Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition (Applied Ecology and Environmental Management)

"Continuing in the tradition of its bestselling predecessor, the Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition brings together world-class editors and contributors who have been at the forefront of ecosystem health assessment research for decades, to provide a sound approach to environmental management and sustainable development. Significantly updated and expanded, this authoritative resource details a proven framework for selecting, evaluating, and validating ecological indicators for ecosystem health assessment. It guides readers through the application of this framework to a wide range of ecosystems, including wetlands, estuaries, coastal zones, lakes, forests, marine ecosystems, lagoons, agricultural systems, landscapes, and rivers. The text synthesizes material from a variety of books, journals, and private research, to consider biodiversity, energy needs, ecological economics, and natural capital in the measurement of ecological health. Organized for ease of reference, the first part of the handbook provides the required theoretical background. It presents a complete overview of all relevant ecological indicators - including thermodynamics, resilience estimates, exergy, and emergy indicators. The second part focuses on how to effectively apply the ecological indicators to a number of important ecosystems. It includes many examples and case studies that clearly illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each method for specific applications. Offering first-hand insight and practical guidance from practitioners in the field, this complete resource supplies the tools and the well-rounded understanding required to diagnose the health of virtually any ecosystem with much improved accuracy."--Publisher's description Cover Page......Page 1 Title: Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition......Page 4 ISBN 1439809364......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 8 Editors......Page 10 Contributors......Page 12 Section I. Ecological Indicators......Page 16 1.1 The Role of Ecosystem Health Assessment in Environmental Management......Page 18 1.2 The Conceptual Flow in This Volume......Page 21 Contents......Page 24 2.1 Criteria for the Selection of Ecological Indicators for EHA......Page 25 2.2 Classification of Ecosystem Health Indicators......Page 27 2.3 Indices Based on Indicator Species......Page 29 2.3.3 A MBI (Borja et al. 2000)......Page 31 2.3.4 BENTIX (Simboura and Zenetos 2002)......Page 32 2.3.6 Benthic Response Index (Smith et al. 2001)......Page 33 2.3.7 Conservation Index (Moreno et al. 2001)......Page 34 2.4.1 Nematodes/Copepods Index (Rafaelli and Mason 1981)......Page 38 2.4.3 Infaunal Index (Word 1980)......Page 39 2.4.4 Feldman Index......Page 40 2.5 Indices Based on the Diversity Value......Page 41 2.5.1 Shannon–Wiener Index (Shannon and Wiener 1963)......Page 42 2.5.5 Simpson Index (Simpson 1949)......Page 43 2.5.8 Average Taxonomic Diversity (Warwick and Clarke 1995)......Page 44 2.6 Indicators Based on Species Biomass and Abundance......Page 45 2.6.1 ABC Method (Warwick 1986)......Page 46 2.7 Indicators Integrating All Environment Information......Page 47 2.7.2 Coefficient of Pollution (Satsmadjis 1982)......Page 48 2.7.4 B-IBI (Weisberg et al. 1997)......Page 49 2.7.6 Fish Health Index (FHI) (Cooper et al. 1993)......Page 50 2.7.8 Estuarine Fish Importance Rating (FIR ) (Maree et al. 2000)......Page 51 2.8 Presentation and Definition of Level 7and 8 Indicators—Holistic Indicators......Page 52 2.9 An Overview of Applicable Ecological Indicators for EHA......Page 69 2.10.1 Direct Measurement Method......Page 70 2.10.2 Ecological Model Method......Page 71 2.10.3 Ecosystem Health Index Method......Page 72 2.11 An Integrated, Consistent Ecosystem Theory That Can Be Applied as a Fundament for EHA......Page 73 References......Page 79 3.1 Thermodynamic Concepts as Super-Holistic Indicators......Page 92 3.2 Eco-Exergy as Ecosystem Health Indicator......Page 93 3.3 