Handbook of Classical Sociological Theory (Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research)

Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The ``Classics´´ 1.2 The Problems with ``Classical´´ Theory 1.2.1 What Is ``Classical?´´ 1.2.2 What Should We Get from Classical Theory? 1.2.3 Are There Alternatives to How We Currently Do it? 1.3 A Path Forward? 1.4 Organization of the Handbook 1.5 Overarching Concerns 1.6 Central Dynamics 1.7 Spheres of Social Life 1.8 New Social Forms 1.9 Interactions, Symbols, and Psyche 1.10 Identifying Conceptual Threads 1.11 In Closing References Part I: Overarching Questions Chapter 2: The Methods and Surprises of Sociological Theory: Ideas, Postulates, Predictions, Distributions, Unification 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Givens: A Few Building Blocks 2.2.1 Two Theories-Status and Justice 2.2.2 Distribution of the Input in the Status Function and the Justice Evaluation Function 2.3 Ideas, Intuitions, Insights 2.4 Provenance and Properties of Postulates 2.4.1 Provenance of Postulates 2.4.2 Properties of Postulates 2.5 Predictions, and Novel Predictions 2.6 Deriving the Status Distribution and the Justice Evaluation Distribution 2.6.1 Methods for Deriving the Outcome Distributions 2.6.2 The Status Distribution 2.6.3 The Justice Evaluation Distribution 2.7 Theoretical Unification 2.7.1 Little Unification Surprises 2.7.2 New Unified Theory 2.7.3 Deeper Unification to Come 2.8 Concluding Note Appendix References Chapter 3: Modernity as a Classical Problem in Sociological Theory 3.1 Introduction: Modernity and Sociology as Twin Concepts. 3.2 The Ambivalence of Modernity in Classical Theory 3.2.1 The Advent of the ``Social´´: Three Traditions of Inquiry 3.2.1.1 The ``Natural´´ Evolution of Society 3.2.1.2 The Problem of Social Solidarity 3.2.1.3 The Quest for Community 3.2.2 Economy and Society in Modernity 3.2.3 The Rise of Subjectivist Culture 3.2.4 Urbanization and Its Consequences 3.2.5 The Prospects for Individuality in Modernity 3.2.6 Modernity Beyond the Classical Canon 3.3 Modernity as Project: The Rise and Fall of Modernization Theory 3.3.1 From Modernity to Modernization 3.3.2 Modernization and Secularization 3.3.3 Contesting Modernization 3.4 After Modernization: Reworking Modernity 3.4.1 Overcoming Modernity? The Promise and Challenge of Postmodernity 3.4.2 Varieties of ``Modernity´´ 3.4.2.1 Global Modernity 3.4.2.2 Late Modernity and Subjectivity 3.4.3 Multiple Modernities 3.5 Conclusion: What Lies Beyond? The Continued Ambivalence of Modernity References Chapter 4: ``Evolutionary Theorizing in Sociology´s Formative Period: Implications for Theorizing Today´´ 4.1 What Makes a Sociological Analysis Evolutionary? 4.2 Classical Evolutionary Theorizing in Sociology 4.2.1 Comte´s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.1 Spencer´s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.2 Durkheim´s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.3 Marx´s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.4 Weber´s Approach to Evolutionary Theorizing 4.3 The Dramatic Decline of Evolutionary Analyses in Sociology 4.4 The Renaissance of Biological and Evolutionary Analysis in the Social Sciences 4.4.1 The Revival of Cultural Evolutionary Models 4.4.1.1 Can Evolutionary Theory and Sociology be Reunited? 4.4.2 The Rise of Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology 4.4.3 Sociologists´ Reaction to Incursion from Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology 4.5 Conclusion 4.5.1 Reconceptualizing the Units of Selection and Types of Natural Selection References Chapter 5: Selfing: Integrating Pragmatism and Phenomenology to Develop a Multiprocessing Theory of the Self 5.1 Introduction 5.2 James 5.2.1 Nature of the Self 5.2.2 Experiences and their Perceptions 5.2.3 Self as Process of Experiencing over Time 5.3 Dewey 5.3.1 Nature of the Self 5.3.2 Experiences and their Perceptions 5.3.3 The Self as Experiences over Time 5.4 Mead 5.4.1 Nature of the Self 5.4.2 Self as Unfolding Experiences 5.5 Phenomenologists 5.6 Husserl 5.6.1 Experience and its Perceptions 5.6.2 The Management of Experience over Time 5.6.3 The Nature of the Self 5.7 Merleau-Ponty 5.7.1 Experience and its Perceptions 5.7.2 The Nature of the Self 5.8 Schutz 5.8.1 Nature of the Self 5.8.2 Experience and its Perceptions 5.8.3 Managing Experiences over Time 5.9 Selfing: The Self as Process 5.9.1 How Attention and Perception Emerge 5.9.2 Interpersonal Attention and Perception 5.9.3 The Interpenetration of Actor and Environment 5.10 Eddies of Effort and Emminding 5.11 Managing Lines of Information 5.11.1 Emotional Information 5.11.2 Somatic Information 5.11.3 Temporal Information 5.11.4 Nondeclarative and Declarative Cognitive Processing 5.12 Contextualizing 5.13 The Emminding Awareness of the Self Skims the Surface 5.14 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Racism, Colonialism, and Modernity: The Sociology of W.E.B. Du Bois 6.1 The Construction of Jim Crow Sociology 6.1.1 Exclusion of Critical Perspectives from Establishment Sociology 6.1.2 Institutionalizing the Dogma 6.2 The View from the Periphery 6.2.1 The Du Boisian Perspective: Insurgent Pioneering Sociology 6.2.2 Du Boisian Sociological Theory 6.2.3 Racial and Colonial Capitalism 6.2.4 Subjectivity and Agency 6.2.5 Emancipatory Sociology 6.3 The Du Boisian Legacy at Historically Black Colleges and Universities 6.4 Incomparable Scholarship from the Periphery 6.5 Conclusions References Part II: Central Dynamics Chapter 7: Does Differentiation Matter to Sociology? 