Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Volume 3: Agricultural Development: Farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets Vol 3

Volume 3 of this series of the Handbooks in Economics follows on from the previous two volumes by focusing on the fundamental concepts of agricultural economics. The first part of the volume examines the developments in human resources and technology mastery. The second part follows on by considering the processes and impact of invention and innovation in this field. The effects of market forces are examined in the third part, and the volume concludes by analysing the economics of our changing natural resources, including the past effects of climate change. Overall this volume forms a comprehensive and accessible survey of the field of agricultural economics and is recommended reading for anyone with an interest, either academic or professional, in this area. *Part of the renown Handbooks in Economics series *Contributors are leaders of their areas *International in scope and comprehensive in coverage HandbookofAgriculturalEcono1123_f.jpg......Page 1 1.pdf......Page 2 2.pdf......Page 8 Insights from economic growth theory......Page 20 The Green Revolution......Page 21 The Gene Revolution......Page 27 Returns to research......Page 28 The decline in aid effectiveness......Page 30 Part 2. Schooling, Nutrition and Extension......Page 31 Part 3. Invention and Innovation in Agriculture......Page 32 Part 4. Markets and Transactions Costs......Page 38 Part 5. Resources......Page 42 References......Page 44 Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Farmers, Schoolingschooling and Nutrition......Page 46 Keywords......Page 47 Two-sector model: Agriculture and non-agriculture......Page 48 A three-period model of optimal production and investment......Page 51 Implications......Page 55 Turning to practical implications......Page 56 Early evidence......Page 57 Jump-starting economic growth with an agricultural transformation......Page 63 Contemporary cross-sectional comparisons......Page 66 Micro-evidence for schooling and economic growth......Page 70 Macro-evidence......Page 73 Production of health, nutritional inputs, and work......Page 80 Micro-evidence......Page 81 Effects of nutrition on physical and mental development......Page 85 Nutrition and labor productivity: Micro-evidence......Page 86 Nutritional and labor productivity: Macro-evidence......Page 89 Obesity (over-nourished)......Page 92 Poverty traps......Page 93 The choice of where to work: Rural-urban population shift and brain drain......Page 94 Technology adoption and information acquisition......Page 96 Conclusions and implications......Page 98 References......Page 100 Agricultural Extension......Page 107 Keywords......Page 108 Introduction......Page 109 Information as an input to productivity growth: Demand for information......Page 112 Welfare economics contextualization......Page 113 Private extension services and cost recovery......Page 116 Public financing of extension......Page 117 Public-private partnerships......Page 118 A conceptual framework for analyzing extension organizations......Page 119 Scale and complexity......Page 120 Interaction with knowledge generation......Page 121 Difficulty in tracing extension impact......Page 122 Weak accountability......Page 123 Encumbrance with public duties in addition to knowledge transfer......Page 124 Fiscal sustainability......Page 125 Training and visit (T&V) extension......Page 126 Decentralization......Page 127 Fee-for-service and privatized extension......Page 129 Farmer field schools......Page 130 The impact of extension......Page 131 Conclusion......Page 135 References......Page 136 The Role of International Agricultural Research in Contributing to Global Food Security and Poverty Alleviation: The case of the CGIAR......Page 143 Keywords......Page 144 Evolution and funding of the CGIAR......Page 146 Growth in funding base for the CGIAR......Page 147 Trends in CGIAR investment by activity/undertaking......Page 149 Investments by center type......Page 151 The changing nature of the investment: From unrestricted to restricted......Page 153 Crop genetic improvements......Page 155 Crop and resource management impacts......Page 157 Inappropriate methods for measuring NRM impact......Page 158 Lack of impact per se......Page 160 Returns to crop improvement research investment......Page 161 Non-commodity focused efforts......Page 163 Food supplies and food prices......Page 165 Differential impact of technological change......Page 166 Challenges ahead......Page 168 CGIAR as global custodian of genetic resources......Page 172 From product development to knowledge generation though application of social and biological sciences......Page 173 Assessing the consequences of technical change......Page 174 Strategic leadership and integrator within the global agricultural research community......Page 175 References......Page 176 Contributions of National Agricultural Research Systems to Crop Productivity......Page 181 Keywords......Page 182 Introduction......Page 183 Background......Page 184 NARS expenditures......Page 185 