Illustrative Examples of Eco-Exergy as Ecosystem Health Indicator......Page 98 References......Page 102 4.1 Introduction......Page 104 4.2 A Systems View of Ecosystem Health......Page 105 4.3.1 Emergy and Transformity: Concepts and Definitions......Page 107 4.3.2 Hierarchy......Page 111 4.3.3 Transformities and Hierarchy......Page 112 4.3.4 Transformity and Efficiency......Page 114 4.4 Emergy, Transformity, and Biodiversity......Page 115 4.5 System-Level Diversity Index......Page 117 4.6 Emergy and Information......Page 118 4.7 Measuring Changes in Ecosystem Health......Page 119 4.8 Restoring Ecosystem Health......Page 122 References......Page 124 5.1 Introduction......Page 128 5.2 Eco-Exergy and Emergy......Page 129 5.3 The Ratio of Eco-Exergy to Emergy Flow......Page 131 5.4 ΔEx versus ΔEm......Page 133 5.5 Integration of Analytical and Systems Approaches for the Description of the Influence of Mercury Emissions on Mount Amiata Ecosystem......Page 135 5.6 Preliminary Results......Page 137 References......Page 138 6.1 Ecosystem Health, Integrity, and Security: Diverse Notions for One Possible Single Frame......Page 140 6.2 Environmental Security in SESs......Page 142 6.3 Exercising Environmental Security from a Landscape Perspective......Page 144 6.4 Disturbance of What, and to What......Page 145 6.5 Ecosystem Service Providers......Page 147 6.6 Scales and Patterns of Coupled Disturbance and ESPs in a Panarchy of SELs......Page 150 6.7 Disturbance Patterns at Multiple Scales......Page 151 6.8 Discussion: ESP Vulnerability/Security across Multiple Scales......Page 155 6.9 Conclusions......Page 157 References......Page 159 7.1 Introduction......Page 164 7.2 Driving Forces of Change......Page 166 7.3 Spatial Aspects of Biodiversity and Species Richness: From Ecosystem to the Landscape......Page 168 7.4 Temporal Aspects of Biodiversity and Species Richness: From the Past to the Future......Page 174 7.5 Conclusion......Page 179 References......Page 180 8.1 Introduction......Page 186 8.2 Emergy, Time, and Area......Page 187 8.2.3 Environmental Empower Density......Page 188 8.3.1 Area Weighted LDI Calculation......Page 189 8.3.2 Renewable Background Areal Empower Intensity LDI Calculation......Page 191 8.4 Pollutant Emergy and Empower Density......Page 194 8.4.1 Pollutant Density Index......Page 195 8.4.2 Pollutant Empower Density......Page 197 8.5 Summary......Page 199 References......Page 200 Appendix 8.1......Page 202 9.1 What Are Ecosystem Services?......Page 204 9.2 Intermediate versus Final Goods and Services......Page 205 9.3 Classifying Ecosystem Services......Page 206 9.4 Complex Systems and Ecosystem Services......Page 208 9.5 Valuation of Ecological Systems and Services......Page 209 9.6 Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services......Page 210 9.7 Uncertainty and Ecosystem Services......Page 211 References......Page 212 Section II. Assessment of Ecosystem Health......Page 214 10.1 Introduction: The Importance of Wetlands......Page 216 10.3 Types of Wetlands and Wetland Processes......Page 217 10.4 Ecological Indicators Applied to Assess the Ecosystem Health for Wetlands......Page 219 10.5 Ecological Indicators and Wetland Development—A Case Study......Page 222 10.6 Conclusions......Page 223 References......Page 224 Contents......Page 226 11.1 How Does Environmental Health Relate to Pressures, Human Well-Being, and Ecological Sustainability?......Page 227 11.1.1 Building Management Scenarios to Relate Environmental Pressures, Human Well-Being, and Ecological Sustainability......Page 229 11.1.2 Ecological Indicators and Ecosystems’ Health Evaluation......Page 233 11.2 Brief Review of the Application of Ecological Indicators in Estuarine and Coastal Ecosystems......Page 234 11.2.1 Indicators Based on Species Presence versus Absence......Page 236 11.2.2 Biodiversity as Reflected in Diversity Measures......Page 237 11.2.3 Indicators Based on Ecological Strategies......Page 238 11.2.5 Multimetric Indices......Page 239 11.2.6 Thermodynamically Oriented and Network-Analysis-Based Indicators......Page 240 11.4.1 Study Areas