7.1 Differentiation in the Classical Era 7.1.1 A Master Process? 7.1.1.1 Society as a Supraorganism 7.1.1.2 Taking Stock of Structural Differentiation 7.1.2 The Roots of Social Stratification 7.1.2.1 Social Differentiation´s Long Shadow 7.1.2.2 Taking Stock 7.1.3 Symbolic Differentiation 7.1.4 A Typology of Differentiation 7.2 A General Theory of Differentiation 7.2.1 The Basic Feedback Loop 7.2.2 Symbolic Differentiation 7.2.2.1 The Differentiation of Culture 7.2.2.2 Affective and Cognitive Capacity 7.2.2.3 Cultural Abstraction 7.2.3 Structural Differentiation 7.2.3.1 Driving Forces 7.2.3.2 Institutional Differentiation and Selection 7.3 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Power, Regulation, and Social Order in the Intersection of Political and Social Theory 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Political Theory as Moral Theory: The Ancients 8.3 Power as Influence: From Early Modernity to Contemporary Political Science 8.4 The Rise of Modern Social Science: From Political Economy to the Three Basic Social Sciences 8.5 Positive Power in Marx, Parsons, Foucault, and Mann 8.6 The Usual Suspects in Current Social Theory: Habermas, Giddens, and Bourdieu on Power and Social Structures 8.7 Two Examples of Substantive Study of Power and Regulation in the Intersection of Political and Social Theory: The Notions ... 8.7.1 Democratic Articulation of Power/Hegemony: Laclau and Mouffe 8.7.2 The Notion of Governance as Both an Analytical as Well as Normative Concept of Power 8.8 Conclusion: The Need for Cooperation of Social and Political Theories References Chapter 9: Hermeneutics and Performance in Social Theories of Power 9.1 Power in Social Theory 9.2 The Instrumental Approach to Power 9.3 Marxism Meets Culture 9.4 The Bourdieusian Reinvention of the Cultural Marxist Tradition 9.5 Steven Lukes´ Three-Dimensional View of Power 9.6 The Dissenting Hermeneutic Tradition: Authority, Solidarity, Understanding 9.7 Enter the Performative: Judith Butler, Hannah Arendt, and Power´s Performative Dimension 9.8 Judith Butler 9.9 Hannah Arendt 9.10 Theorizing the Performative Dimension References Chapter 10: From Simmel to Relational Sociology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Simmel´s Sociology 10.2.1 Simmel on Form 10.2.2 Simmel on Content 10.3 From Simmel´s Formal Sociology to Social Network Analysis 10.3.1 Social Circles and Their Intersections 10.3.2 Group Size: Dyads and Triads 10.3.3 Formal Sociology of Abstract Structures 10.4 From Simmel to Cultural Analysis to Relational Sociology 10.4.1 With Simmel from Micro/Macro to Meso 10.4.2 With Simmel from Substantialism to Processual Relationalism 10.5 With Simmel´s Formal Sociology Towards a Relational Sociology 10.6 Simmelian Ideas in Current Relational Sociology 10.6.1 Formally Measuring Meaning 10.6.2 Interpreting Meaning 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Reflections on Class and Social Inequality: Sociology and Intersectionality in Dialogue 11.1 Class Analysis in American Sociology 11.1.1 Class and Stratification Studies in American Sociology 11.1.2 Class Analysis in the Context of Classical Sociological Theory 11.1.2.1 Class Analysis in the Marxist Tradition 11.1.2.2 Class Analysis in the Weberian Tradition 11.2 Intersectionality, Power Relations, and Class 11.2.1 From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality 11.2.2 Intersectionality´s Guiding Principles and Core Concepts 11.2.3 Social Class within Intersectionality: An Analytical Category Under Construction 11.3 Social Class and Intersectionality in Dialogue References Part III: Spheres of Social Life Chapter 12: The Sociology of Kinship: A Case for Looking Back to the Future 12.1 Introduction: Why Write a Chapter on Kinship? 12.2 Kinship as an Institution 12.2.1 The Mechanics of Kinship 12.2.2 European/American Kinship 12.2.3 Aboriginal Kinship Systems 12.3 The Pioneers of Kinship 12.3.1 Louis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) 12.3.2 Johan Jacob Bachofen (1815-1887) 12.3.3 John Ferguson McLennan (1827-1881) 12.3.4 Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888) 12.3.5 Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830-1889) 12.3.6 Edward Tylor (1832-1917) 12.4 Early Sociology Kinship Theorists 12.4.1 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) 12.4.1.1 Promiscuity and Maternal Kinship 12.4.1.2 Polyandry (One Female, Multiple Males) 12.4.1.3 Polygyny (One Male, Multiple Females) 12.4.1.4 Monogamy (One Male and One Female) 12.4.1.5 The Future of Domestic Relations 12.4.2 Edward Westermarck (1862-1939) 12.4.2.1 Westermarck on Kinship and Marriage 12.4.2.2 The Origin of Exogamy and the Incest Taboo 12.4.3 Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) 12.4.3.1 Durkheim on Marriage and the Family 12.4.3.2 Durkheim´s Kinship Theory 12.4.4 W.H.R. Rivers (1864-1922) 12.5 The Demise of Evolutionary Theory and a Shift in Prisms: The Kroeber-Rivers Controversy 12.6 Structural/Functional Kinship Theory 12.6.1 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) 12.6.2 Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) 12.6.3 Kingsley Davis (1908-1997) and Lloyd Warner (1898-1970) 12.6.4 Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) 12.7 George Peter Murdock (1897-1985) and the End of the Axial Age of Kinship 12.8 Epilogue 12.8.1 Kinship Theory and Anthropology 12.8.2 Kinship Theory and Sociology 12.9 Assessment of Classic Kinship Theory References Chapter 13: Mediating the Sacred: Thinking Through Religious Experience in the Classics and Beyond 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Place of Religious Experience in the Classics 13.2.1 Durkheim 13.2.2 Marx 13.2.3 Weber 13.3 Mediating the Classics: A Bergerian Interlude 13.4 Minding the Gap Between Subjectivity and Symbol: Mediators of the Sacred 13.4.1 Discursive Forms 13.4.2 Bodies, Embodied Practices, and Emotions 13.4.3 Material Objects and Environments 13.5 Into the Middle of Things: Toward a Renewed Sociology of Religious Experience References Chapter 14: Polity 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Why Polity? 