Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment: Health Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals, Three Volume Set

written Over A Period Of 17 Years, The Handbook Of Chemical Risk Assessment Exhaustively Examines And Analyzes The World Literature On Chemicals Entering The Environment From Human Activities. The Three Volumes Cover Chemicals Recommended By Environmental Specialists Of The U.s. Fish And Wildlife Service And Other Resource Managers. The Choices Were Based On The Real Or Potential Impact Of Each Contaminant And On The Knowledge Available About Their Mitigation. the Information For Each Chemical Includes Source And Use; Physical, Chemical, And Metabolic Properties; Concentrations In Field Collections Of Abiotic Materials And Living Organisms; Deficiency Effects; Lethal And Sublethal Effects; And Proposed Regulatory Criteria For The Protection Of Human Health And Sensitive Natural Resources. Each Chapter Selectively Reviews And Synthesizes The Technical Literature On A Specific Priority Contaminant And Its Effects On The Environment. successful Risk Assessment Relies Heavily On Extensive And Well-documented Databases. They Often Include Too Much - Or Too Little - Information About Too Many Chemicals. Of The Hundreds Of Thousands Of Chemicals Discharged Into The Environment, Only A Small Number Have Sufficient Information To Attempt Preliminary Risk Assessment. Sold Only As A Three Volume Set, The Handbook Of Chemical Risk Assessment Provides You With The Exact Amount Of Information You Need In A Single Resource. HANDBOOK OF CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT: Health Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals......Page 2 About the Author......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 7 List of Tables......Page 22 List of Figures......Page 30 Volume 3......Page 31 Preface......Page 32 Acknowledgments......Page 33 VOLUME 1......Page 34 1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY......Page 35 1.3 CONCENTRATIONS IN FIELD COLLECTIONS......Page 36 1.4 LETHAL EFFECTS......Page 51 1.5 SUBLETHAL EFFECTS......Page 53 1.6 BIOACCUMULATION......Page 58 1.8 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 62 1.9 SUMMARY......Page 67 1.10 LITERATURE CITED......Page 68 2.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 78 2.3 CONCENTRATIONS IN FIELD COLLECTIONS......Page 81 2.4 BENEFICIAL AND PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES......Page 93 2.5.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 94 2.5.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 98 2.6.1 General......Page 99 Algae and Macrophytes......Page 100 Fishes......Page 101 Molluscs......Page 103 Crustaceans......Page 104 Annelids......Page 105 Fishes......Page 106 2.6.5 Mammals......Page 107 2.7 FIELD INVESTIGATIONS......Page 109 2.8 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 111 2.10 LITERATURE CITED......Page 115 3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 126 3.2.2 Sources......Page 127 3.2.3 Uses......Page 128 3.3.2 Chemical Properties......Page 130 3.3.3 Metabolism......Page 132 Cadmium......Page 135 Molybdenum......Page 136 Organic Compounds......Page 137 3.4.1 General......Page 138 3.5.1 General......Page 139 3.5.2 Abiotic Materials......Page 142 3.5.3 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 165 3.5.4 Aquatic Organisms......Page 166 3.5.5 Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 168 3.5.7 Mammals......Page 169 3.6.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 170 3.6.4 Birds and Mammals......Page 171 3.7.1 General......Page 173 3.7.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 176 Plants......Page 177 Molluscs......Page 194 Arthropods......Page 195 Fishes......Page 196 Integrated Studies......Page 198 3.7.5 Mammals......Page 199 3.8 PROPOSED CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 206 3.9 SUMMARY......Page 212 3.10 LITERATURE CITED......Page 214 4.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 234 4.2 SOURCES AND USES......Page 236 4.3 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 239 4.4 MODE OF ACTION......Page 240 4.5.2 Nonbiological Samples......Page 244 4.5.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 249 4.5.6 Aquatic Biota......Page 250 4.5.8 Birds......Page 251 4.5.9 Mammals......Page 255 4.6.