راهنمای سم‌شناسی عصبی توسعه‌ای - ویرایش دوم

Front-matter_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology Copyright_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology List-of-Contributors_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology Preface-and-Acknowledgments_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology1 Part I Cellular and molecular morphogenesis of the nervous system Chapter-1---Brain-Morphogenesis-and-Develop_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N Chapter 1 - Brain Morphogenesis and Developmental Neurotoxicology I - Introduction II - Marr proposed computational models be integrated over three levels III - Morphogenetic features emerge from interactions across multiple levels of biological organization A - Sensory Pathways Encode Features of Sense Organs and the Environment B - Neurovascular Coupling (NVC) is Essential to Brain Connectivity C - Engrams Exist at Multiple Structural Levels IV - Whole Brain Assessment of Larval Zebrafish Reveals Patterns of Connectivity V - Conclusions: morphology informs predictive models of developmental neurotoxicity Acknowledgments Abbreviations References Further Reading Chapter-2---Neural-Cell-Adhesion-Molecules-in-No_2018_Handbook-of-Developmen Chapter 2 - Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules in Normal and Abnormal Neural Development I - Introduction II - The expression levels of NCAM and PSA–NCAM during the development III - Regulating PSA–NCAM expression and cell migration IV - Requirement of PSA–NCAM for activity-induced synaptic plasticity Acknowledgments References Chapter-3---Neurite-Development-and-Neu_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuro Chapter 3 - Neurite Development and Neurotoxicity I - Introduction A - Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neurite Growth 1 - Applications in Neurotoxicology: Addressing Molecular Mechanisms B - Genetic Modulation of Neurite Development 1 - Examples of Genetic Modulation by Neurotoxicants C - Cell Death Mechanisms and Neurite Development 1 - Relevance to Neurotoxicology: Addressing Cell Death Mechanisms D - Stem/Progenitor Cells and Neurite Development 1 - Applications of Stem Cell Technology for Neurotoxicology E - Neurite Growth and State-of-the-Art Techniques 1 - Overview 2 - High-Content Imaging 3 - Applications Using HCI 4 - Three-Dimensional Approaches a - Organotypic Culture Technique for Assessing Neurite Growth b - 3D Cell Culture 5 - Nanotechnology and Neurite Development a - Applications of Nanotechnology b - Neurotoxicity of Nanomaterials 6 - Bioengineering and Neurite Development a - De Novo Measurement of Neurite Growth b - Bioengineering-Induced Neurotoxicity Related to Neurite Development II - Conclusions Acknowledgment References Further Reading Chapter-4---Myelin--Structure--Function--Patho_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta Chapter 4 - Myelin: Structure, Function, Pathology, and Targeted Therapeutics I - Introduction II - Myelin architecture and assembly: old and new perspectives A - Traditional View of Myelin B - Recent Findings: Myelin Structure and Functions III - Neuron–glia communication and its regulation IV - Myelinating glial cell lineages in peripheral and central nervous systems A - Schwann Cells B - Oligodendrocytes V - Chemical composition of vertebrate myelin VI - Dysmyelination: myelin mutant models for dysmyelination VII - Demyelination: effect of various factors on developmental myelination A - Malnutrition B - Thyroid Deficiency VIII - Remyelination and CNS disorders: myelin to axonal regeneration IX - Newer treatment strategies for myelin disorders X - Conclusions Acknowledgment References Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology5 PART II Developmental neurobiology/toxicology Chapter-5---Neurotrophic-Factor_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicolo Chapter 5 - Neurotrophic Factors I - Neurotrophic factors II - Expression pattern and regulation III - Neurotrophin receptors IV - Neurotrophic factors in cell survival and cell death V - Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity VI - Neurotrophins and behavior VII - Other neurotrophic factors VIII - Clinical correlates to neurodegenerative disorders IX - Clinical correlates to psychiatric disorders X - Genetic polymorphisms XI - Neurotrophins as therapeutic agents References Chapter-6---Serotonin-Signaling-as-a-Target-fo_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta Chapter 6 - Serotonin Signaling as a Target for Craniofacial Embryotoxicity I - Introduction—Serotonin and Embryonic Development II - Serotonin signal transduction A - Serotonin Release and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors B - Serotonin Receptors and Receptor Antagonists III - Role of serotonin in development A - Placental Transfer of Serotonin B - Serotonin and Craniofacial Development C - Embryonic Precursors of the Facial Skeleton D - Serotonin and Neural Crest Cells E - Importance of Proper Orofacial Osteogenesis to Orofacial Development F - Serotonin and Bone Development IV - Conclusions References Chapter-7---Neurotoxic-and-Neurotrophic-Effects-o_2018_Handbook-of-Developme Chapter 7 - Neurotoxic and Neurotrophic Effects of GABAergic Agents on the Developing Brain I - Introduction II - The GABAergic system during development III - GABAergic agents and consequences of perturbations of GABAergic system development IV - Animal models of GABAergic system perturbation V - In vitro and cell-based models of GABAergic system perturbation during neurodevelopment VI - Bioinformatic and computational approaches VII - Protecting the developing GABAergic system: prospects for the future References Chapter-8---Neural-Stem-Cell-Biology-and-Applicat_2018_Handbook-of-Developme Chapter 8 - Neural Stem Cell Biology and Application to Developmental Neurotoxicity Assessment I - Neural stem cells in the developing brain II - Neural stem cells in the adult brain III - NSCs-derived from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells IV - Application of NSCs to developmental neurotoxicity assessments A - Status of Developmental Neurotoxicity Tests B - Considerations on the Utilization of NSCs as an In Vitro Model for DNT Assessment V - Conclusions Acknowledgment References Further Reading Chapter-9---Apoptosis-as-a-Mechanism-of-Deve_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental- Chapter 9 - Apoptosis as a Mechanism of Developmental Neurotoxicity I - Introduction II - Molecular Mechanisms of Apoptosis in the Developing Nervous System III - Physiological Roles of Apoptosis in Neurodevelopment IV - Chemical-Induced Apoptosis A - Anesthetics B - Polychlorinated Biphenyls C - Zinc V - Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter-10---Periods-of-Susceptibility--Interspecies-Co_2018_Handbook-of-Dev Chapter 10 - Periods of Susceptibility: Interspecies Comparison of Developmental Milestones During Ontogenesis of the Central Ne... I - Introduction II - Overview of central nervous system development A - Neural Tube Formation B - Cellular Components of the Neural Plate C - Primary Neurulation D - Formation of Cerebral Vesicles E - Secondary Neurulation F - Intramural Development and Nuclei III - Developmental milestones A - Externally Observed Central Nervous System Developmental Milestones B - Internally Observed Central Nervous System Developmental Milestones C - Developmental Milestones Related to Myelination D - Developmental Milestones of Cerebral Cortex IV - Conclusions References Chapter-11---Modeling-the-Neurovascular-Unit_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental- Chapter 11 - Modeling the Neurovascular Unit In Vitro and In Silico I - Introduction II - Animal models of BBB development and function III - Cell-based models IV - Static three-dimensional (3D) models V - Organotypic culture models (OCMs) and microphysiological systems(MPS) VI - Implementing in vitro BBB models for DNT VII - In silico models: BBB permeability VIII - In silico models: virtual NVU IX - Summary and conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter-12---Zebrafish-as-a-Model-for-Developm_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta Chapter 12 - Zebrafish as a Model for Developmental Biology and Toxicology I - Introduction II - Developmental biology A - Gastrulation B - Organogenesis C - Neurodevelopment D - Neurulation E - Neurogenesis F - Eye G - Brain H - Behavior III - Developmental toxicology A - Assessments and Chemicals Screened 1 - Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) Test 2 - Morphological Screens 3 - Behavioral Assays B - Advancements IV - Concordance with mammalian models V - Conclusions References Chapter-13---Using-Caenorhabditis-elegans-t_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N Chapter 13 - Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Study Neurotoxicity I - Introduction II - Studies of specific