14.3 The Implicit Sociology of Early Modern Political Theory 14.4 Political Economy and the Division of Labor 14.5 From the Philosophy of the State to Political Sociology: Hegel and Marx 14.6 The Relation of Society and Economy to the State in Classical Sociological Theory 14.7 The Question of Democracy 14.8 Classical Theory for the Politics of Our Times References Chapter 15: Theoretical Lineages and Contemporary Concerns in the Sociology of Economic Life 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Between Marx and the Economists: The Antinomy of Economic Sociology 15.3 1840s-1880s: Marx and the Birth of ``Economic Sociology´´ 15.3.1 Marx´s Political Economy 15.3.2 The Birth of ``Economic Sociology´´ 15.4 1890s-1920s: Foundations and Opportunities Missed 15.4.1 Foundations 15.4.2 Opportunities Missed 15.5 1930s-1940s: Economic Sociology in the Shadow of Parsons 15.5.1 The Parsonsian Eclipse 15.5.2 Schumpeter and Polanyi 15.5.3 Possibilities for a Decolonial/Deracialized Economic Sociology 15.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 16: Law in Classical Sociological Theory: Coercion, Ideology, and Change 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Émile Durkheim 16.2.1 Ideology 16.2.2 Change 16.2.3 Coercion 16.3 Max Weber 16.3.1 Coercion 16.3.2 Change 16.3.3 Ideology 16.4 Karl Marx 16.4.1 Change 16.4.2 Ideology 16.4.3 Coercion 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Why Study Schools? 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Sociology of Education and Its Problems 17.3 What Might Have Been: The Three D´s on Education 17.4 The Moral and Political Spaces of Schools 17.5 Against the Veneer of Meritocracy and Toward Internal Goods References Chapter 18: Art or the Aesthetic? The Relevance of the Classical Sociology of Art for the Current Sociology of Culture 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Classical Social Theory: The Modernity and Specificity of Art 18.2.1 Durkheim: Art as Incarnation of Social Order 18.2.2 Weber: Rationalization and the Emergence of the Esthetic Sphere 18.2.3 Simmel: Form and the Temporality of Cultural Change 18.2.4 Marx and Critical Theory: Art, the Epitome of Production 18.3 Recent Responses: More Art, More Worlds 18.3.1 The Widened Scope of ``Art´´ 18.3.2 An Altered View of Art and Power 18.3.3 Studying the Local Circumstances of Art 18.4 Art or the Esthetic? Suggestions for Two Theoretical Agendas 18.4.1 An Agenda for Art: Study What ´s New 18.4.1.1 Art and the University 18.4.1.2 Technological Change and New Models of Production and Distribution 18.4.1.3 Revisiting the Genesis of Artistic Fields 18.4.2 An Agenda for the Esthetic: Read What Is Old 18.5 Conclusion References Part IV: Theorizing New Social Forms Chapter 19: Urbanization Theorizing 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Theorizing Urbanization: Overview 19.2.1 Human Ecological Approach 19.2.2 Neo-Marxists Political Economy 19.2.3 World-System and Global City Theory 19.2.4 Urban Cultural Analysis 19.3 Reconceptualizing Global Urban Process 19.4 Introducing a Scenic Approach 19.4.1 Cities as Scenes 19.4.2 Scenic Urbanization 19.5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Crowd and Collective Behavior 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Crowds Everywhere 20.2.1 The Pro-social Aspects of Crowds 20.3 Durkheim as a Classical Crowd Theorist 20.3.1 The Crowd in Rules 20.3.2 The Crowd in Elementary Forms 20.4 Synthesizing Classical Crowd Sociology: The Role of the Leader 20.5 Bringing Classical Sociology of Crowd and Collective Behavior to the Present 20.5.1 Neo-Durkheimian Theory and Mediated Crowds 20.5.2 Digital Crowds 20.6 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Strands of Classical Theory in the Study of Social Movements 21.1 The Durkheimian Tradition 21.1.1 Mass Society Theory 21.1.2 Collective Behavior 21.1.3 Whither Durkheim? 21.2 Marx and Post-Marxism 21.2.1 Marx and Class Conflict 21.2.2 Leadership, Organization, and the Political Process 21.2.3 Post-Marxism 21.2.4 World Systems Theory 21.3 The Weberian Tradition 21.3.1 The Evolution of Social Movements 21.3.2 The Rationalization of Contention 21.4 Comparative-Historical Approaches 21.4.1 Social History After Marx 21.4.2 Comparative Historical Sociology 21.4.3 The Comparative Persuasion 21.5 Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 22: Organizations: Theoretical Debates and the Scope of Organizational Theory 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Questions that Dominate the Field 22.3 Three Strands of Organizational Theory 22.4 The Convergence Around Rational Adaptation 22.5 Reactions to Rational Adaptation 22.6 Economic Theories and Mechanisms 22.7 Sociological Theories