The political economy of support for NARS programs......Page 187 NARS contributions to crop improvement: The Green Revolution......Page 190 The development of Green Revolution MVs: An overview......Page 192 Wheat......Page 195 Rice......Page 196 Maize......Page 198 Sorghum and pearl millet......Page 200 Barley......Page 201 Beans......Page 202 Lentils......Page 203 Groundnuts......Page 204 Potatoes......Page 205 Cassava......Page 207 GRMV production and adoption......Page 208 Productivity effects of GRMVs......Page 209 Returns to investment in IARC and NARS programs......Page 211 NARS and the ``Gene Revolution''......Page 212 Gene-Green Revolution congruity......Page 214 GM crop coverage to 2003......Page 215 IARC and NARS ``failures'' in the Gene Revolution......Page 216 Prices of agricultural commodities and mass poverty......Page 217 Policy issues for NARS and IARC programs......Page 219 References......Page 220 Livestock Productivity in Developing Countries: An Assessment......Page 222 Abstract......Page 223 Keywords......Page 224 Introduction......Page 225 Factors affecting livestock development......Page 226 The process of livestock development......Page 229 Vertical coordination in the livestock sector......Page 230 Demand for livestock products......Page 232 Consumption structure......Page 233 Trends in consumption......Page 236 Elasticities......Page 240 Transformation of the livestock sector and consequences for international trade......Page 242 Production structure......Page 246 Output growth......Page 248 Partial factor productivity and resource use......Page 253 PFP and input use in different developing regions and countries......Page 255 PFP of livestock sub-sectors......Page 258 Total factor productivity measures......Page 261 Livestock R&D in Sub-Saharan Africa......Page 268 Livestock R&D in East, South and Southeast Asia......Page 270 Livestock R&D in Latin America......Page 272 International agricultural research centers......Page 273 R&D and investment in livestock research......Page 274 Strategies for improving impact of livestock research......Page 280 Summary and conclusions......Page 284 Estimating the Malmquist index......Page 287 References......Page 290 Agricultural Innovation: Investments and Incentives......Page 294 Abstract......Page 295 Keywords......Page 296 Introduction......Page 297 International trends......Page 300 Research intensities......Page 302 Research knowledge stocks......Page 304 Conduct of research......Page 306 Sources of support......Page 310 The economics of innovation incentives - in brief......Page 312 Static patent theory......Page 313 The implications of competition in research......Page 316 Innovation dynamics and the role of patents......Page 317 Is the anti-commons impeding agricultural research?......Page 318 Alternative inducements to innovate......Page 322 Intangible incentives - open source initiatives......Page 325 Plant patents......Page 326 Plant breeders' rights......Page 327 Utility patents......Page 330 Trade secrets......Page 333 Geographical indications......Page 334 Hybrid plants......Page 335 Genetic use restriction technologies (GURTs)......Page 336 Contractually-defined rights over tangible property......Page 337 International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)......Page 338 International undertaking on plant genetic resources......Page 339 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)......Page 340 Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)......Page 341 International treaty on plant genetic resources for food and agriculture......Page 343 Instruments for transactions in agricultural IPR......Page 344 Licenses......Page 345 Material transfer agreements (MTAs)......Page 346 IPR trends for plant varieties......Page 347 Global trends in crop-related IPRs......Page 348 Foreign PBR applications......Page 350 European and United States trends......Page 351 Biotechnology patenting patterns......Page 354 Conclusion......Page 356 References......Page 357 Private Agricultural Research......Page 365 Keywords......Page 366 History, size and structure of private agricultural research......Page 367 Private agricultural research output......Page 375 Diffusion of private agricultural technology......Page 382 Impact of private agricultural research......Page 387 Econometric estimates of impact of private research and technology transfer......Page 388 Micro-level studies of private research impact and the distribution of benefits between private firms and farms......Page 390 Appropriating benefits of agricultural research......Page 393 The role of public research......Page 395 Conclusions......Page 396 References......Page 398 Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries......Page 401 Keywords......Page 402 Introduction......Page 403 Tissue culture......Page 404 Marker-aided selection......Page 405 Genetic engineering......Page 406 Plant genomics......Page 407 Crop variety development in developing countries......Page 408 The continuing Green Revolution......Page 409 Near-term crop biotechnology possibilities for developing countries......Page 411 Capacity-building for