neurotoxins A - Manganese B - Selenium C - Methylmercury D - Other Toxins III - Anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity IV - Conclusions References Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology6 Synaptogenesis and neurotransmission Chapter-14---Human-3D-In-Vitro-Models-for-De_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental- Chapter 14 - Human 3D In Vitro Models for Developmental Neurotoxicity I - Developmental neurotoxicity represents a societal testing need II - The current testing approach for DNT in vivo and in vitro does not satisfy our needs III - The process of developing in vitro strategies for DNT IV - The development of a reproducible BMPS for modeling neurodevelopment and testing its perturbation V - Ongoing developments of the mini-brain VI - Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter-15---Ontogeny-of-Monoamine-Neuro_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neur Chapter 15 - Ontogeny of Monoamine Neurotransmitters I - Introduction II - Innervation of terminal fields A - Ontogeny of Dopaminergic Innervation B - Ontogeny of Noradrenergic Innervation C - Ontogeny of Serotonergic Innervation III - Neurochemical synaptogenesis A - Neurotransmitter Content 1 - Dopamine 2 - Norepinephrine 3 - Serotonin B - Biosynthetic Enzymes 1 - Tyrosine Hydroxylase 2 - Dopamine β-Hydroxylase (DβH) 3 - Tryptophan Hydroxylase (TPH) C - Reuptake Systems 1 - High-Affinity DA Uptake 2 - High-Affinity NE Uptake 3 - High-Affinity 5-HT Uptake D - Monoaminergic Receptors 1 - Dopaminergic Receptors 2 - Noradrenergic Receptors 3 - Serotonergic Receptors a - Developmental neurotoxicity of amphetamine-type stimulants References Chapter-16---Developmental-Toxicity-Within-the-_2018_Handbook-of-Development Chapter 16 - Developmental Toxicity Within the Central Cholinergic Nervous System I - Introduction II - The Cholinergic System in CNS Development III - Vulnerable Time Periods of Developmental Neurotoxicity IV - Functional Effects of Developmental Exposure to Anticholinesterases V - Cholinergic Mechanisms of Developmental Neurotoxicity VI - Other Cholinergic Developmental Neurotoxicants A - Other Insecticides B - Nicotine C - Lead D - Endocrine Disruptors VII - Conclusions References Chapter-17---Ontogeny-of-Second-Messeng_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuro Chapter 17 - Ontogeny of Second Messenger Systems I - Introduction II - Second Messenger Systems: General and Ontogenic Aspects A - Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate B - Inositol Triphosphate and Diacylglycerol C - Calcium D - Nitric Oxide III - Specific Roles of the Second Messenger System in Brain Development A - Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis B - Modulation of Apoptosis IV - Developmental Neurotoxicants and Second Messenger Systems A - Ethanol B - Lead V - Conclusions References Chapter-18---The-NMDA-Receptors--Physiology-and-_2018_Handbook-of-Developmen Chapter 18 - The NMDA Receptors: Physiology and Neurotoxicity in the Developing Brain I - Introduction II - Molecular Structure of the NMDA Receptor III - Functional Role of the NMDA Receptor IV - Anatomical Distribution and Developmental Changes in NMDA Receptors in Brain V - Role of the NMDA Receptor in Neurotoxicity During Brain Development Acknowledgment References Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology Part IV - Nutrient and Chemical Disposition Chapter-19---Physiologically-Based-Pharmaco_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N Chapter 19 - Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) Models I - Introduction II - Selected PBPK models for developmental neurotoxicology A - Atrazine 1 - Background 2 - Pharmacokinetic Model Structure 3 - Model Predictions 4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions B - Chlorpyrifos 1 - Background 2 - Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model Structure 3 - Model Predictions 4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions C - Deltamethrin 1 - Background 2 - Pharmacokinetic Model Structure 3 - Model Predictions 4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions D - Manganese 1 - Background 2 - Pharmacokinetic Model Structure 3 - Model Predictions 4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions E - Perchlorate and Iodine 1 - Background 2 - Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Model Structure 3 - Life Stage Model Predictions 4 - Strengths, Weaknesses, and