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 285 4.6.3 Aquatic Biota......Page 286 4.6.5 Birds......Page 297 4.6.6 Mammals......Page 307 4.7 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 313 4.8 SUMMARY......Page 322 4.9 LITERATURE CITED......Page 323 5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 345 5.2 SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MERCURY......Page 347 5.3 CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 350 5.4 MERCURY IN MINAMATA, JAPAN......Page 354 5.5.2 Nonbiological......Page 358 5.5.3 Biological......Page 362 5.6.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 398 5.6.3 Birds......Page 401 5.6.4 Mammals......Page 402 5.7.1 General......Page 405 5.7.2 Carcinogenicity, Genotoxicity, and Teratogenicity......Page 406 5.7.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 407 5.7.4 Birds......Page 409 5.7.5 Mammals......Page 412 5.7.6 Other Groups......Page 414 5.8 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 415 5.9 SUMMARY......Page 422 5.10 LITERATURE CITED......Page 423 6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 442 6.2.2 Sources......Page 444 6.2.3 Uses......Page 446 6.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 447 6.3.3 Metabolism......Page 448 6.3.4 Interactions......Page 451 6.4.1 General......Page 453 6.4.2 Carcinogenicity......Page 454 6.4.3 Mutagenicity......Page 456 6.4.4 Teratogenicity......Page 457 6.5.1 General......Page 459 6.5.2 Abiotic Materials......Page 460 6.5.3 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 465 6.5.5 Amphibians......Page 466 6.5.7 Mammals......Page 467 6.5.8 Integrated Studies......Page 468 6.6.2 Bacteria and Plants......Page 484 6.6.4 Mammals......Page 485 6.7.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 486 6.7.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 487 6.7.4 Birds......Page 495 6.7.5 Mammals......Page 497 6.8 PROPOSED CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 510 6.9 SUMMARY......Page 517 6.10 LITERATURE CITED......Page 518 7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 529 7.2.2 Sources......Page 530 7.2.3 Uses......Page 532 7.3.1 General......Page 533 7.3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 534 7.3.3 Metabolism......Page 536 7.4.2 Nonbiological Materials......Page 539 7.4.3 Plants and Animals......Page 543 7.5.2 Terrestrial Plants......Page 551 7.5.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 552 7.5.4 Birds and Mammals......Page 564 7.6 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 569 7.7 SUMMARY......Page 572 7.8 LITERATURE CITED......Page 573 8.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 581 8.2.2 Inorganic Tin......Page 582 8.2.3 Organotins......Page 583 8.3 SOURCES AND USES......Page 587 8.4.1 General......Page 590 8.4.2 Nonbiological Samples......Page 591 8.4.3 Biological Samples......Page 596 8.5.1 General......Page 602 8.5.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 603 8.5.4 Mammals......Page 613 8.6 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 621 8.7 SUMMARY......Page 624 8.8 LITERATURE CITED......Page 625 9.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 634 9.2 SOURCES AND USES......Page 635 9.3.2 Chemical Properties......Page 637 9.3.3 Metabolism......Page 639 9.3.4 Interactions......Page 641 Cadmium......Page 642 Nickel......Page 643 Other Chemicals......Page 644 9.4.2 Carcinogenicity......Page 645 9.4.3 Mutagenicity......Page 646 9.5.1 General......Page 647 9.5.2 Nonbiological......Page 648 9.5.3 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 650 9.5.4 Aquatic Organisms......Page 651 9.5.5 Birds......Page 653 9.5.6 Mammals......Page 654 9.6.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 675 9.6.4 Birds......Page 676 9.6.5 Mammals......Page 677 9.7.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 681 9.7.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 683 Algae and Macrophytes......Page 684 Molluscs......Page 698 Arthropods......Page 699 Annelids......Page 701 Fish......Page 702 Amphibians......Page 704 9.7.4 Birds......Page 705 9.7.5 Mammals......Page 708 9.8 RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 714 9.9 SUMMARY......Page 723 9.10 LITERATURE CITED......Page 725 VOLUME 2......Page 744 Table of Contents......Page 12 10.1Introduction......Page 745 10.2.2 Sources......Page 746 10.2.3 Uses......Page 747 10.3.2 Chemical Properties......Page 748 10.3.3 Persistence......Page 749 10.3.4 Metabolism......Page 750 10.4.1 General......Page 751 10.4.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 752 10.4.4 Birds......Page 757 10.4.5 Mammals......Page 759 10.5Recommendations......Page 767 10.6Summary......Page 769 10.7Literature Cited......Page 770 11.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 773 11.3Concentrations in Field Collections......Page 776 11.4.