biotechnology......Page 414 Proprietary property......Page 417 Regulatory systems......Page 420 Public acceptance and farmer adoption......Page 421 Conclusions......Page 423 References......Page 424 Efficiency and Equity Effects of Land Markets......Page 428 Keywords......Page 429 Introduction......Page 430 An overview of agrarian economies......Page 432 Theoretical framework......Page 436 A simple model of land and labor transactions......Page 437 On the dominance of land tenancy transactions......Page 438 Advantages of share tenancy......Page 440 Competing models of share tenancy......Page 441 Land tenure security and investment......Page 444 Adjustment costs and allocative efficiency......Page 445 Efficiency of share tenancy......Page 446 Efficiency of land allocation and use......Page 448 Land tenure security and investment......Page 451 Equity effects of tenancy transactions......Page 452 Concluding remarks......Page 453 References......Page 455 Labor: Decisions, Contracts and Organization......Page 461 Keywords......Page 462 Introduction......Page 463 The wedge-model farm-household decisions......Page 464 Farm size, transaction cost, and efficiency......Page 466 Separability and substitutability......Page 469 Share, piece-rate and wage contracts......Page 472 Efficiency wages......Page 476 Casual vs permanent workers......Page 477 Interdependency of markets, contracts, and farm-household organization......Page 479 The co-evolution of contracts, markets, and specialization......Page 480 Unresolved questions and conceptual challenges......Page 486 Policy considerations and directions for further research......Page 489 References......Page 490 Fertilizers and other farm chemicals......Page 497 Keywords......Page 498 Introduction......Page 499 Fertilizer consumption by region......Page 500 Consumption by crop......Page 503 Pesticide consumption......Page 507 Level of analysis......Page 509 Determinants of fertilizer supply......Page 510 Demand side factors......Page 511 Prices......Page 513 Determinants of pesticide consumption......Page 517 Issues in market development......Page 520 Price and regulatory policy for fertilizer and other farm chemicals in developing countries......Page 521 Experiences with market reform......Page 522 Fertilizer, pesticides, and negative externalities in developing countries......Page 525 Summary......Page 526 References......Page 528 Agricultural Mechanizationagricultural mechanization: Adoption Patterns and Economic Impact......Page 534 Keywords......Page 535 Introduction......Page 536 Trends and patterns in agricultural mechanization......Page 537 Power tillers/tractors......Page 538 Asia......Page 539 Africa......Page 540 Milling and other post-harvest operations......Page 542 Harvesting and threshing operations......Page 543 Labor substitution for ``control-intensive'' operations......Page 545 Land preparation......Page 547 Aggregate area expansion......Page 549 Income transfer......Page 550 Threshers......Page 551 Herbicides......Page 553 Agricultural mechanization policy ought to be seen within the context of an overall agricultural growth strategy......Page 554 Promotion of small stationary machines for power-intensive operations such as milling and pumping can have significant benefits for the poor......Page 555 Public sector run tractor promotion projects, including tractor-hire operations, have neither been successful nor equitable......Page 556 Conservation agriculture is not a panacea for farming systems that are not mechanized today......Page 557 References......Page 558 Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries Since 1950: How Has Thinking Changed?......Page 561 Keywords......Page 562 Introduction......Page 563 Analytical framework......Page 565 Transformation of markets: Commodity market development, 1950s to 1980s......Page 568 Phase 1 - 1950s-1960s: Growth as the policy objective for grain commodity markets......Page 569 Phase 2 - 1970s to early 1980s: The policy objective becomes improving income distribution from the transactions in grain commodity markets......Page 572 Phase 3 - early-mid 1980s to the early-mid 1990s: Structural adjustment of markets and ``getting prices right''......Page 574 Phase 4 - 1990s: Second generation of reforms, ``getting institutions right'' and the rise of new institutional economics research on developing country markets......Page 576 Phase 5 - mid-1990s to the present: Globalization and product market development in developing countries......Page 577 The effects of globalization on international trade......Page 578 International trade compared to the domestic market......Page 579 The importance of the domestic food market implies that the main way that globalization affects the food systems of developing countries is via FDI......Page 580 The rise of supermarkets: Downstream changes in food systems in the 1990s drive agrifood market transformation......Page 581 Determinants of supermarket diffusion in developing countries......Page 582 Patterns of supermarket diffusion in developing countries......Page 583 Evolution of supermarket procurement systems: A crucial vector of change in