and Type of Data Used......Page 241 11.4.3.1 Mondego Estuary......Page 251 11.4.3.2 Mar Menor......Page 259 11.5 Was the Use of the Selected Indicators Satisfactory in the Two Case Studies?......Page 262 11.5.1 Application of Indicators Based on the Presence versus Absence of Species: AMBI......Page 264 11.5.4 Indicators Based on Species Biomass and Abundance: W-Statistic......Page 265 11.5.5.2 Ascendancy......Page 266 11.5.6 Brief Conclusions......Page 267 References......Page 269 Contents......Page 278 12.1.1 Ecosystem Type and Problem......Page 279 12.2.1 A Theoretical Frame......Page 280 12.2.2.2 Lake Data for Developing Indicators......Page 281 12.2.2.3 Responses of Lake Ecosystems to Chemical Stresses......Page 284 12.2.2.4 Indicators for Lake Ecosystem Health Assessment......Page 285 12.2.4 Methods for Lake Ecosystem Health Assessment......Page 287 12.3.1.2 Calculating Sub-EHIs......Page 288 12.3.1.3 Determining Weighting Factors (ωi )......Page 292 12.3.1.4 Assessing Ecosystem Health Status for the Italian Lakes......Page 293 12.3.2 Case 2: Ecosystem Health Assessment for Lake Chao Using DMM and EMM......Page 294 12.3.2.1 Assessment Using DMM......Page 295 12.3.2.2 Assessment Using EMM......Page 296 12.4.1.1 Assessment Results for Lake Chao......Page 305 12.4.1.2 Assessment Results for the Italian Lakes......Page 306 12.4.2 About Assessment Indicators......Page 307 12.4.3 About Assessment Methods......Page 308 12.5 Conclusions......Page 309 Acknowledgments......Page 310 References......Page 311 Contents......Page 316 13.1 Introduction......Page 317 13.2 International and National Policies ImpactingEI Application to SFM in SSA......Page 318 13.3.1 Assessing Forest Health, Ecological Role, and Biodiversity Conservation with EI......Page 320 13.3.2 EI Integration in Principles, Criteria, and Indicators (PCI) for Forest Management......Page 321 13.3.4 EI Application in Forest Zoning, Conservation Easements or Restrictions, Natural Heritage Sites, and Forests Enrolled in High Conservation Value......Page 323 13.3.5 EI Application by Stakeholders Involved in Forest Management......Page 325 13.3.6 EI Application in Natural Forests Restoration......Page 328 13.3.7 EI Education and Training in Forest Management......Page 329 13.3.8 EI Application and Forest Products Management......Page 331 13.3.9 EI Application by Private Sector to Forest Management......Page 333 13.3.10 EI as Basis of Forest Certification and Forest Law Enforcement, Governance, and Trade Process......Page 335 13.4 Progress Assessment in EI Application to SFM......Page 336 13.5.2 Participation of Local Communities and Stakeholders in Forest Management......Page 340 13.5.4 Funding Forest Management, Administration, Research, and Human Resource Development......Page 341 13.5.6 Training and Research Institutions......Page 342 References......Page 343 Contents......Page 350 14.1 Introduction......Page 351 14.2 Indicators......Page 352 14.2.1 Environmental and Habitat Indicators......Page 353 14.2.2 Species-Based Indicators......Page 354 14.2.3 Size-Based Indicators......Page 355 14.2.5 Network Analysis......Page 356 14.2.7 Fishing Down the Food Web......Page 357 14.2.8 Fishing-in-Balance......Page 358 14.3 Application of Indicators......Page 359 14.3.1 Environmental and Habitat Indicators......Page 360 14.3.3 Trophodynamic Indicators......Page 361 14.4 Conclusion......Page 365 Acknowledgments......Page 366 References......Page 367 Contents......Page 372 15.1 Introduction......Page 373 15.2.1 Biological Indicators......Page 374 15.2.2 Water Quality and Trophic Status Indicators......Page 376 15.2.3 Ecosystem Thresholds and Quality Class Boundaries......Page 379 15.3 Sacca di Goro Case Study......Page 380 15.3.1.1 Biogeochemical Model......Page 383 15.3.1.2 Discrete Stage-Based Model of R. philippinarum......Page 385 15.3.1.4 Cost/Benefits Model......Page 386 15.3.3.1 The Existing Situation......Page 387 15.3.3.2 Harvesting Ulva Biomass......Page 390 15.3.3.4 Reduction in Nutrient Inputs......Page 394 15.4 Conclusions......Page 396 References......Page 398 16.1 Introduction......Page 