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 779 11.4.3 Aquatic Plants......Page 782 11.4.4 Aquatic Animals......Page 784 11.4.5 Birds......Page 791 11.4.6 Mammals......Page 792 11.5Recommendations......Page 794 11.6Summary......Page 796 11.7Literature Cited......Page 797 12.1Introduction......Page 804 12.2Chemical Properties and Persistence......Page 805 12.3.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 809 12.3.3 Birds and Mammals......Page 810 12.3.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 814 12.4.1 General......Page 815 12.4.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 816 12.4.3 Birds......Page 818 12.4.4 Mammals......Page 819 12.5Recommendations......Page 820 12.6Summary......Page 821 12.7Literature Cited......Page 822 13.1Introduction......Page 828 13.2Chemical and Biochemical Properties......Page 829 13.3Uses......Page 832 13.4.2 Nonbiological Samples......Page 833 13.4.5 Fishes......Page 836 13.4.7 Birds......Page 838 13.4.8 Mammals......Page 839 13.5.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 860 13.5.5 Birds......Page 865 13.5.6 Mammals......Page 868 13.6Recommendations......Page 874 13.7Summary......Page 876 13.8Literature Cited......Page 878 14.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 887 14.3.1 Aquatic Organisms......Page 890 14.3.2 Birds and Mammals......Page 893 14.4Field Investigations......Page 896 14.5Recommendations......Page 899 14.6Summary......Page 900 14.7Literature Cited......Page 901 15.1Introduction......Page 907 15.2Chemical Properties......Page 909 15.3Mode of Action......Page 912 15.4Clinical Features......Page 913 15.5Antidotes......Page 915 15.6Sources and Uses......Page 916 15.7Concentrations in Field Collections......Page 920 15.8Persistence in Water, Soil, and Air......Page 924 15.9.1 Terrestrial Flora and Invertebrates......Page 925 15.9.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 927 15.9.3 Birds......Page 935 15.9.4 Mammals......Page 939 15.10Recommendations......Page 950 15.11Summary......Page 954 15.12Literature Cited......Page 956 16.1Introduction......Page 964 16.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 965 16.3.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 967 16.3.3 Birds......Page 969 16.3.4 Mammals......Page 970 16.3.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 972 16.4.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 973 16.4.4 Mammals......Page 976 16.4.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 978 16.5Recommendations......Page 979 16.6Summary......Page 980 16.7Literature Cited......Page 981 17.2.1General......Page 986 17.2.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties......Page 987 17.2.3 Persistence in Soil and Water......Page 989 17.4.1 General......Page 991 17.4.2 Terrestrial Plants......Page 992 17.4.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 993 17.4.4 Aquatic Organisms: Laboratory Studies......Page 996 17.4.5 Aquatic Organisms: Field Studies......Page 1005 17.4.6 Birds......Page 1007 17.4.7 Mammals......Page 1010 17.5Recommendations......Page 1014 17.6Summary......Page 1016 17.7Literature Cited......Page 1017 18.1Introduction......Page 1023 18.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 1024 18.3Concentrations in Field Collections......Page 1027 18.4.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1041 18.4.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1042 18.4.4 Birds......Page 1049 18.4.5 Mammals......Page 1050 18.5Recommendations......Page 1054 18.6Summary......Page 1058 18.7Literature Cited......Page 1059 19.2Uses......Page 1069 19.3Chemistry and Metabolism......Page 1070 19.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 1073 19.4.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1075 19.4.4 Birds......Page 1076 19.4.5 Mammals......Page 1079 19.5Recommendations......Page 1085 19.6Summary......Page 1086 19.7Literature Cited......Page 1087 20.1Introduction......Page 1091 20.2.2 Chemical Properties......Page 1092 20.2.3 Uses......Page 1093 20.2.4 Persistence......Page 1095 20.3.2 Types of Pyrethroids......Page 1099 20.3.3 Sodium Gating Kinetics......Page 1100 20.3.4 Metabolism......Page 1101 20.3.5 Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity, and Carcinogenicity......Page 1102 20.4.1 General......Page 1103 20.4.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1104 20.4.