool Roofs Cool Materials for Historical Heritage Buildings Thermochromics Materials Retroreflective Materials Aging of Cool Roofs Measurement Techniques Surface Properties Aging Remote Sensing Computational Methods and Integration on Commercial Codes Effectiveness of Cool Roofs Further Effectiveness of Cool Roofs (Albedo Control) Standards Conclusions References Chapter-7---High-Efficiency-Plants-and-Building_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Effi Chapter 7: High Efficiency Plants and Building Integrated Renewable Energy Systems Chapter 7.1: Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Introduction BIPV Basis What is BIPV and Why BIPV? What is BIPV? Why BIPV? PV Effect, PV Materials, and PV Cells The PV Effect PV Materials Three Generations of PV Cells First Generation Second Generation Third Generation PV Modules Suitable for Building Integration PV Cell/Module/Panel/Array Classification, Composition, and System Design of BIPV Systems Classifications of BIPV Systems According to Energy Supply and Storage Mode Grid-Connected BIPV Systems Stand-Alone BIPV Systems According to Integration Pattern of Building and PVs According to PV Module Types Main Components of a BIPV System PV Modules Power Storage Systems (Batteries) Inverter Charge Controllers Other Elements BIPV System Design Potential, Performance and Life-Cycle Assessment of BIPV Systems Electricity Generation Capacity of BIPVs Potential BIPV Electricity Generation Capacity of a City or a Country Electricity Generation Capacity of BIPV in Buildings Available Software Programs for Predicting the Electricity Output Effect of BIPVs on Heat Gain/Loss or Heating/Cooling Load Overall Energy Performance of BIPV Systems Life-Cycle Assessment of BIPVs Benefits, Barriers, Future Opportunities, and Strategies for BIPV Application Development Situation of PV Market Around the World Benefits of BIPV Systems Benefits to Society Benefits to Client and End-Users Barriers for BIPV Applications Policy Barriers: Lack of Government Support Perception Barriers: Poor Public Understanding Economic Barriers: High Cost of BIPV Modules, High Cost of Design and Construction Technical Barrier: Lack of Standards, Low Power Efficiency, Poor Power Reliability Future Opportunities of BIPV New Materials and Technologies BIPV Product Development Further Integration Methods of PV Cells Further Research Opportunities of BIPV Strategies for Promoting BIPV Applications Summary References Further Reading Chapter 7.2: Solar Thermal Energy for Building Applications Introduction Solar Collectors Flat Plate Collectors FPCs with Diffuse Reflectors Compound Parabolic Collectors Evacuated Tube Collectors Building Integration of RES Solar Space Heating and Cooling Space Heating and Service Hot Water Air Systems Water Systems Solar Cooling Solar Cooling With Absorption Refrigeration Recent Research Solar Heating and Cooling Systems Absorption Cooling, Adsorption Cooling, and Trigeneration Conclusions References Chapter 7.3: Ground-Source Heat Pumps Nomenclature Introduction Space Heating and Cooling Systems GSHP Systems Earth Connections for GSHPs Closed-Loop Systems Open-Loop Systems Ground Connection Pipe Lengths and Heat Transfer Details Global Status of GSHPs Recent Advances in GSHPs Ground-Loop Heat Exchangers Ground- vs Air-Source Heat Pump Systems Comparison of Ground- and Air-Source Heat Pumps Advantages of Ground- and Air-Source Heat Pumps Effects of System and Operating Parameters on GSHP Performance Effect of Compressor Efficiency Effect of Condenser Pressure Effect of Other System Parameters Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Other Environmental Impacts GSHP Examples Conclusions References Chapter 7.4: CCHP for Buildings: Design Methodologies, Operational Strategies, and Optimization Schemes Introduction Design Methodologies Optimal Sizing of CCHP Operational Strategies FEL and FTL Operations Advanced Control for Real-Time Operation Optimization Schemes Operation With Energy Storage Case Studies Conclusions References Chapter 7.5: Efficient Heating Fan Coil Unit in Buildings Introduction Concept Definitions Design Methodologies Experiment Results Case Studies Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-8---Building-Automation-for-Ener_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency- Chapter 8: Building Automation for Energy Efficiency Chapter 8.1: Efficient Lighting Systems Introduction Efficient Electrical Lighting Sources