of Organization 22.8 The Problem of Incompatible Theories 22.9 Subsequent Theoretical Developments 22.10 The Future of Organizational Theory References Chapter 23: The Road to a Sociological Theory of Civil Society 23.1 Conceptually Freeing Society from the State 23.2 Voluntary Associations as Civil Society 23.3 Thematic Elements of Civil Society in American and European Sociology 23.4 The Contemporary Turn to Civil Society: A Third Sector 23.5 From the Societal Community to the CST 23.6 Open Questions and Some Further Development References Chapter 24: The Other as Real, Imagined, and Political 24.1 Introduction 24.2 The Stranger 24.3 Internalizing the Other/The Self as Other 24.4 The Me and the I 24.5 Double Consciousness 24.6 Conclusion References Part V: Interactions, Symbols, and Psyche Chapter 25: Empathy, Intersubjectivity, and the Self 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Empathy in Classical Sociology 25.2.1 From Sympathy to Empathy: Charles Cooley´s Theory 25.3 Cooley´s Sociology of Empathy 25.3.1 Imaginative Empathy 25.3.2 Interactional Empathy 25.3.3 Purposive Empathy 25.4 Post-classical Developments 25.4.1 Chicago Sociology After Mead 25.5 Contemporary Sociological Perspectives on Empathy 25.5.1 New Developments Across Disciplines 25.6 Conclusion References Archival Collections Other References Chapter 26: Symbol Systems and Social Structures 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Symbol Systems 26.3 Social Structures 26.4 Symbol Systems and Social Structures: Classical Sociological Foundations 26.5 Symbol Systems and Social Structures: The Legacy of Classical Sociological Foundations in Contemporary Scholarship 26.5.1 Field Theory 26.5.2 Neo-Institutionalism 26.5.3 Culture and Cognition 26.6 The Current Status of Symbol Systems and Social Structures References Chapter 27: Consciousness and Unconsciousness 27.1 By Way of Introduction 27.2 Unconscious Tapping of Unconsciousness in Sociology 27.3 A History of Explicit Theorizations of Unconsciousness 27.3.1 Freud´s Account of the Unconscious Mind 27.3.2 The Collective Unconscious of Carl Jung 27.3.3 Relational Unconsciousness in Frommian Critical Theory 27.3.4 The Structured Subject of Lacanian Unconsciousness 27.3.5 Frantz Fanon and the Colonial Unconscious 27.4 Applying Unconsciousness to Sociological Concerns 27.4.1 Race, Gender, and Class 27.4.2 Contemporary Politics 27.4.3 Crime and Violence 27.5 Conclusion References Part VI: Identifying Conceptual Threads Chapter 28: The Cognitive-Historical Origins of Conceptual Ambiguity in Social Theory 28.1 Introduction 28.1.1 Outline of the Argument 28.2 The Two Notions of Structure 28.2.1 The Organicist Conceptualization 28.2.1.1 The Organism (Conceptual) Metaphor 28.2.1.2 From Organisms to Networks 28.2.1.3 Elements of the Organicist Analogy 28.2.2 The Semiotic Conceptualization 28.2.3 Putting Organicism and Semiotics Together: Structure as a Complex Category 28.3 Origins of the Complex Category of Structure: A Usage-Based Analysis 28.3.1 The Roots of Ambiguity in Theoretical Concepts 28.3.2 Organization of Meaning in a Schematic Network 28.3.3 Dynamic Meaning Elaboration and Extension Processes 28.3.3.1 Downward Growth Via Elaboration 28.3.3.2 Horizontal Growth Via Categorization 28.3.4 The Organism Metaphor Revisited 28.3.4.1 The Organism Metaphor in Functionalism 28.3.4.2 Organisms Versus Systems 28.3.4.3 Moving up the Level of Systemic Abstraction 28.3.5 The Semiotic Metaphor Revisited 28.3.5.1 The Emergence of the Notion of ``Linguistic Structure´´ 28.3.5.2 On the Incoherence of a Meta-Structuralism 28.3.5.3 Explaining the Straightforward Cognitive History of Semiotic Structuralism 28.4 Conclusion 28.4.1 Summary of the Argument 28.4.2 Implications of the Argument References Chapter 29: Morality and Sociological Theory 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Defining Morality 29.3 Morality in the Classics: A Whirlwind Tour 29.4 Conclusion References Chapter 30: Cognition, Practice, and Learning in the Discourse of the Human Sciences 30.1 Introduction 30.2 A Genealogy of Pure Cognition 30.2.1 Kant´s Rupture, or Discovering the Island 30.2.2 Islanders: Parsons, Husserl, Schutz, Levi-Strauss 30.2.2.1 The Cultural Appropriation 30.2.2.2 The Phenomenological Appropriation 30.2.2.3 The Structuralist Appropriation 30.3 Psychology Versus Logic in Classical Theory 30.3.1 Weber, The Protestant Ethic and Habitus 30.3.2 Durkheim, the Tacit Dimension and the Source of Categories 30.3.3 Marx and The Practical Question 30.4 Varieties of Empirical Cognition 30.4.1 Practical Cognition 30.4.2 Social Differentiation and Cognitive Differentiation 30.4.3 On the Social Possibility of Autonomous Symbols 30.5 Conclusion References Chapter 31: On the Other Side of Interests: The Rise of Values and Their Transformation into Disinterest 31.1 Introduction 31.2 The Rise of Values 31.2.1 The Is and the Ought 31.2.2 Lotze and Values 31.2.3 The Revaluation of Values 31.2.4 Values and the Human Sciences 31.3 The Introduction of Values to the United States 31.3.1 The First Generation 31.3.2 Values and Disinterest 31.3.3 The Parsons Project 31.3.4 Stratification and Abstraction 31.3.5 Professions and Modernization 31.3.6 Disinterested Doctors 31.4 Conclusion References Chapter 32: The Cognitive Dimension 32.1 The Standard Social Science Account of Mind 32.2 Comte and Spencer: Physiological Phrenology and the Evolved Mind 32.3 Spencer´s Psychology 32.4 Neo-Kantianism: An Excursion 32.5 Evolutionary Psychology in the Classics 32.6 The Return of the Repressed References Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The ``Classics ́ ́ 1.2 The Problems with ``Classical ́ ́ Theory 1.2.1 What Is ``Classical? ́ ́ 1.2.2 What Should We Get from Classical Theory? 