406 16.2.1 Ecosystem Theory—Conceptual Background......Page 409 16.3 Ecosystem Analysis—Empirical Background......Page 414 16.4 Ecosystem Health and Ecological Integrity—Normative Background......Page 415 16.4.1 The Selected Indicator Set......Page 418 16.5.1 Indicating Health and Integrity on the Ecosystem Scale......Page 420 16.5.2 Indicating Landscape Health......Page 423 16.5.3 Application in Sustainable Landscape Management......Page 427 16.5.4 Indicating Dynamics in Marine Ecosystems......Page 429 16.5 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 431 References......Page 432 17.1 Introduction......Page 440 17.2.1 Exergy-Based Indicators......Page 442 17.2.2 Emergy-Based Indicators......Page 444 17.2.3 Ecological Footprint-Based Indicators......Page 446 17.3 Results and Discussion......Page 448 17.3.1 Exergy Analysis......Page 449 17.3.2 Emergy Evaluation......Page 451 17.3.3 Ecological Footprint......Page 453 17.3.4 Comparing Indicators......Page 454 17.4 Conclusion......Page 456 References......Page 457 18.1 Introduction......Page 462 18.2 Biological Indicators......Page 463 18.2.1 Phytobenthos......Page 464 18.2.2 Benthic Macroinvertebrates......Page 466 18.2.3.2 Index of Biotic Integrity: Species Guild Approach......Page 468 18.2.3.3 Metrics Selection and Scoring......Page 469 18.3 European versus U.S. Approaches......Page 471 References......Page 475 Appendix......Page 480 B......Page 482 C......Page 484 D......Page 485 E......Page 486 G......Page 489 I......Page 490 M......Page 492 N......Page 493 P......Page 494 S......Page 495 T......Page 497 W......Page 498 Z......Page 499 Back Page......Page 500 Continuing in the tradition of its bestselling predecessor, the "Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health, Second Edition", provides an in-depth account of ecological indicators for assessing the health of a wide-range of ecosystems. Bringing together world-class editors and contributors who have been at the forefront of ecosystem health assessment research for decades, the text provides a sound approach to environmental management and sustainable development. Significantly updated and expanded, this authoritative resource details a proven framework for selecting, evaluating, and validating ecological indicators of ecosystem health assessment. It guides readers through the application of this framework to a wide range of ecosystems, including wetlands, estuaries, coastal zones, lakes, forests, marine ecosystems, lagoons, agricultural systems, landscapes, and rivers. The book synthesizes material from a variety of books, journals, and private research, to consider biodiversity, energy needs, ecological economics, and natural capital in the measurement of ecological health. Organized for ease of reference, the first part of the handbook provides the required theoretical background. It presents a complete overview of all relevant ecological indicators - including thermodynamics, resilience estimates, exergy, and energy indicators. The second part focuses on how to effectively apply the ecological indicators to a number of important ecosystems. It includes numerous examples and case studies that clearly illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of each method for specific applications. Offering first-hand insight and practical guidance from practitioners in the field, this complete resource supplies the tools and the well-rounded understanding required to diagnose the health of virtually any ecosystem with much improved accuracy "The Handbook of Ecological Indicators for Assessment of Ecosystem Health is the first comprehensive account and guidebook to ecological indicators for evaluating the health of a wide variety of ecosystems. It explains what is needed to apply the methods and indicators, including theoretical background and modeling techniques, to evaluate the state of a given ecosystem. It will be useful for a wide range of environmental managers, natural resource managers, land use planners, and policy makers in government and non-governmental organizations worldwide."--Jacket.