Hair in Infectious Disease : Recognition, Treatment, and Prevention

The novel viral pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has sparked uncertainties and controversies as to its origin, epidemiology, and natural course. In this situation, the medical disciplines have strived to contribute to a better understanding of the disease with the best available evidence gained from the scientific method of observation and statistics. The study of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 has evolved with the hope that they may be useful as markers for the disease, for prognostication, and further insights into the pathogenesis of the disease manifestations. In the wake of COVID-19, we have decided to take a more general look at the hair and scalp in infectious disease. Specifically, we must recognize that infectious diseases have wider preconditions besides the infectious agents, to include environmental and societal factors. Unless we also take account of the ecological, immunological, and behavioral circumstances that affect the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, including those of the hair and scalp, our knowledge of the pathogens and their connection to clinical disease presentation remain only partial and incomplete. This book aims at illustrating in detail the environmental and individual preconditions, the pathogens, the clinical presentations, and the management of the infectious diseases that affect the hair and scalp, to include superficial and deep bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, infestations, systemic infectious diseases causing hair loss, their effective treatment, and their prevention. Hair in Infectious Disease offers a complete overview of infectious hair disease and guides the practitioner in the choice of the best treatment; it will be a valued companion to board-certified dermatologists and dermatologists in training. Preface 5 Acknowledgments 7 Contents 8 Editors and Contributors 10 About the Editors 10 Contributors 11 1: Brief History of Microbiology 13 1.1 Mahavira’s Nigodas 15 1.2 Marcus Terentius Varro and the Roman Marshlands 16 1.3 The Golden Age of Islamic Civilization 18 1.4 Girolamo Fracastoro’s Seeds of Disease 18 1.5 Antonie van Leuwenhoek and the Invention of the Microscope 19 1.6 History of Medical Mycology: Johann Lukas Schönlein and David Gruby 22 1.7 Birth of Modern Bacteriology: Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur 24 1.8 Birth of Virology: Dmitri Ivanovsky and Martinus Beijerinck 27 References 29 2: General Considerations on Infectious Diseases 30 2.1 Definition 31 2.2 Classification 32 2.3 Pathophysiology 36 2.4 Transmission 40 2.5 Epidemiology 41 2.6 Prevention 42 References 44 3: Bacterial Diseases 46 3.1 Pyodermas 47 3.1.1 Superficial Folliculitis 48 3.1.2 Acne Necrotica 51 3.1.3 Pseudofolliculitis Barbae 53 3.1.4 Folliculitis Decalvans 56 3.1.5 Impetigo 66 3.1.6 Furuncle (Boil) and Carbuncle 68 3.2 Soft Tissue Infections 72 3.2.1 Cellulitis 72 3.2.2 Abscess 78 3.2.3 Necrotizing Fasciitis 79 3.2.4 Gas Gangrene 81 3.3 Gram-Negative Infections 81 3.3.1 Gram-Negative Folliculitis 82 3.3.2 Ecthyma Gangrenosum 87 3.4 Corynebacterial Infections 87 3.4.1 Trichobacteriosis Palmellina 88 3.4.2 Corynebacterium, Cutibacterium, Scalp, and Gut Microbiota in Health and Disease 90 3.5 Tuberculosis 96 3.6 Leprosy 110 3.7 Actinomycosis 117 3.8 Hidradenitis Suppurativa 120 References 126 4: Infectious Diseases of the Scalp Following Hair Transplantation 139 4.1 Microbial Factors 142 4.2 Host Factors 143 4.3 Procedure-Related Factors (Surgical Technique) 143 4.4 Infections After Autologous Hair Transplantation 144 4.4.1 Infections in the Donor Area 144 4.4.2 Infections in the Recipient Area 146 4.4.3 Folliculitis Decalvans 150 4.4.4 Deeper Infections After Hair Transplantation Surgery 150 4.5 Infections After Artificial/Synthetic Hair Implantation 150 References 157 5: Fungal Diseases of the Hair and Scalp 160 5.1 Dermatophytes 162 5.2 Yeasts 171 5.2.1 Candida 171 5.2.2 Pityrosporum 176 5.3 Molds 187 5.3.1 Penicillium spp. 187 5.3.2 Aspergillus spp. 189 5.3.3 Mucormycosis 190 5.4 Dimorphic Fungi 192 5.5 Piedra 196 5.5.1 White Piedra 196 5.5.2 Black Piedra 199 References 200 6: Tropical Diseases 205 6.1 Leishmaniasis 207 6.2 South American Blastomycosis/Paracoccidioidomycosis 215 6.3 African Trypanosomiasis 220 6.4 Endemic Treponematoses 221 References 223 7: Viral Diseases of the Hair and Scalp 227 7.1 Varicella/Zoster 232 7.2 Herpes Simplex 237 7.3 Cytomegalovirus 239 7.4 Human Papilloma Virus and Merkel Cell Polyoma Virus 242 7.5 Molluscum Contagiosum and Other Poxviruses 249 7.6 Trichodysplasia Spinulosa 257 7.7 Common Latent Viruses, Microcompetition, Androgenetic Alopecia, and the Aging Phenotype 260 References 261 8: Parasitic Diseases and Infestations of the Hair and Scalp 269 8.1 Lice 271 8.1.1 Head Lice 272 8.1.2 Crab Lice 275 8.2 Scabies 277 8.3 Demodex 282 8.4 Tick 287 8.5 Furunculoid Myiasis 288 8.6 Cutaneous Larva Migrans 294 References 295 9: Delusional Infestation 299 9.1 Delusion of Parasitosis (Ekbom’s Disease) 301 9.2 Morgellons Disease 306 References 308 10: The Hair and Scalp in Systemic Infectious Disease 310 10.1 Syphilis 317 10.2 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 327 10.3 HTLV-1 338 10.4 Dengue Fever 341 10.5 Chikungunya 344 10.6 Zika 346 10.7 COVID-19 348 10.7.1 Androgenetic Alopecia in COVID-19 351 10.7.2 Post-COVID-19 Effluvium 353 10.7.3 Long COVID-19 355 10.7.4 Post-COVID-19 Vaccination Effluvium 359 10.7.5 Alopecia Areata 360 10.8 Impact of Climate Change on the Communicable Diseases 363 References 364 11: Diagnostic Techniques 373 11.1 Patient History 375 11.2 Clinical Examination 377 11.3 Dermoscopy 377 11.4 Microscopic Examination 381 11.5 Trichogram 383 11.6 Histopathology 388 11.7 Wood Light Examination 391 11.8 Microbiological Studies 394 11.9 Blood Tests 404 11.10 Imaging 409 References 409 Concluding Remarks 411 References 415 Index 416