1.2.3 Are There Alternatives to How We Currently Do it? 1.3 A Path Forward? 1.4 Organization of the Handbook 1.5 Overarching Concerns 1.6 Central Dynamics 1.7 Spheres of Social Life 1.8 New Social Forms 1.9 Interactions, Symbols, and Psyche 1.10 Identifying Conceptual Threads 1.11 In Closing References Part I: Overarching Questions Chapter 2: The Methods and Surprises of Sociological Theory: Ideas, Postulates, Predictions, Distributions, Unification 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Givens: A Few Building Blocks 2.2.1 Two Theories-Status and Justice 2.2.2 Distribution of the Input in the Status Function and the Justice Evaluation Function 2.3 Ideas, Intuitions, Insights 2.4 Provenance and Properties of Postulates 2.4.1 Provenance of Postulates 2.4.2 Properties of Postulates 2.5 Predictions, and Novel Predictions 2.6 Deriving the Status Distribution and the Justice Evaluation Distribution 2.6.1 Methods for Deriving the Outcome Distributions 2.6.2 The Status Distribution 2.6.3 The Justice Evaluation Distribution 2.7 Theoretical Unification 2.7.1 Little Unification Surprises 2.7.2 New Unified Theory 2.7.3 Deeper Unification to Come 2.8 Concluding Note Appendix References Chapter 3: Modernity as a Classical Problem in Sociological Theory 3.1 Introduction: Modernity and Sociology as Twin Concepts. 3.2 The Ambivalence of Modernity in Classical Theory 3.2.1 The Advent of the ``Social ́ ́: Three Traditions of Inquiry 3.2.1.1 The ``Natural ́ ́ Evolution of Society 3.2.1.2 The Problem of Social Solidarity 3.2.1.3 The Quest for Community 3.2.2 Economy and Society in Modernity 3.2.3 The Rise of Subjectivist Culture 3.2.4 Urbanization and Its Consequences 3.2.5 The Prospects for Individuality in Modernity 3.2.6 Modernity Beyond the Classical Canon 3.3 Modernity as Project: The Rise and Fall of Modernization Theory 3.3.1 From Modernity to Modernization 3.3.2 Modernization and Secularization 3.3.3 Contesting Modernization 3.4 After Modernization: Reworking Modernity 3.4.1 Overcoming Modernity? The Promise and Challenge of Postmodernity 3.4.2 Varieties of ``Modernity ́ ́ 3.4.2.1 Global Modernity 3.4.2.2 Late Modernity and Subjectivity 3.4.3 Multiple Modernities 3.5 Conclusion: What Lies Beyond? The Continued Ambivalence of Modernity References Chapter 4: ``Evolutionary Theorizing in Sociology ́s Formative Period: Implications for Theorizing Today ́ ́ 4.1 What Makes a Sociological Analysis Evolutionary? 4.2 Classical Evolutionary Theorizing in Sociology 4.2.1 Comte ́s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.1 Spencer ́s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.2 Durkheim ́s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.3 Marx ́s Evolutionary Analysis 4.2.1.4 Weber ́s Approach to Evolutionary Theorizing 4.3 The Dramatic Decline of Evolutionary Analyses in Sociology 4.4 The Renaissance of Biological and Evolutionary Analysis in the Social Sciences 4.4.1 The Revival of Cultural Evolutionary Models 4.4.1.1 Can Evolutionary Theory and Sociology be Reunited? 4.4.2 The Rise of Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology 4.4.3 Sociologists ́ Reaction to Incursion from Sociobiology and Evolutionary Psychology 4.5 Conclusion 4.5.1 Reconceptualizing the Units of Selection and Types of Natural Selection References Chapter 5: Selfing: Integrating Pragmatism and Phenomenology to Develop a Multiprocessing Theory of the Self 5.1 Introduction 5.2 James 5.2.1 Nature of the Self 5.2.2 Experiences and their Perceptions 5.2.3 Self as Process of Experiencing over Time 5.3 Dewey 5.3.1 Nature of the Self 5.3.2 Experiences and their Perceptions 5.3.3 The Self as Experiences over Time 5.4 Mead 5.4.1 Nature of the Self 5.4.2 Self as Unfolding Experiences 5.5 Phenomenologists 5.6 Husserl 5.6.1 Experience and its Perceptions 5.6.2 The Management of Experience over Time 5.6.3 The Nature of the Self 5.7 Merleau-Ponty 5.7.1 Experience and its Perceptions 5.7.2 The Nature of the Self 5.8 Schutz 5.8.1 Nature of the Self 5.8.2 Experience and its Perceptions 5.8.3 Managing Experiences over Time 5.9 Selfing: The Self as Process 5.9.1 How Attention and Perception Emerge 5.9.2 Interpersonal Attention and Perception 5.9.3 The Interpenetration of Actor and Environment 5.10 Eddies of Effort and Emminding 5.11 Managing Lines of Information 5.11.1 Emotional Information 5.11.2 Somatic Information 5.11.3 Temporal Information 5.11.4 Nondeclarative and Declarative Cognitive Processing 5.12 Contextualizing 5.13 The Emminding Awareness of the Self Skims the Surface 5.14 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Racism, Colonialism, and Modernity: The Sociology of W.E.B. Du Bois 6.1 The Construction of Jim Crow Sociology 6.1.1 Exclusion of Critical Perspectives from Establishment Sociology 6.1.2 Institutionalizing the Dogma 6.2 The View from the Periphery 6.2.1 The Du Boisian Perspective: Insurgent Pioneering Sociology 6.2.2 Du Boisian Sociological Theory 6.2.3 Racial and Colonial Capitalism 6.2.4 Subjectivity and Agency 6.2.5 Emancipatory Sociology 6.3 The Du Boisian Legacy at Historically Black Colleges and Universities 6.4 Incomparable Scholarship from the Periphery 6.5 Conclusions References Part II: Central Dynamics Chapter 7: Does Differentiation Matter to Sociology? 