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1106 20.4.4 Birds......Page 1115 20.4.5 Mammals......Page 1117 20.5Recommendations......Page 1124 20.6Summary......Page 1126 20.7Literature Cited......Page 1127 21.2Chemical Properties......Page 1134 21.3.1 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1135 21.3.2 Birds and Mammals......Page 1136 21.4.1 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1137 21.4.3 Mammals......Page 1138 21.5.1 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1140 21.5.2 Birds and Mammals......Page 1141 21.6Mirex in the Southeastern United States......Page 1144 21.7Mirex in the Great Lakes......Page 1147 21.8Mirex in Other Geographic Areas......Page 1150 21.9Recommendations......Page 1151 21.11Literature Cited......Page 1153 22.1Introduction......Page 1159 22.3Concentrations in Field Collections......Page 1160 22.4.1 General......Page 1161 22.4.3 Mode of Action......Page 1162 22.4.4 Fate in Soils and Water......Page 1165 22.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1167 22.5.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1169 22.5.4 Birds......Page 1174 22.5.5 Mammals......Page 1177 22.6Recommendations......Page 1183 22.7Summary......Page 1185 22.8Literature Cited......Page 1186 23.1Introduction......Page 1193 23.2.2 Sources and Uses......Page 1194 23.2.3 Properties......Page 1196 23.2.4 Fate......Page 1198 23.3.2 Biological and Nonbiological Samples......Page 1200 23.4.1 General......Page 1203 23.4.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1204 23.4.3 Aquatic Biota......Page 1205 23.4.4 Birds......Page 1213 23.4.5 Mammals......Page 1215 23.5Recommendations......Page 1221 23.6Summary......Page 1225 23.7Literature Cited......Page 1226 24.2 Sources and Uses......Page 1236 24.3.1 General......Page 1237 24.3.2 Physical Properties......Page 1239 24.3.3 Toxic Equivalency Factors......Page 1244 24.3.4 Structure–Function Relations......Page 1246 24.3.5 Quantitation......Page 1249 24.4.2 Nonbiological Materials......Page 1254 24.4.3 Marine Mammals......Page 1261 24.4.4 Other Aquatic Organisms......Page 1279 24.4.5 Reptiles......Page 1284 24.4.6 Birds......Page 1286 24.4.7 Terrestrial Mammals......Page 1297 24.5.1 General......Page 1300 24.5.2 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1301 24.5.3 Birds......Page 1306 24.5.4 Mammals......Page 1311 24.6Recommendations......Page 1317 24.7Summary......Page 1321 24.8Literature Cited......Page 1322 25.1Introduction......Page 1341 25.2.1 Properties......Page 1342 25.2.2 Sources......Page 1343 25.2.3 Fate......Page 1347 25.3.2 Nonbiological Samples......Page 1351 25.3.3 Biological Samples......Page 1359 25.4.2 Fungi......Page 1368 25.4.4 Aquatic Biota......Page 1369 25.4.6 Birds......Page 1383 25.4.7 Mammals......Page 1384 25.5Recommendations......Page 1389 25.6Summary......Page 1394 25.7Literature Cited......Page 1395 26.1Introduction......Page 1410 26.2.1 Domestic Use......Page 1411 26.2.2 Nondomestic Use......Page 1414 26.3.2 Chemical Properties......Page 1416 26.3.3 Persistence......Page 1417 26.3.4 Metabolism......Page 1419 26.3.5 Antidotes......Page 1421 26.4.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1423 26.4.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1425 26.4.4 Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 1426 26.4.5 Birds......Page 1427 26.4.6 Mammals......Page 1434 26.5Recommendations......Page 1446 26.6Summary......Page 1448 26.7Literature Cited......Page 1449 27.1Introduction......Page 1455 27.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 1456 27.3Concentrations in Field Populations......Page 1458 27.4Lethal Effects......Page 1463 27.5Sublethal Effects......Page 1466 27.6Recommendations......Page 1470 27.7Summary......Page 1471 27.8Literature Cited......Page 1474 VOLUME 3......Page 1478 Table of Contents......Page 19 28.1Introduction......Page 1479 28.2Sources, Fate, and Uses......Page 1480 28.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties......Page 1483 28.4 Essentiality, Synergism, and Antagonism......Page 1486 28.5.1 General......Page 1487 28.5.2 Nonbiological Samples......Page 1488 28.5.3 Biological Samples......Page 1492 28.6.1 General......Page 1506 28.6.2 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Teratogenesis......Page 1507 28.6.3 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1508 28.6.4 Aquatic Biota......Page 1511 28.6.5 Birds......Page 1520 28.6.6 Mammals......Page 1522 28.7Recommendations......Page 1529 28.8Summary......Page 1534 28.9Literature Cited......Page 1535 29.1Introduction......Page 1545 29.2.2 Sources and Uses......Page 1546 29.2.3 Chemical Properties......Page 1548 29.2.4 Mode of Action......Page 1549 29.3.2 Nonbiological Materials......Page 1551 29.3.3 Plants and Animals......Page 1554 29.4.2 Terrestrial Plants......Page 1559 29.4.