Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function (Volume 24) (Handbook of Behavioral Neuroscience, Volume 24)

The Basal Ganglia comprise a group of forebrain nuclei that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. Basal ganglia circuits are involved in various functions, including motor control and learning, sensorimotor integration, reward and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse disorders associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dystonia, and psychostimulant addiction. __The Handbook of Basal Ganglia__ provides a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional organization of the basal ganglia, with special emphasis on the progress achieved over the last 10-15 years. Organized in six parts, the volume describes the general anatomical organization and provides a review of the evolution of the basal ganglia, followed by detailed accounts of recent advances in anatomy, cellular/molecular, and cellular/physiological mechanisms, and our understanding of the behavioral and clinical aspects of basal ganglia function and dysfunction. \*Synthesizes widely dispersed information on the behavioral neurobiology of the basal ganglia, including advances in the understanding of anatomy, cell-molecular and cell-physiological mechanisms, and behavioral/clinical aspects of function and dysfunction \*Features a truly international cast of the preeminent researchers in the field \*Fully explores the clinically relevant impact of the basal ganglia on various psychiatric and neurological diseases 01[first_author]_2010_Handbook-of-Behavioral-Neuroscience_1......Page 1 02[first_author]_2010_Handbook-of-Behavioral-Neuroscience......Page 2 Table of Contents......Page 3 03Andre_2010_Handbook-of-Behavioral-Neuroscience......Page 9 04[first_author]_2010_Handbook-of-Behavioral-Neuroscience......Page 13 05[first_author]_2010_Handbook-of-Behavioral-Neuroscience_2......Page 15 Introduction......Page 16 Overview of basal ganglia organization......Page 17 The corticostriatal system......Page 19 Striatum......Page 21 Output systems of the striatum......Page 25 Basal ganglia output nuclei: internal segment of globus pallidus and substantia nigra......Page 30 The nigrostriatal dopamine system......Page 32 Striatal patch-matrix compartments......Page 34 Introduction......Page 42 Basal Ganglia in Anamniotes......Page 44 Basal Ganglia in Amniotes......Page 54 Acknowledgments......Page 63 Introduction......Page 76 Projection neurons within the different nuclei of the basal ganglia......Page 79 Interneurons Within the Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia......Page 80 Absolute numbers of neurons in the basal ganglia: functional implications......Page 81 Glial cell types within the different nuclei......Page 83 Conclusions: the past and the next 10–15 years......Page 84 References......Page 85 Introduction......Page 88 Ionotropic Receptors......Page 93 Metabotropic Receptors......Page 97 Conclusions......Page 103 References......Page 104 The striatal medium spiny neuron......Page 110 Anatomical connectivity of the striatal skeleton......Page 116 Synaptic Physiology of Lateral Interactions......Page 118 Functional implications, models and outlook......Page 119 References......Page 120 Introduction......Page 124 Modulation of intrinsic excitability and glutamatergic signaling by D1 receptors......Page 125 Dopaminergic modulation of long-term synaptic plasticity......Page 128 Dopaminergic modulation of glutamatergic signaling in parkinson’s disease......Page 135 Concluding remarks......Page 139 References......Page 140 Introduction......Page 144 Autonomous firing patterns in cholinergic interneurons......Page 146 Influence of the cholinergic interneurons on the striatal network......Page 151 The cholinergic interneurons are the tonically active neurons of the striatum......Page 154 Summary and conclusions......Page 156 References......Page 157 Introduction......Page 161 Parvalbumin-Immunoreactive Interneurons......Page 162 Somatostatin/NOS/Neuropeptide Y Interneurons......Page 166 Other GABAergic Interneurons: Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Neurons......Page 170 Acknowledgments......Page 173 Introduction: the endocannabinoid system......Page 177 Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in the striatum......Page 178 CB1 