Natural Lighting Lighting Management Systems Efficient Lighting Actions Conclusions References Chapter 8.2: Water Conservation and Efficiencyin Buildings Energy and Water Water Use in the Built Environment Water Efficiency: Upgrading End-Use Water Conservation: Changing Behaviors Water Sustainability Considerations Examples of Water Efficiency in Buildings Future Directions for Water Use in Buildings References Chapter 8.3: Energy Management in Buildings Overview Introduction Development of BEMS Structure and Main Components Communications Infrastructure BEMS Functions Main Functions of a BEMS Energy Management in Air-Conditioning Systems Energy Management in Lighting System BEMS Operation and Benefits Operation Guideline Benefits of BEMS Future Trend of Development Development in Hardware Development in Software References Chapter 8.4: Intelligent Management for SmartBuildings Introduction Smart Buildings: Bus and Network Technologies Standardized Networks Wireless Technologies Literature Review of Fault Detection Methods Proposed Solution Gateway-Centric Wireless Network Objects Layer Network and Security Layer Middleware and Application Layer Business and Application Layer Anomaly Detection for Diagnostics Decision Support System for Smart Management Conclusions References Chapter-9---Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildi_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-i Chapter 9: Energy Efficiency in Building Renovation Chapter 9.1: Energy Audits of Existing Buildings Introduction Energy Audits Standards and Procedures Overall Process Contract Agreement Intake Analysis Results Qualifications of Auditors-Experts Costs of Audits Energy Conservations Measures Measurements Calculations Performance Indicators Energy Bills and Monitoring Cummulative Sum of Differences (CUSUM) Targeting Benchmarking Buildings Portfolio and Building Stocks Closing the Gap of Actual Versus Calculated Energy Use Conclusions References Chapter 9.2: Energy Behavior of Compact UrbanFabric Introduction Building Fabric Energy Analysis: The Role of the Urban Texture in Building Renovation Strategies The Heritage-Informed Improvement in Buildings Behavior as a Tool for the Energy Management of Historic Built Heritage Identification and Characterization of the Urban Fabric Morphology of the Urban Fabrics The Built Compact Urban Textures Urban Energy Modeling in the Compact City An Overview on a New Approach Urban Morphology Indicators Data Input Energy Analysis and Results Validation Recommendations Urban Heat Island in the Compact City Impact of UHI Intensity on Energy Demand and Comfort in the Compact City Urban Climate and Morphology of Canyons and Urban Textures Urban Morphology Parameters for Urban Climate Analysis Recommendations Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 9.3: Solutions to Improve Energy Efficiencyin HVAC for Renovated Buildings Introduction Main HVAC Components and Their Peculiarities Plant and Building Coupling The Renovation Process Procedures and Tools for Energy Estimating and Modeling of HVACs The Three Accuracy Levels in the Analysis of the HVAC System Efficiency HVAC System Modeling and Dynamic Simulation Techniques and Technologies for Efficient HVAC Systems: A Brief Review Optimal Design and Management of Integrated Hybrid Systems: The CBA Approach Selected Technologies for Energy Savings in HVAC Systems Case Studies Case Study #1: The Design of a GSHP System: Optimization of Operative Life Performances Case Study #2: Cycle-Based vs Quasi-Stationary Design Methods for HP Systems References Further Reading Chapter 9.4: Cost-Benefit Analysis of BuildingRenovation Introduction Benefits of Building Renovation and Cost Implications Cost-Effectiveness in the International Framework Cost Analysis Definition of Economic Cost Analysis Indicators Standardized Economic Evaluations Economic Sustainability Assessment of Buildings (EN 15643-4) Calculation Procedure and Indicators for the Economic Sustainability Assessment of Buildings (EN 16627) Economic Evaluation Procedure for Energy Systems in Buildings (EN 15459-1) Cost-Optimal Analysis of a Building Refurbishment Cost-Optimization Procedure Optimization Methods and Tools Example of Cost Analysis Conclusions References Chapter-10---Conclusions_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildings Chapter 10: Conclusions Index_2019_Handbook-of-Energy-Efficiency-in-Buildings Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Z