7.1 Differentiation in the Classical Era 7.1.1 A Master Process? 7.1.1.1 Society as a Supraorganism 7.1.1.2 Taking Stock of Structural Differentiation 7.1.2 The Roots of Social Stratification 7.1.2.1 Social Differentiation ́s Long Shadow 7.1.2.2 Taking Stock 7.1.3 Symbolic Differentiation 7.1.4 A Typology of Differentiation 7.2 A General Theory of Differentiation 7.2.1 The Basic Feedback Loop 7.2.2 Symbolic Differentiation 7.2.2.1 The Differentiation of Culture 7.2.2.2 Affective and Cognitive Capacity 7.2.2.3 Cultural Abstraction 7.2.3 Structural Differentiation 7.2.3.1 Driving Forces 7.2.3.2 Institutional Differentiation and Selection 7.3 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Power, Regulation, and Social Order in the Intersection of Political and Social Theory 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Political Theory as Moral Theory: The Ancients 8.3 Power as Influence: From Early Modernity to Contemporary Political Science 8.4 The Rise of Modern Social Science: From Political Economy to the Three Basic Social Sciences 8.5 Positive Power in Marx, Parsons, Foucault, and Mann 8.6 The Usual Suspects in Current Social Theory: Habermas, Giddens, and Bourdieu on Power and Social Structures 8.7 Two Examples of Substantive Study of Power and Regulation in the Intersection of Political and Social Theory: The Notions ... 8.7.1 Democratic Articulation of Power/Hegemony: Laclau and Mouffe 8.7.2 The Notion of Governance as Both an Analytical as Well as Normative Concept of Power 8.8 Conclusion: The Need for Cooperation of Social and Political Theories References Chapter 9: Hermeneutics and Performance in Social Theories of Power 9.1 Power in Social Theory 9.2 The Instrumental Approach to Power 9.3 Marxism Meets Culture 9.4 The Bourdieusian Reinvention of the Cultural Marxist Tradition 9.5 Steven Lukes ́ Three-Dimensional View of Power 9.6 The Dissenting Hermeneutic Tradition: Authority, Solidarity, Understanding 9.7 Enter the Performative: Judith Butler, Hannah Arendt, and Power ́s Performative Dimension 9.8 Judith Butler 9.9 Hannah Arendt 9.10 Theorizing the Performative Dimension References Chapter 10: From Simmel to Relational Sociology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Simmel ́s Sociology 10.2.1 Simmel on Form 10.2.2 Simmel on Content 10.3 From Simmel ́s Formal Sociology to Social Network Analysis 10.3.1 Social Circles and Their Intersections 10.3.2 Group Size: Dyads and Triads 10.3.3 Formal Sociology of Abstract Structures 10.4 From Simmel to Cultural Analysis to Relational Sociology 10.4.1 With Simmel from Micro/Macro to Meso 10.4.2 With Simmel from Substantialism to Processual Relationalism 10.5 With Simmel ́s Formal Sociology Towards a Relational Sociology 10.6 Simmelian Ideas in Current Relational Sociology 10.6.1 Formally Measuring Meaning 10.6.2 Interpreting Meaning 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11: Reflections on Class and Social Inequality: Sociology and Intersectionality in Dialogue 11.1 Class Analysis in American Sociology 11.1.1 Class and Stratification Studies in American Sociology 11.1.2 Class Analysis in the Context of Classical Sociological Theory 11.1.2.1 Class Analysis in the Marxist Tradition 11.1.2.2 Class Analysis in the Weberian Tradition 11.2 Intersectionality, Power Relations, and Class 11.2.1 From Race/Class/Gender Studies to Intersectionality 11.2.2 Intersectionality ́s Guiding Principles and Core Concepts 11.2.3 Social Class within Intersectionality: An Analytical Category Under Construction 11.3 Social Class and Intersectionality in Dialogue References Part III: Spheres of Social Life Chapter 12: The Sociology of Kinship: A Case for Looking Back to the Future 12.1 Introduction: Why Write a Chapter on Kinship? 12.2 Kinship as an Institution 12.2.1 The Mechanics of Kinship 12.2.2 European/American Kinship 12.2.3 Aboriginal Kinship Systems 12.3 The Pioneers of Kinship 12.3.1 Louis Henry Morgan (1818-1881) 12.3.2 Johan Jacob Bachofen (1815-1887) 12.3.3 John Ferguson McLennan (1827-1881) 12.3.4 Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888) 12.3.5 Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges (1830-1889) 12.3.6 Edward Tylor (1832-1917) 12.4 Early Sociology Kinship Theorists 12.4.1 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) 12.4.1.1 Promiscuity and Maternal Kinship 12.4.1.2 Polyandry (One Female, Multiple Males) 12.4.1.3 Polygyny (One Male, Multiple Females) 12.4.1.4 Monogamy (One Male and One Female) 12.4.1.5 The Future of Domestic Relations 12.4.2 Edward Westermarck (1862-1939) 12.4.2.1 Westermarck on Kinship and Marriage 12.4.2.2 The Origin of Exogamy and the Incest Taboo 12.4.3 Émile Durkheim (1858-1917) 12.4.3.1 Durkheim on Marriage and the Family 12.4.3.2 Durkheim ́s Kinship Theory 12.4.4 W.H.R. Rivers (1864-1922) 12.5 The Demise of Evolutionary Theory and a Shift in Prisms: The Kroeber-Rivers Controversy 12.6 Structural/Functional Kinship Theory 12.6.1 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955) 12.6.2 Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) 12.6.3 Kingsley Davis (1908-1997) and Lloyd Warner (1898-1970) 12.6.4 Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) 12.7 George Peter Murdock (1897-1985) and the End of the Axial Age of Kinship 12.8 Epilogue 12.8.1 Kinship Theory and Anthropology 12.8.2 Kinship Theory and Sociology 12.9 Assessment of Classic Kinship Theory References Chapter 13: Mediating the Sacred: Thinking Through Religious Experience in the Classics and Beyond 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Place of Religious Experience in the Classics 13.2.1 Durkheim 13.2.2 Marx 13.2.3 Weber 13.3 Mediating the Classics: A Bergerian Interlude 13.4 Minding the Gap Between Subjectivity and Symbol: Mediators of the Sacred 13.4.1 Discursive Forms 13.4.2 Bodies, Embodied Practices, and Emotions 13.4.3 Material Objects and Environments 13.5 Into the Middle of Things: Toward a Renewed Sociology of Religious Experience References Chapter 14: Polity 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Why Polity? 