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates......Page 1562 29.4.4 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1563 29.4.5 Birds......Page 1569 29.4.6 Mammals......Page 1571 29.5Recommendations......Page 1578 29.6Summary......Page 1582 29.7Literature cited......Page 1583 30.1Introduction......Page 1591 30.2.2 Sources and Uses......Page 1592 30.2.4 Mode of Action......Page 1593 30.3.2 Nonbiological Samples......Page 1595 30.3.3 Biological Samples......Page 1597 30.4.1 General......Page 1603 30.4.4 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1604 30.4.5 Birds......Page 1608 30.4.6 Mammals......Page 1609 30.5Recommendations......Page 1615 30.7Literature Cited......Page 1619 31.1Introduction......Page 1626 31.2Environmental Chemistry......Page 1627 31.3Concentrations in Field Collections......Page 1630 31.4Deficiency and Protective Effects......Page 1649 31.5.1 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1652 31.5.2 Mammals and Birds......Page 1655 31.6.1 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1659 31.6.3 Birds......Page 1662 31.6.4 Mammals......Page 1663 31.7Recommendations......Page 1664 31.8Summary......Page 1669 31.9Literature Cited......Page 1670 32.1Introduction......Page 1683 32.2.1 General......Page 1684 32.2.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum......Page 1685 32.2.3 Radionuclides......Page 1686 32.2.5 New Units of Measurement......Page 1692 32.3.2 Natural Radioactivity......Page 1693 32.3.3 Anthropogenic Radioactivity......Page 1694 32.3.4 Dispersion......Page 1699 32.4.2 Abiotic Materials......Page 1701 32.4.3 Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 1705 32.4.4 Birds......Page 1707 32.4.5 Mammals......Page 1708 32.5.1 Pacific Proving Grounds......Page 1725 32.5.2.1 General......Page 1728 32.5.2.2 Local Effects......Page 1731 32.5.2.3 Nonlocal Effects......Page 1732 32.6Effects: Nonionizing Radiations......Page 1745 32.7.1 General......Page 1747 32.7.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates......Page 1750 32.7.3 Aquatic Organisms......Page 1753 32.7.4 Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 1760 32.7.5 Birds......Page 1762 32.7.6 Mammals......Page 1764 32.7.6.1 Survival......Page 1771 32.7.6.2 Carcinogenicity......Page 1772 32.7.6.3 Mutagenicity......Page 1773 32.7.6.5 Behavior......Page 1774 32.7.6.6 Absorption and Assimilation......Page 1775 32.8Proposed Criteria and Recommendations......Page 1776 32.9Summary......Page 1781 32.10Literature Cited......Page 1783 32.11Glossary*......Page 1800 33.3Index to Species......Page 1805 33.5Literature Cited......Page 1806 Written over a period of 17 years, the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment exhaustively examines and analyzes the world literature on chemicals entering the environment from human activities. The three volumes cover chemicals recommended by environmental specialists of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and other resource managers. The choices were based on the real or potential impact of each contaminant and on the knowledge available about their mitigation. The information for each chemical includes source and use; physical, chemical, and metabolic properties; concentrations in field collections of abiotic materials and living organisms; deficiency effects; lethal and sublethal effects; and proposed regulatory criteria for the protection of human health and sensitive natural resources. Each chapter selectively reviews and synthesizes the technical literature on a specific priority contaminant and its effects on the environment. Successful risk assessment relies heavily on extensive and well-documented databases. They often include too much - or too little - information about too many chemicals. Of the hundreds of thousands of chemicals discharged into the environment, only a small number have sufficient information to attempt preliminary risk assessment. Sold only as a three volume set, the Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment provides you with the exact amount of information you need in a single resource Successful risk assessment relies heavily on extensive and well-documented databases. Handbook of Chemical Risk Assessment: Health Hazards to Humans, Plants, and Animals provides all of the information required within a single resource. This three volume set provides comprehensive information on 1,500 chemicals, contains 265 tables, 35 figures, and Successful risk assessment relies heavily on well-documented databases. This book provides comprehensive information on 1,500 chemicals, contains 265 tables, 35 figures, and 8,000 references, and includes 2,500 species cross referenced by their common name and Latin names.