agrifood systems......Page 589 Drivers of the distribution of net benefits from output market transformation: The broad view......Page 595 Emerging evidence of the distributional effects of the demand-side (food industry transformation) on the supply-side (producers)......Page 598 What we do not know: A research agenda......Page 601 References......Page 603 Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries......Page 610 Keywords......Page 611 Introduction......Page 612 Fragmented or absent markets......Page 614 Government interventions......Page 617 Models of rural financial markets......Page 621 The complete markets benchmark......Page 623 Empirical tests of efficient risk sharing......Page 624 Consequences of imperfect financial markets......Page 625 Contracting under asymmetric information and imperfect enforcement......Page 628 Moral hazard......Page 630 Multi-period and repeated contracts, limited commitment, and reputation......Page 633 Limited liability, collateral and its substitutes......Page 637 Property rights and credit supply......Page 641 Rural financial intermediaries......Page 642 Crowding-in vs crowding-out of financial services......Page 647 Group loans, cooperatives, ROSCAs, and mutuals......Page 649 Policies to promote rural financial intermediation......Page 651 Conclusion......Page 652 References......Page 653 Soil Quality and Agricultural Development......Page 662 Keywords......Page 663 Introduction......Page 664 Impacts of land degradation on productivity: The U.S.......Page 665 Why are the productivity impacts of erosion so low in the U.S.?......Page 666 Impact of land degradation on productivity: Europe......Page 668 Impacts of land degradation on productivity: Global scale......Page 669 Soil degradation and property rights in parts of Asia......Page 672 Conclusion......Page 680 References......Page 681 The Economics of Water, Irrigation, and Development......Page 684 Abstract......Page 685 Keywords......Page 686 Overview......Page 687 The multiple dimensions of water management......Page 689 Land allocation to irrigation at the farm level......Page 690 Irrigation technology choice at the farm level......Page 691 Productivity of water......Page 692 Regional allocation of water......Page 693 The basic economics of oversized water projects......Page 694 Management of conveyance systems......Page 695 Political economy of water system management......Page 697 The transition to trading and markets.......Page 698 Water pricing systems......Page 701 Improved pricing and water theft.......Page 702 Introduction of efficient groundwater pricing.......Page 703 Use of non-traditional water sources......Page 704 Dynamic consideration and uncertainty......Page 705 Waterlogging and drainage......Page 707 Conflicts and cooperation over water......Page 709 Trade and the concept of ``virtual water''......Page 710 Irrigation and increased crop yields.......Page 711 Irrigation and land values.......Page 712 Benefits of the conjunctive use of groundwater and surface water......Page 713 Capital costs......Page 714 Dynamic costs of water resources......Page 715 Waterlogging and salinization of land.......Page 716 Contamination of water supplies.......Page 717 Waterborne diseases.......Page 718 Overuse of groundwater resources......Page 719 Conclusion......Page 720 References......Page 724 Land Use: Forest, Agriculture, and Biodiversity Competition......Page 729 Keywords......Page 730 Forest lands......Page 732 Timber supply and demand......Page 734 Deforestation......Page 736 Population......Page 737 Protected areas......Page 738 Forest certification......Page 740 Developed and developing world experience......Page 741 Land use and its impacts on natural habitats......Page 742 The economics of natural habitats......Page 744 Institutional considerations in conservation policy......Page 748 Summary and conclusions......Page 751 References......Page 752 Past Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture......Page 758 Keywords......Page 759 Introduction......Page 760 Historic climate change......Page 762 Climate and carbon sensitivity......Page 763 Results......Page 766 Conclusion......Page 770 References......Page 779 22.pdf......Page 781 23.pdf......Page 810 Volume 3 of this series of the Handbooks in Economics follows on from the previous two volumes by focusing on the fundamental concepts of agricultural economics. The first part of the volume examines the developments in human resources and technology mastery. The second part follows on by considering the processes and impact of invention and innovation in this field. The effects of market forces are examined in the third part, and the volume concludes by analysing the economics of our changing natural resources, including the past effects of climate change.
Overall this volume forms a comprehensive and accessible survey of the field of agricultural economics and is recommended reading for anyone with an interest, either academic or professional, in this area.

*Part of the renown Handbooks in Economics series
*Contributors are leaders of their areas
*International in scope and comprehensive in coverage