receptor function in the striatum......Page 183 Endocannabinoid-mediated synaptic plasticity in the striatum......Page 184 Endocannabinoid roles in striatum-dependent behavior......Page 188 References......Page 191 Introduction: the nitric oxide system......Page 197 Afferent regulation of striatal no synthesis......Page 199 Effects of no signaling on neurotransmitter release......Page 201 Regulation of striatal neuron activity and output by no signaling......Page 202 Impact of dopamine depletion on striatal no-sgc signaling......Page 205 Acknowledgments......Page 206 Introduction: The Adenosine System......Page 211 Adenosine Receptor Localization and Function......Page 212 Adenosine receptor interactions......Page 213 A2A Receptors in parkinson’s disease: biochemical studies......Page 216 A2A-Dopamine interactions in parkinson’s disease: behavioral studies......Page 218 A2A Receptors in Huntington’s Disease......Page 220 Adenosine receptors and cognitive processes: any role?......Page 221 References......Page 223 Introduction......Page 228 Physiological and pharmacological characterization of corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP)......Page 229 Synaptic depotentiation at corticostriatal synapses: a mechanism of physiological “forgetting”?......Page 232 Corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in experimental models of hyperkinetic disorders......Page 233 Conclusions and future perspectives......Page 235 References......Page 236 Anatomy of the striatum and the globus pallidus......Page 239 Physiology of the globus pallidus......Page 245 Functional Considerations......Page 249 References......Page 250 General anatomy of pallidostriatal projections......Page 254 Topography......Page 256 Characteristics of pallidostriatal neurons......Page 257 Striatal targets of pallidostriatal neurons......Page 258 Functional considerations......Page 259 References......Page 260 Introduction......Page 263 Synaptic organization of the subthalamic nucleus and responses to cortical stimulation......Page 265 Cellular basis of single-spike and burst firing in subthalamic nucleus neurons in vitro......Page 266 Subthalamic nucleus, dopamine and parkinsonism......Page 270 The subthalamic nucleus as a remote control system for cortical seizures......Page 271 References......Page 275 Introduction......Page 278 Neurocytology of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons......Page 279 Electrophysiological properties of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons......Page 280 Neuroanatomy of GABA afferents to nigral dopamine neurons......Page 283 Neurophysiology of GABA Afferents......Page 284 Concluding remarks......Page 293 Acknowledgments......Page 294 Regulation of dopamine release......Page 300 Dopamine reuptake......Page 310 References......Page 315 Cortical projections to basal ganglia – historical overview......Page 323 Corticostriatal neuron types......Page 325 Ultrastructure of cortical input to striatum......Page 328 V. Differential input of cortex to striatal neurons......Page 330 Functional considerations......Page 334 Acknowledgments......Page 337 Introduction......Page 340 Cortical cells of origin......Page 341 Terminal distribution of corticostriatal axons......Page 342 Significance of corticostriatal statistics......Page 343 Synaptic plasticity in the corticostriatal pathway......Page 345 Acknowledgment......Page 347 Introduction: Prefrontal cortex-basal ganglia circuits......Page 351 Prefrontal cortex and striatum......Page 352 Topographical organization of prefrontal-striatal projections......Page 353 Relationships of the prefrontal-striatal projections with the compartmental structure of the striatum......Page 355 Cortico-cortical and corticostriatal relationships......Page 357 Relationships of the prefrontal-striatal topography with other striatal inputs......Page 359 Medium-sized spiny projection neurons: integrators of striatal inputs......Page 361 Introduction......Page 364 Electrophysiological properties of msns that shape input integration......Page 365 Hippocampal gating of prefrontocortical throughput......Page 370 Other inputs can also drive up states and command neuronal activity in the nucleus accumbens......Page 371 The nucleus accumbens, a behavioral switchboard......Page 372 Introduction......Page 377 Anatomy of the Thalamostriatal