Habits Pragmatist Approaches from Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory : Pragmatist Approaches fromCognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory

"This book evaluates the potential of the pragmatist notion of habit possesses to influence current debates at the crossroads between philosophy, cognitive sciences, neurosciences, and social theory. It deals with the different aspects of the pragmatic turn involved in 4E cognitive science and traces back the roots of such a pragmatic turn to both classical and contemporary pragmatism. Written by renowned philosophers, cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, and social theorists, this volume fills the need for an interdisciplinary account of the role of 'habit'. Researchers interested in the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, neuroscience, psychology, social theory, and social ontology will need this book to fully understand the pragmatist turn in current research on mind, action and society"-- Provided by publisher Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Contents Contributors The Pragmatist Reappraisal of Habit in Contemporary Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, and Social Theory: Introductory Essay From Pragmatism to 4E Cognitive Science and Back: An Historical Overview Overcoming the Dualism between Automatic Routine and Intelligent Action Habits in Contemporary Neuroscience: More than Behavioral Routines Habit from Pragmatism to Social Theory and Back Again Sections of the Book and Chapter-by-Chapter Outline Part I The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits Part II The Enactment of Habits in Mind and World Part III Socially Embedded and Culturally Extended Habits References Part I: The Sensorimotor Embodiment of Habits 1. Habit Formation, Inference, and Anticipation: Continuous Themes in a Pragmatist Neuroscientific Perspective Introduction Pragmatist view of Problem Solving and Habit Formation Procedural and Declarative Cognitive/Memory Systems Underlie Habits Expectations and Learning in Habit Formation: Core Pragmatist View Bayesian Brain and Habit Formation Ecological Viability, Epistemic Sampling, and Habit Formation Basal Ganglia: Evolving Perceptual/Motor Systems in Habit Formation Dopamine and the Organization of Belief and Habit Formation Conclusion References 2. Habits and Self: A Temporal View Introduction Self and Habits General and Specific Aims Habits: Definition and Mechanisms Definition of Habits: Behavioral Repetitiveness and Automatic Involuntary Nature Habits and Environment: Contextual Stability and Insensitivity to Environmental Contingencies Components of Habits: Action Outcomes, Chunking, and Deliberations Neural Correlates of Habits: Subcortical and Cortical Region Habits and Self: Temporal Continuity and Integration Habits and Self: Behavioral, Psychological, and Neural Convergence Temporal Continuity in Habits and Self: Behavioral Continuity and Self-Continuity Habits: Increased or Extended Temporal Pooling and Integration Habits and Self II: Neuronal Basis of Their Interaction Self-Continuity: Long Autocorrelation Window and Strong Slow Frequencies From Self-Continuity to the Integrative Function of Self: Temporal Integration on Neuronal and Psychological Levels From Self-Continuity to Habits: Autocorrelation Window Mediates Temporal Integration of Action Disorders of Habit: Autism, OCD, and Addiction Conclusion References 3. Emotional Mirroring Promotes Social Bonding and Social Habits: An Insight from Laughter A Pragmatist Road to Emotional Mirroring From Action Mirroring to Emotional Mirroring On Laughter Production and Observation: A Neuroscientific View Laughter Production: Overcoming the Expression/Emotion Dualism Laughter Observation: A Mirror Mechanism for Laughter The Primacy of Perception: Standard Phenomenological Interpretation of Emotional Mirroring The Primacy of Action: A Pragmatist Interpretation of Emotional Mirroring Affiliation-Oriented Habits of Action: Laughter and Social Bonding Social Habits: Laughter and Culture Conclusions: Laughter, Between Instinct and Habit Notes References 4. Emotions, Habits, and Skills: Action-Oriented Bodily Responses and Social Affordances Introduction Habits and Skills Embodied and Action-Oriented Emotions Affordances and Social Structure Conclusion Notes References 5. What the Situation Affords: Habit and Heedful Interrelations in Skilled Performance Variations in Flow Heedful Performance Heed in Habit Thought and Feeling in Habit Habit and Environment Anchoring Habits in Affordances Conclusion: In-habiting the World References 6. Swim or Sink: Habit and Skillful Control in Sport Performance Introduction The Role of Habits in Sensorimotor Skills and Sport Intellectualism about Habits and Its Inherent Tensions The Weight of William James’ Views The Weighty Evidence against James The Alternative: Merleau-Ponty.’