Future Directions III - Future directions for modeling CNS active materials Acknowledgment References Chapter-20---Blood-Brain-Barrier--Physiologica_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta Chapter 20 - Blood–Brain Barrier: Physiological and Functional Considerations I - Introduction II - Development of the blood–brain barrier A - Role of Astrocytes in BBB Development B - Role of Pericytes in BBB Development C - Signaling Pathways Involved in BBB Development III - Disruption of the blood–brain barrier A - Drugs of Abuse B - Neurodegenerative Diseases IV - Summary References Chapter-21---Toxicological-Mechanisms-of-Engineered-Na_2018_Handbook-of-Deve Chapter 21 - Toxicological Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials: Role of Material Properties in Inducing Different Biological ... I - Introduction II - Manganese NP Toxicity III - The Role of Charge in Gold Nanotoxicity IV - Toxicity of Amorphous Silica Nanoparticles V - Unique Cellular Interactions of Silver Nanoparticles VI - Chronic Toxicity of Nanoparticles in Enhanced Models VII - Impact of Nanoparticles on Cellular Mitochondria VIII - Understanding Molecular Mechanisms of Nanoparticle Toxicity Through Gene-Editing Technology References Chapter-22---Food-and-Nutrient-Exposure-Throughout-the-_2018_Handbook-of-Dev Chapter 22 - Food and Nutrient Exposure Throughout the Life Span: How Does What We Eat Translate Into Exposure, Deficiencies, an... I - Introduction II - Nutrient Assessment III - Bioavailability and Beyond IV - Current Nutrient Standards V - Global Causes of Deficiency VI - Global Causes of Toxicity VII - Effects of Deficiency and Excessive Amounts of Selected Nutrients A - Iron B - Zinc C - Folic Acid D - Vitamin A E - Vitamin D VIII - Approaches to Addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies A - Pill Supplementation Programs B - Fortification C - Multiple Micronutrient Fortified Beverages and Foods D - Microencapsulation E - Agricultural Enhancement of Micronutrient Content of Foods IX - Further Directions in Research About Lifelong Effects of Nutrition A - Dietary Intake to Prevent Disease B - Neonatal Microbiome X - Summary References Chapter-23---The-Microbiome-Gut-Brai_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotox Chapter 23 - The Microbiome Gut–Brain Axis I - Introduction II - What is the human microbiome? III - What is the gut–brain axis? IV - Current knowledge on how the intestinal microbiota influences the gut–brain axis V - Intestinal microbiota-derived neuroactive metabolites VI - Neurological disorders VII - Conclusions and research data gaps Acknowledgments Definitions for the gut–brain axis References Chapter-24---Drug-and-Chemical-Contaminants-in-Brea_2018_Handbook-of-Develop Chapter 24 - Drug and Chemical Contaminants in Breast Milk: Effects on Neurodevelopment of the Nursing Infant I - Introduction II - Effects of breastfeeding on infant neurodevelopment III - Exposure of nursing infants to drugs in breast milk A - Mammary Gland Structure B - Mechanisms of Xenobiotics Secretion Into Milk 1 - Ionization Characteristics 2 - Lipid Solubility 3 - Plasma Protein Binding C - Quantitative Estimation of Infant Drug Exposure Via Breast Milk IV - Effects of maternal exposure to environmental contaminants on the nursing infant A - Metals and Inorganic Compounds 1 - Lead 2 - Methlymercury 3 - Arsenic B - Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP) 1 - Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins (Dioxins) and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (Furans) 2 - Polychlorinated Biphenyls V - Drugs and nonmedicinal substances A - Marijuana (Cannabis) B - Other Nonmedicinal and Medicinal Substances VI - Information Resources VII - Conclusions References Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology2 Part V - Behavioral Assessment Chapter-25---Behavioral-Phenotyping-in-Developmental-_2018_Handbook-of-Devel Chapter 25 - Behavioral Phenotyping in Developmental Neurotoxicology—Simple Approaches Using Unconditioned Behaviors in Rodents I - Introduction II - Basic Considerations III - Simple Unlearned Behaviors and Other Measures for Assessing Developmental Neurotoxicity A - Measures of Physical Growth B - Appearance of Physical Developmental Landmarks C - Sleep–Activity Cycle 1 - Activity and Circadian Rhythms 2 - Sleep Cycle D - Sensory Function 1 - Olfactory Orientation 2 - Auditory Startle Reflex 3 - Psychophysical Methods 4 - Other