14.3 The Implicit Sociology of Early Modern Political Theory 14.4 Political Economy and the Division of Labor 14.5 From the Philosophy of the State to Political Sociology: Hegel and Marx 14.6 The Relation of Society and Economy to the State in Classical Sociological Theory 14.7 The Question of Democracy 14.8 Classical Theory for the Politics of Our Times References Chapter 15: Theoretical Lineages and Contemporary Concerns in the Sociology of Economic Life 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Between Marx and the Economists: The Antinomy of Economic Sociology 15.3 1840s-1880s: Marx and the Birth of ``Economic Sociology ́ ́ 15.3.1 Marx ́s Political Economy 15.3.2 The Birth of ``Economic Sociology ́ ́ 15.4 1890s-1920s: Foundations and Opportunities Missed 15.4.1 Foundations 15.4.2 Opportunities Missed 15.5 1930s-1940s: Economic Sociology in the Shadow of Parsons 15.5.1 The Parsonsian Eclipse 15.5.2 Schumpeter and Polanyi 15.5.3 Possibilities for a Decolonial/Deracialized Economic Sociology 15.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 16: Law in Classical Sociological Theory: Coercion, Ideology, and Change 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Émile Durkheim 16.2.1 Ideology 16.2.2 Change 16.2.3 Coercion 16.3 Max Weber 16.3.1 Coercion 16.3.2 Change 16.3.3 Ideology 16.4 Karl Marx 16.4.1 Change 16.4.2 Ideology 16.4.3 Coercion 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Why Study Schools? 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Sociology of Education and Its Problems 17.3 What Might Have Been: The Three D ́s on Education 17.4 The Moral and Political Spaces of Schools 17.5 Against the Veneer of Meritocracy and Toward Internal Goods References Chapter 18: Art or the Aesthetic? The Relevance of the Classical Sociology of Art for the Current Sociology of Culture 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Classical Social Theory: The Modernity and Specificity of Art 18.2.1 Durkheim: Art as Incarnation of Social Order 18.2.2 Weber: Rationalization and the Emergence of the Esthetic Sphere 18.2.3 Simmel: Form and the Temporality of Cultural Change 18.2.4 Marx and Critical Theory: Art, the Epitome of Production 18.3 Recent Responses: More Art, More Worlds 18.3.1 The Widened Scope of ``Art ́ ́ 18.3.2 An Altered View of Art and Power 18.3.3 Studying the Local Circumstances of Art 18.4 Art or the Esthetic? Suggestions for Two Theoretical Agendas 18.4.1 An Agenda for Art: Study What ́s New 18.4.1.1 Art and the University 18.4.1.2 Technological Change and New Models of Production and Distribution 18.4.1.3 Revisiting the Genesis of Artistic Fields 18.4.2 An Agenda for the Esthetic: Read What Is Old 18.5 Conclusion References Part IV: Theorizing New Social Forms Chapter 19: Urbanization Theorizing 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Theorizing Urbanization: Overview 19.2.1 Human Ecological Approach 19.2.2 Neo-Marxists Political Economy 19.2.3 World-System and Global City Theory 19.2.4 Urban Cultural Analysis 19.3 Reconceptualizing Global Urban Process 19.4 Introducing a Scenic Approach 19.4.1 Cities as Scenes 19.4.2 Scenic Urbanization 19.5 Conclusion References Chapter 20: Crowd and Collective Behavior 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Crowds Everywhere 20.2.1 The Pro-social Aspects of Crowds 20.3 Durkheim as a Classical Crowd Theorist 20.3.1 The Crowd in Rules 20.3.2 The Crowd in Elementary Forms 20.4 Synthesizing Classical Crowd Sociology: The Role of the Leader 20.5 Bringing Classical Sociology of Crowd and Collective Behavior to the Present 20.5.1 Neo-Durkheimian Theory and Mediated Crowds 20.5.2 Digital Crowds 20.6 Conclusion References Chapter 21: Strands of Classical Theory in the Study of Social Movements 21.1 The Durkheimian Tradition 21.1.1 Mass Society Theory 21.1.2 Collective Behavior 21.1.3 Whither Durkheim? 21.2 Marx and Post-Marxism 21.2.1 Marx and Class Conflict 21.2.2 Leadership, Organization, and the Political Process 21.2.3 Post-Marxism 21.2.4 World Systems Theory 21.3 The Weberian Tradition 21.3.1 The Evolution of Social Movements 21.3.2 The Rationalization of Contention 21.4 Comparative-Historical Approaches 21.4.1 Social History After Marx 21.4.2 Comparative Historical Sociology 21.4.3 The Comparative Persuasion 21.5 Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 22: Organizations: Theoretical Debates and the Scope of Organizational Theory 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Questions that Dominate the Field 22.3 Three Strands of Organizational Theory 22.4 The Convergence Around Rational Adaptation 22.5 Reactions to Rational Adaptation 22.6 Economic Theories and Mechanisms 22.7 Sociological Theories of Organization 22.8 The Problem of Incompatible Theories 22.9 Subsequent Theoretical Developments 22.10 