.s Motor Intentionality Phenomenological Hermeneutics and the Pragmatist Epistemology of Habits Swimming above the Fray Concluding Remarks Note References Part II: The Enactment of Habits in Mind and World 7. The Backside of Habit: Notes on Embodied Agency and the Functional Opacity of the Medium Background of Mind–Body Problems A Broad Notion of Habit Määttänen on Habit, Anticipation, and Objective Conditions of Action Cognitive Distance and the Jump Allowed by Sensorimotor Integration Ravaisson: Discrete Ends Fusing with Continuous Means Stabilization of Outcomes, not Actions, through Flexible and Teleological Control The Pragmatist Law of Association through Habit Re-afference and the Myth of the “Sensory Input” Dewey on Means and Magic Multiplicities and the Epistemic Dynamics of Foregrounds and Backgrounds The Brain as a Backside that Cannot be Foregrounded Conclusion Notes References 8. Habit, Ontology, and Embodied Cognition Without Borders: James, Merleau-Ponty, and Nishida Habit and Ontology in James and Merleau-Ponty James on Habit and Ontology Merleau-Ponty on Habit and Ontology Section Wrap-Up Nishida, James, and Merleau-Ponty Nishida on Habit and Ontology Pure Experience as Metaphysical Grounds Thinking about Place: From What to How Enactivism: Habits in Embodied Cognitive Science A Path Forward Conclusion Notes References 9. Clarifying the Character of Habits: Understanding What and How They Explain Introduction The Special Intelligence of Habitual Doings How Habits Can Explain Intentional Actions How Habits Can Explain Nonintentional Doings Conclusion Notes References 10. Habits, Meaning, and Intentionality: A Deweyan Reading Introduction The Role of Habits in Dewey.’.s Adverbialist Approach to Mental Phenomena Habits as Bearers of Intentionality? Experience, Knowledge, and Objects Objectivating the World: Meanings, Habits, and Concepts Conclusion Notes References 11. Language, Habit, and the Future Introduction We Are the Habit Not Just Persons in General with Minds in General The Endless Chain of Humanity Notes References 12. Moral Habit Introduction Habits and Selfhood Habit and Value The Role of Habit in Our Need–Search–Satisfaction Process Moral Deliberation as Intelligent Reconstruction of Habit Flexible Habit Conscientiousness As the Basis for Intelligent Moral Inquiry Note References 13. Habits of Goodness: How We Come to Be Virtuous Without Moral Laws Why Our Habits Are Not Automatons Teleological Systems Pattern Recognition without Rules Ethics without Rules: How Multidimensional Prototypes Enable Moral Decisions A Revolution in Moral Habits Virtue and Justice Notes References Part III: Socially Embeddded and Culturally Extended Habits 14. Growing Minds: Pragmatic Habits and Enculturation Introduction The Pragmatist Conception of Habit Peirce on Habits Dewey on Habits Pragmatic Habits: The Synthesis Pragmatism and Cognition Cognition Is for Action Thinking Is Structured by an Organism.’.s Interactions with Its Environment Cognition Develops through Exploratory Activity Initially and Exploratory Inference in Maturity Abstract Cognition Is Structured by an Organism.’.s Activity: Such as Interaction and Exploration Cultural Practices, Social Learning, and Habit Cultural Practices and Normativity Social Learning and Habit Conclusion: Enculturation and Pragmatic Habit Notes References 15. “Habit is Thus the Enormous Flywheel of Society”: Pragmatism, Social Theory, and Cognitive Science The “Problem” of Social Order and the “Frames” Answer The Pragmatist Alternative The Frame Problem as a Causal Problem The Pragmatist Alternative The Problem of Abstract Thinking and the Role of Objects The Case of Religion, and Therefore “Society” Notes References 16. Habit and the Human Lifespan: Toward a Deweyan Account of Aging and Old Age Introduction Dewey on Habit, Growth, and Children Toward a Deweyan Account of Aging and Old Age Conclusion: Dewey and Environmental Gerontology Notes References 17. Habits and the Enculturated Mind: Pervasive Artifacts, Predictive Processing, and Expansive Habits Introduction Habits in Cognitive Science Dewey on Habits The Cultural Construal of Experience Some Empirical Support Cultural Artifacts Language as Ultimate Artifact? The Multiple Roles of Pictures Moving Images as Pervasive Artifacts Situating Expansive Habits Expansive Habits in Cultural Cognitive Science Enactive Cultural Bodies and Predictive Processing Conclusion Notes References 18. Brain, Body, Habit, and the Performative Quality of Aesthetics Introduction Mirror Neurons, Embodied Simulation, and Aesthetic Experience Embodied Simulation and Imagination Aesthetic Experience as a Mediated Form of Intersubjectivity: Embodied Simulation and Visual Art Aesthetic Experience as a Mediated Form of Intersubjectivity: Embodied Simulation and Film Habits, Practice, and the Genesis of Symbol-Making References 19. A Habit Ontology for Cognitive and Social Sciences: Methodological Individualism, Pragmatist Interactionism, and 4E Cognition Introduction A Habit Ontology for the Social Sciences A Habit Ontology for Cognitive Sciences Habit and 4E Cognition Conclusion Notes References 20. Social Ontology between Habits and Social Interactions. Introduction The Ontological Priority of Social Interactions Over Habits Social Interactionist Ontologies Structuration, Habitualization, Institutionalization Interaction and Social Order A Social Ontology of Habits, Patterns, and Forms Individual Habits Patterns of Social Interaction Forms of Organization Conclusion Notes References 21. Social Reproduction Feminism and Deweyan Habit Ontology Introduction Social Reproduction and Its Problems Habit and Association Producing Persons and Reproducing Social Groups SR as a Site of Domination and Resistance Conclusion Notes References Index