HabitusAnalysis 2 – Praxeology and Meaning : With a Preface by Franz Schultheis

Starting from the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu, Schäfer composes a methodical approach to habitus of social actors and the logic of their praxis: Building upon the generative terms of praxeology, he focuses on identity and strategy in processes of internalization, their transformation by means of dispositional schemes, and their externalization in action. The emphasis lies on a theory of dispositions that allows a flexible understanding of identity and strategy formation in the context of social experience and the interplay with social structures. This theory is developed over the course of a three-step analysis on habitus as a network of dispositions, on the dynamics that unfold between the logic of socio-structural processes and practical logic, and on the praxeological assessment of social structures via models of fields and the social space. This book is the second of three volumes of HabitusAnalysis. While the first volume deals with the epistemological underpinnings of praxeology, this book advances Bourdieu's theory with a special focus on creativity of action in the context of social structures, thereby preparing the methodological design of empirical models in the third volume. Overview of contents 6 Table of contents (detailed) 7 Preface 13 Preliminary remarks 16 Introduction 19 1 Part one: generative terms 40 1.1 Struggles, actors, operations: on the logic of praxeology 42 1.1.1 Social and symbolic struggle 45 1.1.1.1 Language 45 1.1.1.2 Struggles 46 1.1.1.3 Cooperation 47 1.1.2 Operators and operations 50 1.1.2.1 Bourdieu and operations 50 1.1.2.2 Operators, structure, and effect 52 1.1.2.3 Meaning production and social struggles 57 1.1.2.4 Operations, processes, and generation 59 1.1.2.5 Operations: logically and practically 61 1.1.3 Internalization, transformation, and externalization 64 1.1.3.1 Actor’s perspective 64 1.1.3.2 Objective—mental—material—subjective 65 1.1.3.3 Objects and communication 67 1.1.3.4 Relationality versus social realms 68 1.1.4 Actors and identities 71 1.2 Internalization: embodiment of social structure 75 1.2.1 Experience 77 1.2.1.1 Experience versus “empiricism” 77 1.2.1.2 Experiences, interpretative terms, and dispositions 78 1.2.1.3 Generativity and time 83 1.2.1.4 Change and new impulses 85 1.2.2 Embodiment, dispositions, and cognition 89 1.2.2.1 Bodily generation of dispositions 89 1.2.2.2 Practical cognition 92 1.2.2.3 Embodiment 93 1.2.3 Demand for meaning 96 1.2.3.1 Meaning and relevance 98 1.2.3.2 Demand and supply in religion 98 1.2.3.3 Laity and specialists—large scale production 100 1.2.3.4 Specialists and specialists—restricted production 102 1.2.3.5 Demand, mobilization, and change of fields 104 1.3 Transformation: situated creativity 107 1.3.1 Dispositions and schemes 111 1.3.1.1 Wording 111 1.3.1.2 Relationality and chances for modeling 112 1.3.1.3 Dispositions 114 1.3.1.4 Schemes 120 1.3.2 Network 129 1.3.2.1 Wording and Bourdieu’s use 130 1.3.2.2 Fuzzy structure 134 1.3.2.3 Generativity and differential weight 138 1.3.2.4 Cognitive “maps” 140 1.3.2.5 Creativity 141 1.3.3 Perception, judgment, and action orientation 146 1.3.3.1 Terminology 146 1.3.3.2 Perception and experiences 151 1.3.3.3 Judgment and interpretation 155 1.3.3.4 Action orientation 161 1.4 Externalization: words as deeds 170 1.4.1 Symbols and symbolic systems 174 1.4.1.1 Symbolic 175 1.4.1.2 System 176 1.4.1.3 Domination 177 1.4.2 Discourse 180 1.4.2.1 Deep structures and creativity 181 1.4.2.2 The power of words 183 1.4.2.3 Labor of discourse 190 1.4.2.4 The operation of naming 190 1.4.2.5 Production of misrecognition 194 1.4.2.6 Discourse, misrecognition, and HabitusAnalysis 199 1.4.3 Identification and distinction 202 1.4.3.1 Syntagm and paradigm 204 1.4.3.2 Unification and separation 205 1.4.3.3 Modeling 207 1.4.4 Representation and distinction 208 1.4.4.1 Cognitive labor 209 1.4.4.2 Social labor 212 1.4.5 Identification and transfer 214 1.4.5.1 Connotative operations 214 1.4.5.2 Transfer between fields 216 1.4.5.3 Objectivity and surplus 218 1.4.6 Style and taste 220 1.4.6.1 Interrelation 221 1.4.6.2 Transfer and space of lifestyles 222 1.5 Capital: generating inequality 224 1.5.1 Capital in Bourdieu: an ambiguous theoretical resource 228 1.5.2 Epistemological remarks: operations and relations 232 1.5.2.1 Labor 232 1.5.2.2 Differentiation 233 1.5.3 Capitalizing on Marx: social energy 235 1.5.3.1 Accumulating 235 1.5.3.2 Appropriating 237 1.5.4 Capitalizing on Weber: social differentiation 243 1.5.4.1 Spheres 243 1.5.4.2 Rationality 245 1.5.5 “Forms of capital” 248 1.5.5.1 “Fundamental guises” 248 1.5.5.2 Embodied, objectified, and institutional 249 1.5.5.3 Cultural capital 251 1.5.5.4 Social capital 254 1.5.5.5 Economic capital 263 1.5.5.6 Symbolic capital 266 1.5.6 Hierarchies of capital and practical series 278 1.5.7 Conversion of capital 282 2 Part two: mapping praxeology 288 2.1 Creativity in relations: habitus and the practical sense 290 2.1.1 Habitus—network of dispositions 291 2.1.1.1 Basic texts and basic features 292 2.1.1.2 Actors, meaning, and language 305 2.1.1.3 Actors as networks: conditions for creativity 309 2.1.1.4 Deterministic determinists: collapse of creative action 330 2.1.1.5 Networks as complexity: situated creativity 337 2.1.1.6 Thoughtful dispositions: implicit and explicit cognitive operations 356 2.1.1.7 Change of dispositions 375 2.1.2 Practical Sense—sense for the game 378 2.1.2.1 Basic texts and basic features 381 2.1.2.2 Praxeological phenomenology: struggles and place 391 2.1.2.3 Interest and ways of involvement 397 2.1.2.4 Schemes, strategies and identities 406 2.2 Operating in between: practical logic and logic of praxis 409 2.2.1 Basic texts and basic features 416 2.2.1.1 Texts 416 2.2.1.2 Features: the logic of practical operators 425 2.2.2 Practical logic—logic of praxis 431 2.2.2.1 Two convergent logics 433 2.2.2.2 Context of action 435 2.2.2.3 Classifications and classes 437 2.2.3 Strategy and identity 442 2.2.3.1 Strategy 446 2.2.3.2 Identity 470 2.2.3.3 Strategic identity and identitarian strategy 510 2.2.4 Symbolic power, violence, and struggle 531 2.2.4.1 Contexts of power broking — physical, structural, and cultural 534 2.2.4.2 Symbolic power — imposing inequality 555 2.2.4.3 Symbolic violence — a chain with flowers 567 2.2.4.4 Symbolic resistance — throwing off the chain 603 2.2.4.5 Social conditions — arenas of struggles 632 2.3 Specific struggles: fields and space 634 2.3.1 Fields and social space: common features 640 2.3.1.1 Theoretical horizon: challenges and perspectives 642 2.3.1.2 Geometric construction of social structure: the evolution of ideas 660 2.3.1.3 Epistemology: social reality and construction 669 2.3.1.4 Mutual generation of objectified structures and habitus 680 2.3.1.5 Field and space construction 1: bivariate capital-based model 698 2.3.1.6 Field and space construction 2: geometric models and various features 709 2.3.2 Fields: relational struggles 725 2.3.2.1 Basic texts and basic features 728 2.3.2.2 Differentiation and fields: aspects of theory 735 2.3.2.3 Fields and differentiation: key parameters of model construction 751 2.3.2.4 MCA-based field models 773 2.3.2.5 Alternative field models 781 2.3.3 Space: relational power 786 2.3.3.1 Basic texts and basic features 789 2.3.3.2 Class and social space 796 2.3.3.3 Correspondence Analysis 803 2.3.3.4 Bivariate space models and application of capital sorts 808 2.3.4 Field of power: power for power’s sake 815 2.3.4.1 Basic texts and basic features 819 2.3.4.2 The field of power—what is at stake? 824 2.3.4.3 The Structure of the field of power—who belongs where? 835 2.3.4.4 Modeling the field of power 844 3 A twofold outlook: reading backwards and forwards 849 3.1 Reading backwards—social space, fields, and dispositions 849 3.1.1 A graphic orientation 851 3.1.2 Dispositions—seen from fields and social space 853 3.1.2.1 Three histories—theoretical aspects 853 3.1.2.2 Three models—methodological aspects 854 3.1.3 Transfer of practical logics—fields to fields 857 3.1.3.1 Practical logic, homologies, and conversion—theoretical aspects 857 3.1.3.2 Pattern detection—methodological aspects 862 3.1.4 Social contexts—non-fields 863 3.1.4.1 Context—theoretical aspects 864 3.1.4.2 Dispositions and ad hoc positions—methodological aspects 865 3.1.5 Language—a medium in social position 865 3.1.5.1 Language and power—theoretical aspects 866 3.1.5.2 Analysis of discourse—methodological aspects 867 3.1.6 Misrecognition—positions and symbolic violence 868 3.2 Reading forwards—volume 3 871 Bibliography 874 Starting from the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu, Schäfer composes a methodical approach to habitus of social actors and the logic of their praxis: Building upon the generative terms of praxeology, he focuses on identity and strategy in processes of internalization, their transformation by means of dispositional schemes, and their externalization in action. The emphasis lies on a theory of dispositions that allows a flexible understanding of identity and strategy formation in the context of social experience and the interplay with social structures. This theory is developed over the course of a three-step analysis on habitus as a network of dispositions, on the dynamics that unfold between the logic of socio-structural processes and practical logic, and on the praxeological assessment of social structures via models of fields and the social space. This book is the second of three volumes of HabitusAnalysis. While the first volume deals with the epistemological underpinnings of praxeology, this book advances Bourdieu's theory with a special focus on creativity of action in the context of social structures, thereby preparing the methodological design of empirical models in the third volume. Contents Generative Terms Creativity in relations Practical logic an logic of praxis Specific struggles: fields and space Target Groups Students and scholars in the field of social sciences, especially in sociology of religion and social movement theory The Author Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer is Professor for Sociology of religion and Protestant Theology at Bielefeld University, Germany Front Matter ....Pages I-XLIII Part one: generative terms (Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer)....Pages 45-292 Part two: mapping praxeology (Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer)....Pages 293-853 A twofold outlook: reading backwards and forwards (Heinrich Wilhelm Schäfer)....Pages 855-879 Back Matter ....Pages 881-921