Systems......Page 378 Synaptic Organization of Thalamostriatal Systems......Page 381 Physiology of CM/Pf Neurons and Related Thalamostriatal Projections......Page 383 Pathophysiology of CM/Pf Neurons in Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders......Page 385 Neurosurgical CM/Pf Interventions for Movement Disorders......Page 386 Abbreviations......Page 388 Introduction......Page 393 Functions of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and its connections with basal ganglia......Page 394 Functions of superior colliculus and its connections with basal ganglia......Page 397 Function of basal ganglia in relation to cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops and their dopaminergic afferents......Page 398 Comparison of functional connections of pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus and superior colliculus with basal ganglia and midbrain dopamine neurons......Page 400 Conclusions......Page 402 Introduction......Page 405 Parallel processing......Page 406 Integrative Pathways......Page 409 Functional Considerations......Page 418 Abbreviations......Page 419 Testing predictions of the rate-based model: effects of increased dopamine receptor stimulation......Page 424 Testing predictions of the rate-based model: effects of dopamine loss......Page 425 Synchronous firing patterns in basal ganglia circuits......Page 426 Conclusions......Page 431 Introduction......Page 439 Second-messenger pathways......Page 440 References......Page 450 Introduction......Page 453 Regulation by glutamate......Page 455 Regulation by dopamine......Page 461 Regulation by adenosine......Page 465 Regulation by acetylcholine......Page 466 Regulation by serotonin......Page 467 Introduction: D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in direct and indirect striatal projections......Page 483 Aberrant activation of ERK1/2 involving serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the dorsal striatum......Page 486 Functional significance of aberrant activation of ERK1/2 in direct pathway neurons......Page 489 References......Page 491 Introduction......Page 493 Gene regulation in the striatum occurs mostly in direct pathway neurons and is mediated by d1 dopamine receptors......Page 495 Neuroadaptations after repeated psychostimulant treatments......Page 497 Topography of psychostimulant-induced gene regulation: sensorimotor corticostriatal circuits are mostly affected......Page 501 Functional consequences of psychostimulant-induced molecular changes in the striatum......Page 505 Summary and conclusions......Page 509 References......Page 510 Introduction......Page 518 Chromatin remodeling and histone modifications......Page 519 Chromatin remodeling and striatal dysfunctions......Page 526 References......Page 530 Selection: a Fundamental Problem......Page 537 Reinforcement Learning......Page 538 Role of Dopamine in Reinforcement Learning......Page 539 The Agency Hypothesis......Page 542 References......Page 545 Evidence from rat studies......Page 548 Evidence from monkey studies......Page 551 Evidence from human studies......Page 552 Conclusions, modifications, and implications......Page 553 References......Page 554 Introduction......Page 557 Drug addiction: a neuropsychiatric disorder dependent upon the basal ganglia and their cortical inputs......Page 558 Drug reinforcement: a mechanism dependent upon ventral cortico-striato-pallidal loops......Page 559 Striatal-Dependent pavlovian and instrumental learning mechanisms in the development of drug addiction......Page 562 Cellular and Molecular Substrates of Drug Addiction: Role of Corticostriatal Mechanisms......Page 566 Towards an understanding of psychostimulant addiction: dysregulation of corticostriatal circuitry and incentive habits......Page 569 Acknowledgments......Page 572 Environmental Hypothesis of Parkinson’s Disease......Page 579 Environmental Toxins and Inflammation......Page 585 Environmental Toxins and Genetic Vulnerability......Page 586 Summary and Conclusions......Page 588 Introduction......Page 593 Striatal organization......Page 594 The corticostriatal pathway in huntington’s disease......Page 596 The corticostriatal pathway in parkinson’s disease......Page 600 Acknowledgments......Page 604 Introduction......Page 610 Molecular and cellular changes following dopamine denervation......Page 611 Molecular