Tests of Sensory Deficits E - Motor Development 1 - Primitive Motor Behaviors 2 - Other Motor Functions F - Activity and Exploratory Behavior 1 - Activity 2 - Exploratory Behavior 3 - Pharmacologically Induced Changes in Locomotor Activity G - Species- and Sex-Specific Behaviors 1 - Grooming 2 - Reproductive and Parental Behaviors 3 - Aggressive Behaviors 4 - Unlearned Social and Play Behaviors 5 - Ultrasonic Vocalizations H - Anxiety- and Depression-Like Behaviors IV - Behavioral Test Batteries in Developmental Neurotoxicology A - Test Batteries Designed for Rats 1 - Cincinnati Test Battery 2 - Collaborative Behavioral Teratology Study Test Battery 3 - European Collaborative Study B - Test Batteries Designed for Mice C - Newer Rodent Testing Batteries for Rodents and Design Considerations V - Conclusions References Chapter-26---Psychometric-Tools-to-Study-Cognition--Se_2018_Handbook-of-Deve Chapter 26 - Psychometric Tools to Study Cognition, Sensory Functioning, and Social Behavior in Infant and Adolescent Nonhuman P... I - Developmental Assessments for Young Macaque Infants (Birth to 3–4 Months of Age) II - Assessing Cognition in Older Infants and Juveniles III - Methodologies for Measuring Learning and Memory IV - Tests of Cognition Suitable for Infant and Adolescent Monkeys V - Raising the Bar on Difficulty: Measuring Complex Learning Abilities VI - Tools to Measure Vision and Hearing VII - Social Behavior in Play Groups and Mother–Infant Pairs VIII - Concluding remarks Acknowledgment References Further Reading Chapter-27---Automated-Assessment-of-Cognitive_2018_Handbook-of-Developmenta Chapter 27 - Automated Assessment of Cognitive Function in Nonhuman Primates I - Introduction II - Measuring cognition very early in life III - Evaluation of cognitive abilities from late infancy into adulthood IV - Toxicological testing using operant methods during development Acknowledgment References Chapter-28---Determining-the-Validity-of-Preclinical_2018_Handbook-of-Develo Chapter 28 - Determining the Validity of Preclinical Behavioral Assessments for Extrapolation to a Clinical Setting I - Introduction II - Ecological validity III - Face validity IV - Convergent validity V - Construct validity VI - Predictive validity VII - Conclusions Acknowledgment References Further Reading Chapter-29---Behavioral-Outcome-as-a-Primary-Organiz_2018_Handbook-of-Develo Chapter 29 - Behavioral Outcome as a Primary Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data in Developmental Neurotoxicity I - Current Challenges in Risk Assessment II - Organizing Principles for Mechanistic Data in Developmental Neurotoxicity are Needed Because the Brain is a “Complex A... III - Changes in Mechanistic Function During Neurodevelopment and Developmental Toxic Exposure May be Indistinguishable IV - Behavior as an Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data A - Approaches for Using Behavior as an Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data B - Examples of Using Behavior as an Organizing Principle for Mechanistic Data V - Using a Single Behavioral Outcome at a Single Developmental Stage to Develop a Hierarchy of Mechanistic Effects: Rearin... VI - Which Mechanisms Have Been Associated With Mouse and Rat Rearing Behavior? VII - Is There Mechanistic Evidence That Lead Exposure Disrupts Cholinergic Transmission? VIII - How do We Understand Other Mechanistic Effects From Lead Exposure Relative to the Cholinergic System Disruption Indi... IX - Does Evidence Suggest That Disruptions in the Cholinergic System Impact Glutamate/GABA Function? X - What was Gained by Using Rearing Behavior at Preadolescence as a Starting Point for Organizing Extant Mechanistic Data? XI - Limitations XII - Using a Single Behavioral Outcome Measured at Multiple Developmental Stages to Understand the Salience of a Given Mec... XIII - Bisphenol A as a Developmental Neurotoxicant XIV - Anxiety as a Domain of Concern in BPA Risk Assessment XV - EPM Anxiety and BPA Effects at Multiple Developmental Stages XVI - What Brain Mechanisms are Relevant to EPM-Assessed Anxiety? XVII - What Mechanism Pathways are Plausible Candidates for Developmental BPA Effects on EPM Anxiety? A - GABA and Glutamate at One Life Stage B - ERβ, Glutamate, and Spine Synapse Density Pathway XVIII - What is Gained by Using Behavior as an Organizing Principle? XIX - Limitations XX - Concluding Remarks References Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology3 Part VI - Clinical Assessment and Epidemiology Chapter-30---Evaluation-of-the-Human-Ne_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuro Chapter 30 - Evaluation of the Human Newborn Infant I - Introduction II - A First Impression A - Pregnancy Outcome B - Apgar Score C - Neonatal Screening Programs III - Neurobehavioral Evaluations A - Neurologic Examination of the Full-Term Newborn Infant B - Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale C - Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development D - Infants With Perinatal Risk Factors 1 - Neurobehavioral Examinations of the Preterm Infant 2 - General Movements 3 - NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale 4 - The Assessment for Premature Infant Behavior 5 - Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program 6 - Infant Behavioral Assessment–Intervention Program 7 - Looking Behavior Assessment 8 - Pain Assessment IV - Neuroimaging A - Cranial Ultrasound B - Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1 - Diffusion Tensor Imaging 2 - Functional MRI C - Transcranial Doppler D - Near-Infrared Spectroscopy V - Neurophysiological Assessments A - Electroencephalogram B - Evoked Potentials 1 - Auditory Brainstem Responses 2 - Visual Evoked Potentials 3 - Somatosensory Evoked Potential VI - Perinatal Risk Scores A - Clinical Risk for Babies and Score for Acute Neonatal Physiology B - Perinatal Risk Inventory and Nursery Neurobiological Risk Score C - New Perinatal Risk Scores VII - Discussion Acknowledgments References Chapter-31---Neuropsychological-Assessment-of-Chil_2018_Handbook-of-Developm Chapter 31 - Neuropsychological Assessment of Children in Studies of Developmental Neurotoxicity I - Introduction II - Selecting the Age at Which to Conduct a Neuropsychological Assessment III - Considerations in Designing an Assessment Battery IV - Interpretation References Chapter-32---Neurodevelopmental-Assessment-of_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental Chapter 32 - Neurodevelopmental Assessment of the Older Infant and Child I - Epidemiology of Pediatric Neurodevelopmental and Behavioral Disorders II - Toolkit for Evaluation References Chapter-33---Longitudinal-Studies-of-the-Effects-of_2018_Handbook-of-Develop Chapter 33 - Longitudinal Studies of the Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure on Development and Behavior I - Methodological Issues in the Study of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure A - Theoretical Model B - Sample Selection and Assessment of Substance Use During Pregnancy C - Selection of a Comparison Group and Measurement of Covariates II - A Longitudinal Study of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure: The Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project A - Sample Selection and Study Design B - Pattern of Cocaine Use and Sample Characteristics C - Covariates of Cocaine Use III - Results From the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project and Other Longitudinal Investigations of Pre... A - Growth B - Central Nervous System/Cognitive Development C - Temperament/Mood D - Behavior and Substance Use IV - Conclusions References Chapter-34---Assessment-of-Case-Reports-an_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Ne Chapter 34 - Assessment of Case Reports and Clinical Series I - Introduction II - Recognition of Patterns of Anomalies III - Syndromes of Cognitive or Behavioral Abnormalities IV - Limitations of Pattern Recognition References Introduction_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neurotoxicology4 Part VII - Specific Neurotoxic Syndromes Chapter-35---Fetal-Minamata-Disease--A-Human-Epis_2018_Handbook-of-Developme Chapter 35 - Fetal Minamata Disease: A Human Episode of Congenital Methylmercury Poisoning I - Introduction II - Human Episodes III - Neuropathology of Fetal Minamata Disease A - Minamata Cases B - Iraqi Cases 1 - Placental and Mammary Transfer 2 - Experimental Congenital Mercury Poisoning a - Disruption of Neuronal Migration and Neural Cytoarchitecture 3 - Biomolecular Basis of Neurotoxicity in FMD a - Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule b - Neurocytoskeleton (Microtubules) IV - Concluding Remarks References Chapter-36---The-Developmental-Neurotoxic_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neu Chapter 36 - The Developmental Neurotoxicity of Cadmium I - Introduction II - Prenatal and postnatal cadmium exposure III - Mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity IV - Neurobehavioral outcomes in animals V - Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children and adolescents VI - Conclusions References Chapter-37---Developmental-Neurotoxicology-of-Lea_2018_Handbook-of-Developme Chapter 37 - Developmental Neurotoxicology of Lead: Neurobehavioral and Neurological Impacts I - Lead Neurotoxicity in Children A - Cognitive Function B - Academic Achievement C - Specific Mental Domains D - Disturbances in Mood and Social Conduct E - Summary II - Neurological Effects of Lead Neurotoxicity in Animals: Cognition and Plasticity A - Lead and Neurotransmitter Release B - Lead and Glutamatergic NMDA Receptors C - Lead Neurotoxicity and Synaptic Plasticity D - Lead Exposure and the Susceptibility to Alzheimer’s Disease E - Lead and Retinal Function F - Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Lead: Schedule-Controlled Behavior G - Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Lead: Memory H - Lead Neurotoxicity and Structural Synaptic Plasticity I - Summary References Chapter-38---Fetal-Alcohol-Spectrum-D_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-Neuroto Chapter 38 - Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder I - Introduction II - Epidemiology of Alcohol Consumption in Pregnancy III - Alcohol Mechanism of Action A - Provocative Factors B - Permissive Factors IV - Epigenetics V - Epidemiology of FASD and Economic Burden VI - FASD Diagnosis VII - FASD Disabilities VIII - FASD and Mental Health IX - FASD Challenges and Future Directions X - FASD Prevention XI - Conclusions References Chapter-39---Developmental-Neurotoxicity-of_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N Chapter 39 - Developmental Neurotoxicity of Nicotine and Tobacco I - Tobacco and nicotine exposure during pregnancy II - Epidemiological studies find neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with tobacco exposure in pregnancy III - Animal models show that nicotine exposure during development causes neurobehavioral impairment IV - Nicotine disrupts neuronal development V - Neurotoxicity of other compounds in tobacco VI - Second hand smoke VII - Other nicotinic compounds VIII - Conclusions Acknowledgments Abbreviations References Chapter-40---Developmental-Neurobehavioral-Ne_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental Chapter 40 - Developmental Neurobehavioral Neurotoxicity of Insecticides I - Introduction II - Organochlorines A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity B - Developmental Toxicity III - Organophosphates A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity B - Developmental Neurotoxicity IV - Carbamates A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity B - Developmental Neurotoxicity V - Pyrethroids A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity B - Developmental Neurotoxicity VI - Neonicotinoids A - Insecticidal Versus Off-Target Acute Toxicity B - Developmental Neurotoxicity VII - Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter-41---Developmental-Exposure-to-Polychlorinated-_2018_Handbook-of-Dev Chapter 41 - Developmental Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls Induces Deficits in Inhibitory Control and May Enhance Substanc... I - Introduction A - What Are Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)? B - Environmental Toxicology and Bioaccumulation II - Developmental Neurobehavioral Neurotoxicity of PCBs A - PCBs Cause Inhibitory Control Deficits B - PCBs Alter Psychostimulant Behavioral Pharmacology III - Developmental PCB Exposure Impairs Dopamine Function A - Stimulated Peak Dopamine Release Changes After Developmental PCB Exposure B - Developmental PCB Exposure Alters Dopamine Transporter Activity C - Dopamine Autoreceptor Sensitivity Increases After Developmental PCB Exposure IV - Perinatal PCB Exposure Changes the Developing Brain, But Males May Be More Sensitive V - Where Do We Go From Here? A - Do PCBs Increase Psychostimulant Addiction Risk? B - Future Research References Chapter-42---Developmental-Neurotoxicity-of_2018_Handbook-of-Developmental-N Chapter 42 - Developmental Neurotoxicity of General Anesthetics I - Introduction II - Classes of Anesthetics and Mechanisms of Action III - Nonclinical Studies of Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity A - General Anesthesia-Induced Apoptotic Neurodegeneration B - General Anesthesia-Induced Deficits in Cognitive Function C - Dose-Dependent and Durati