The Future of Organizational Theory References Chapter 23: The Road to a Sociological Theory of Civil Society 23.1 Conceptually Freeing Society from the State 23.2 Voluntary Associations as Civil Society 23.3 Thematic Elements of Civil Society in American and European Sociology 23.4 The Contemporary Turn to Civil Society: A Third Sector 23.5 From the Societal Community to the CST 23.6 Open Questions and Some Further Development References Chapter 24: The Other as Real, Imagined, and Political 24.1 Introduction 24.2 The Stranger 24.3 Internalizing the Other/The Self as Other 24.4 The Me and the I 24.5 Double Consciousness 24.6 Conclusion References Part V: Interactions, Symbols, and Psyche Chapter 25: Empathy, Intersubjectivity, and the Self 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Empathy in Classical Sociology 25.2.1 From Sympathy to Empathy: Charles Cooley ́s Theory 25.3 Cooley ́s Sociology of Empathy 25.3.1 Imaginative Empathy 25.3.2 Interactional Empathy 25.3.3 Purposive Empathy 25.4 Post-classical Developments 25.4.1 Chicago Sociology After Mead 25.5 Contemporary Sociological Perspectives on Empathy 25.5.1 New Developments Across Disciplines 25.6 Conclusion References Archival Collections Other References Chapter 26: Symbol Systems and Social Structures 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Symbol Systems 26.3 Social Structures 26.4 Symbol Systems and Social Structures: Classical Sociological Foundations 26.5 Symbol Systems and Social Structures: The Legacy of Classical Sociological Foundations in Contemporary Scholarship 26.5.1 Field Theory 26.5.2 Neo-Institutionalism 26.5.3 Culture and Cognition 26.6 The Current Status of Symbol Systems and Social Structures References Chapter 27: Consciousness and Unconsciousness 27.1 By Way of Introduction 27.2 Unconscious Tapping of Unconsciousness in Sociology 27.3 A History of Explicit Theorizations of Unconsciousness 27.3.1 Freud ́s Account of the Unconscious Mind 27.3.2 The Collective Unconscious of Carl Jung 27.3.3 Relational Unconsciousness in Frommian Critical Theory 27.3.4 The Structured Subject of Lacanian Unconsciousness 27.3.5 Frantz Fanon and the Colonial Unconscious 27.4 Applying Unconsciousness to Sociological Concerns 27.4.1 Race, Gender, and Class 27.4.2 Contemporary Politics 27.4.3 Crime and Violence 27.5 Conclusion References Part VI: Identifying Conceptual Threads Chapter 28: The Cognitive-Historical Origins of Conceptual Ambiguity in Social Theory 28.1 Introduction 28.1.1 Outline of the Argument 28.2 The Two Notions of Structure 28.2.1 The Organicist Conceptualization 28.2.1.1 The Organism (Conceptual) Metaphor 28.2.1.2 From Organisms to Networks 28.2.1.3 Elements of the Organicist Analogy 28.2.2 The Semiotic Conceptualization 28.2.3 Putting Organicism and Semiotics Together: Structure as a Complex Category 28.3 Origins of the Complex Category of Structure: A Usage-Based Analysis 28.3.1 The Roots of Ambiguity in Theoretical Concepts 28.3.2 Organization of Meaning in a Schematic Network 28.3.3 Dynamic Meaning Elaboration and Extension Processes 28.3.3.1 Downward Growth Via Elaboration 28.3.3.2 Horizontal Growth Via Categorization 28.3.4 The Organism Metaphor Revisited 28.3.4.1 The Organism Metaphor in Functionalism 28.3.4.2 Organisms Versus Systems 28.3.4.3 Moving up the Level of Systemic Abstraction 28.3.5 The Semiotic Metaphor Revisited 28.3.5.1 The Emergence of the Notion of ``Linguistic Structure ́ ́ 28.3.5.2 On the Incoherence of a Meta-Structuralism 28.3.5.3 Explaining the Straightforward Cognitive History of Semiotic Structuralism 28.4 Conclusion 28.4.1 Summary of the Argument 28.4.2 Implications of the Argument References Chapter 29: Morality and Sociological Theory 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Defining Morality 29.3 Morality in the Classics: A Whirlwind Tour 29.4 Conclusion References Chapter 30: Cognition, Practice, and Learning in the Discourse of the Human Sciences 30.1 Introduction 30.2 A Genealogy of Pure Cognition 30.2.1 Kant ́s Rupture, or Discovering the Island 30.2.2 Islanders: Parsons, Husserl, Schutz, Levi-Strauss 30.2.2.1 The Cultural Appropriation 30.2.2.2 The Phenomenological Appropriation 30.2.2.3 The Structuralist Appropriation 30.3 Psychology Versus Logic in Classical Theory 30.3.1 Weber, The Protestant Ethic and Habitus 30.3.2 Durkheim, the Tacit Dimension and the Source of Categories 30.3.3 Marx and The Practical Question 30.4 Varieties of Empirical Cognition 30.4.1 Practical Cognition 30.4.2 Social Differentiation and Cognitive Differentiation 30.4.3 On the Social Possibility of Autonomous Symbols 30.5 Conclusion References Chapter 31: On the Other Side of Interests: The Rise of Values and Their Transformation into Disinterest 31.1 Introduction 31.2 The Rise of Values 31.2.1 The Is and the Ought 31.2.2 Lotze and Values 31.2.3 The Revaluation of Values 31.2.4 Values and the Human Sciences 31.3 The Introduction of Values to the United States 31.3.1 The First Generation 31.3.2 Values and Disinterest 31.3.3 The Parsons Project 31.3.4 Stratification and Abstraction 31.3.5 Professions and Modernization 31.3.6 Disinterested Doctors 31.4 Conclusion References Chapter 32: The Cognitive Dimension 32.1 The Standard Social Science Account of Mind 32.2 Comte and Spencer: Physiological Phrenology and the Evolved Mind 32.3 Spencer ́s Psychology 32.4 Neo-Kantianism: An Excursion 32.5 Evolutionary Psychology in the Classics 32.6 The Return of the Repressed References