and cellular changes caused by l-dopa treatment......Page 614 System-level adaptations and structural plasticity in the basal ganglia......Page 619 Concluding remarks......Page 620 Introduction......Page 626 Striatal mechanisms......Page 627 Basal ganglia-mediated compensation......Page 630 Thalamo-cortical-mediated compensation......Page 632 Dopamine compensation reappraised......Page 633 Acknowledgments......Page 634 Introduction: Parkinson’s Disease – Prevalence, Symptoms and Therapy......Page 638 The MPTP Primate Model of Parkinson’s Disease......Page 639 Excessive Synchrony and Oscillations in Parkinson’s Disease......Page 640 How Might Excessive Synchrony Impair Basal Ganglia Processing?......Page 641 Acknowledgments......Page 642 Introduction......Page 644 Basal Ganglia-Thalamocortical Circuits......Page 645 “Circuit Disorders” Involving the Basal Ganglia......Page 648 Deep-Brain Stimulation......Page 650 DBS Treatment of Movement Disorders......Page 652 DBS Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders......Page 655 References......Page 659 45[first_author]_2010_Handbook-of-Behavioral-Neuroscience......Page 667 Part A: The Basal Ganglia System and its Evolution Chapter 1. The�Neuroanatomical Organization of the Basal Ganglia Charles R. Gerfen Chapter 2. The Conservative Evolution of the Vertebrate Basal Ganglia A. Reiner Chapter 3. Cell Types in the Different Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia Dorothy E. Oorschot Chapter 4. Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Basal Ganglia Piers C. Emson, Henry Waldvogel and Richard Faull Part B: Anatomy and Physiology of the Striatum Chapter 5. The Striatal Skeleton: Medium Spiny Projection Neurons and their Lateral Connections Dietmar Plenz and Jeffery R. Wickens Chapter 6. D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptor Modulation of Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons D. James Surmeier, Michelle Day, Tracy Gertler, Savio Chan and Weixing Shen Chapter 7. The Cholinergic Interneurons of the Striatum: Intrinsic Properties Underlie Multiple Discharge Patterns Joshua A. Goldberg and Charles J. Wilson ^ Chapter 8. GABAergic Interneurons of the Neostriatum James M. Tepper Chapter 9. Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Striatum David M. Lovinger, Margaret I. Davis and Rui M. Costa Chapter 10. Nitric Oxide Signaling in the Striatum Anthony R. West Chapter 11. Adenosine-Dopamine Receptor Interaction Micaela Morelli, Simola Nicola, Popoli Patrizia and Carta Anna R. Chapter 12. Regulation of Corticostriatal Synaptic Plasticity in Physiological and Pathological Conditions Massimiliano Di Filippo and Paolo Calabresi Part C: Anatomy and Physiology of Globus Pallidus, Subthalamic Nucleus and Substantia Nigra Chapter 13. Organization of the Globus Pallidus Hitoshi Kita Chapter 14. Projections from Pallidum to Striatum Pieter Voorn Chapter 15. The Subthalamic Nucleus: From in vitro to in vivo Mechanisms Stephane Charpier, Corinne Beurrier and Jeanne T. Paz ^ ^^ Chapter 16. Neurophysiology of Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons: Modulation by GABAergic Afferents James M. Tepper Chapter 17. Regulation of Extracellular Dopamine: Release and Reuptake David Sulzer, Hui Zhang, Marianne Benoit-Marand, and Francois Gonon Part D: Network Integration Chapter 18. Organization of Corticostriatal Projection Neuron Types Anton Reiner Chapter 19. Gating of Cortical Input to the Striatum Jeffery R. Wickens and Gordon W. Arbuthnott Chapter 20. Organization of Prefrontal-Striatal Connections Henk J. Groenewegen and Harry B.M. Uylings Chapter 21. Gating of Limbic Input to the Ventral Striatum Patricio O'Donnell Chapter 22. Anatomical and Functional Organization of the Thalamostriatal Systems Yoland Smith, Adriana Galvan, Dinesh Raju and Thomas Wichmann Chapter 23. Subcortical Connections of the Basal Ganglia David I.G. Wilson, Philip Winn and Peter Redgrave ^ ^^ Chapter 24. Integrative Networks across Basal Ganglia Circuits Suzanne N. Haber Chapter 25. Synchronous Activity in Basal Ganglia-Cortical Circuits J.R. Walters and D.A. Bergstrom Part E: Molecular Signaling in the Basal Ganglia Chapter 26. Second Messenger Cascades Stephanie E. Bronson and Christine Konradi Chapter 27. Neurotransmitter Regulation of Basal Ganglia Gene Expression Kristen A. Keefe and Kristen A. Horner Chapter 28. D1-Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity in the Striatum Charles R. Gerfen Chapter 29. Psychostimulant-Induced Gene Regulation in Cortico-Striatal Circuits Heinz Steiner Chapter 30. Chromatin Remodeling: Role in Neuropathologies of the Basal Ganglia Jocelyne Caboche, Emmanuel Roze, Karen Brami-Cherrier and Sandrine Betuing Part F: Basal Ganglia Function and Dysfunction Chapter 31. Phasic Dopamine Signaling and Basal Ganglia Function Peter Redgrave, Veronique Coizet and John Reynolds ^ ^^ Chapter 32. Basal Ganglia-Mediated Motor Learning M.G. Packard Chapter 33. Drug Addiction: The Neural and Psychological Basis of a Compulsive Incentive Habit David Belin and Barry J. Everitt Chapter 34. Environmental Contributions to Parkinson's disease: Cross Talk between Environmental Factors and Gene Defects Gloria E. Meredith and Susan Totterdell Chapter 35. Alterations in Corticostriatal Synaptic Function in Huntington's and Parkinson's Diseases Carlos Cepeda, Nigel S. Bamford, V̌ronique M. Andř and Michael S. Levine Chapter 36. Molecular Mechanisms of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia M. Angela Cenci Chapter 37. Compensatory Mechanisms in Experimental and Human Parkinsonism: Potential for New Therapies Erwan Bezard, Gřgory Porras, Javier Blesa and Još A. Obeso Chapter 38. Pathological Synchrony of Basal Ganglia-Cortical Networks in the Systemic MPTP Primate Model of Parkinson's Disease ^ ^^ Hagai Bergman, Adam Zaidel, Boris Rosin, Maya Slovik, Michal Rivlin-Etzion, Shay Moshel and Zvi Israel Chapter 39. Deep-Brain Stimulation for Neurologic and Psychiatric Disorders Mahlon R. DeLong and Thomas Wichmann. ^^

The Basal Ganglia comprise a group of forebrain nuclei that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. Basal ganglia circuits are involved in various functions, including motor control and learning, sensorimotor integration, reward and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse disorders associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson’s disease, Tourette’s syndrome, Huntington’s disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dystonia, and psychostimulant addiction.

The Handbook of Basal Ganglia provides a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional organization of the basal ganglia, with special emphasis on the progress achieved over the last 10-15 years. Organized in six parts, the volume describes the general anatomical organization and provides a review of the evolution of the basal ganglia, followed by detailed accounts of recent advances in anatomy, cellular/molecular, and cellular/physiological mechanisms, and our understanding of the behavioral and clinical aspects of basal ganglia function and dysfunction.

*Synthesizes widely dispersed information on the behavioral neurobiology of the basal ganglia, including advances in the understanding of anatomy, cell-molecular and cell-physiological mechanisms, and behavioral/clinical aspects of function and dysfunction *Features a truly international cast of the preeminent researchers in the field *Fully explores the clinically relevant impact of the basal ganglia on various psychiatric and neurological diseases

The Basal Ganglia comprise a group of forebrain nuclei that are interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem. Basal ganglia circuits are involved in various functions, including motor control and learning, sensorimotor integration, reward and cognition. The importance of these nuclei for normal brain function and behavior is emphasized by the numerous and diverse disorders associated with basal ganglia dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome, Huntington's disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, dystonia, and psychostimulant addiction. This handbook provides a comprehensive overview of the structural and functional organization of the basal ganglia, with special emphasis on the progress achieved over the last 10-15 years. Organized in six parts, the volume describes the general anatomical organization and provides a review of the evolution of the basal ganglia, followed by detailed accounts of recent advances in anatomy, cellular/molecular, and cellular/physiological mechanisms, and our understanding of the behavioral and clinical aspects of basal ganglia function and dysfunction