Group B Coxsackieviruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology Book 323)

Our knowledge of the group B coxsackieviruses has progressed dramatically in the past 60 years. Some of the most recent advances include the identification of the coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor, the dissection of genetic elements linked to virulence/attenuation, examination of the impact of recombination in virus evolution and diversity, and analysis of the role of viral proteins in regulating host cell macromolecule synthesis and trafficking. The First Edition of this work, published in 1997, described the molecular biology of coxsackie B viruses, as well as clinical, epidemiological, and immunological aspects of group B coxsackievirus disease. Much has been accomplished in the past ten years, including determination of the crystal structure of a virus-receptor complex, significant advances in understanding the molecular details of virus-host interaction within the cell, and deeper insights into the systemic effects of virus infection and the host response. This Second Edition summarizes the current state of knowledge in group B coxsackievirus genomics and replication, receptor structure and function, host cell interactions, the host immune response and immunopathology, viral virulence and pathogenesis, and the role of this important group of viruses in acute and chronic disease in humans. Coxsackie B Viruses: An Introduction / B.w. Mahy -- Coxsackieviruses And Quasispecies Theory: Evolution Of Enteroviruses / E. Domingo ... [et Al.] -- Comparative Genomics Of The Coxsackie B Viruses And Related Enteroviruses / M.s. Oberste -- Group B Coxsackievirus Virulence / S. Tracy And C. Gauntt -- The Coxsackievirus And Adenovirus Receptor / P. Freimuth, L. Philipson And S.d. Carson -- Coxsackievirus B Rna Replication: Lessons From Poliovirus / P. Sean And B.l. Semler -- Cvb Translation: Lessons From The Polioviruses / J.m. Bonderoff And R.e. Lloyd. Preferential Coxsackievirus Replication In Proliferating/activated Cells: Implications For Virus Tropism, Persistence, And Pathogenesis / R. Feuer And J.l. Whitton -- The Impact Of Cvb3 Infection On Host Cell Biology / D. Marchant ... [et Al.] -- Host Immune Responses To Coxsackievirus B3 / S. Huber -- Pediatric Group B Coxsackievirus Infections / J.r. Romero -- Cvb-induced Pancreatitis And Alterations In Gene Expression / A.i. Ramsingh -- The Cvb And Etiology Of Type 1 Diabetes / K.m. Drescher And S.m. Tracy. Persistent Coxsackievirus Infection: Enterovirus Persistence In Chronic Myocarditis And Dilated Cardiomyopathy / N.m. Chapman And K.s. Kim -- Autoimmunity In Coxsackievirus Infection / N.r. Rose -- Cvb Infection And Mechanisms Of Viral Cardiomyopathy / K.u. Knowlton. Steven Tracy, M. Steven Oberste, Kristen M. Drescher, Editors. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Molecular Evolution Of Adenoviruses / M. Benkö, B. Harrach -- Novel Partner Proteins Of Adenovirus Penton / J. Chroboczek ... [et Al.] -- Structural Studies On Adenoviruses / C. San Martín, R. M. Burnett -- The Multifunctional Role Of E1a In The Transcriptional Regulation Of Creb/cbp-dependent Target Genes / D. Brockmann, H. Esche -- Adenovirus Dna Replication / H. Liu, J. H. Naismith, R. T. Hay -- Regulation Of Adenovirus Packaging / P. Ostapchuk, P. Hearing -- Adenovirus Dna Replication : Protein Priming, Jumping Back And The Role Of The Dna Binding Protein Dbp / R. N. De Jong, P. C. Van Der Vliet, A. B. Brenkman -- The Structure And Function Of The Adenovirus Major Late Promoter / C. S. H. Young -- Remodelling Of The Host Cell Rna Splicing Machinery During An Adenovirus Infection / G. Akusjärvi, J. Stévenin -- Regulation Of Mrna Production By The Adenoviral E1b 55--kda And E4 Orf6 Proteins / S. J. Flint, R. A. Gonzalez -- Adenovirus Interaction With Its Cellular Receptor Car / J. Howitt, C. W. Anderson, P. Freimuth -- Transactivation Of Human Cdc2 Promoter By Adenovirus E1a / R. Padmanabhan, A. Tanimoto, Y. Sasaguri -- Nuclear Perturbations Following Adenovirus Infection / W. C. Russell, D. A. Matthews -- The Abortive Infection Of Syrian Hamster Cells With Human Adenovirus Type 12 / M. Hösel ... [et Al.] W. Döerfler, P. Böhm (eds.). Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The group B coxsackieviruses have a long and colorful history, dating to the early days of virology as we now know it. In the late 1940s, ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy were new, high-tech tools and suckling mice were suppla- ing monkeys as the virus isolation vessel of choice. Viruses were, often as not, still referred to as “filterable agents. ” The rampage of paralytic poliomyelitis epid- ics in the previous 20 or so years had spurred national investment in infectious disease research, resulting in an unprecedented period of virus discovery, eclipsed only a few years later once cell culture became the preferred method to isolate and identify mammalian viruses. The coxsackieviruses were isolated from feces of patients with paralytic poliomyelitis and nonparalytic poliomyelitis (aseptic meningitis), causing disease in suckling mice, but not in adult mice or monkeys. They were considered to be related to the polioviruses on the basis of their physical properties, such as virion size, acid and ether resistance, and temperature stability in 50% glycerol, and were classified into groups A and B by the nature of the disease induced in mice: flaccid paralysis by group A viruses and spastic paralysis by those of group B. Our knowledge of the group B coxsackieviruses has progressed dramatically in the past 60 years. TOR, the Target of Rapamycin was discovered a little over ten years ago in a genetic screen in S. cerevisiae in search of mutants resistant to the cytostatic effects of the anti-mycotic, rapamycin. Since that time orthologues have been identified in all eukaryotes examined to date, including humans. Recent studies have placed TOR at the interface between nutrient sensing and the regulation of major anabolic and catabolic responses. The significance of understanding the molecular mechanisms which control TOR function has been underscored by Phase 1 clinical trials, showing that rapamycin is not only therapeutically important as an immunosuppressive but is also efficacious in the treatment of solid tumors. Indeed, currently, homologues of rapamycin are in broad-based trials to determine its use in the treatment of other pathological conditions, such as inflammation and restenosis. Given these observations a great deal of attention has been drawn to TOR and its role cellular homoeostasis and human disease. Here we have gathered the leading figures in the field to summarize their own contributions to uncovering TOR function and to speculate where they think the field will be moving in the next few years Front Matter....Pages i-xix Coxsackieviruses and Quasispecies Theory: Evolution of Enteroviruses....Pages 3-32 Comparative Genomics of the Coxsackie B Viruses and Related Enteroviruses....Pages 33-47 Group B Coxsackievirus Virulence....Pages 49-63 The Coxsackievirus and Adenovirus Receptor....Pages 67-87 Coxsackievirus B RNA Replication: Lessons from Poliovirus....Pages 89-121 CVB Translation: Lessons from the Polioviruses....Pages 123-147 Preferential Coxsackievirus Replication in Proliferating/Activated Cells: Implications for Virus Tropism, Persistence, and Pathogenesis....Pages 149-173 The Impact of CVB3 Infection on Host Cell Biology....Pages 177-198 Host Immune Responses to Coxsackievirus B3....Pages 199-221 Pediatric Group B Coxsackievirus Infections....Pages 223-239 CVB-Induced Pancreatitis and Alterations in Gene Expression....Pages 241-258 The CVB and Etiology of Type 1 Diabetes....Pages 259-274 Persistent Coxsackievirus Infection: Enterovirus Persistence in Chronic Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy....Pages 275-292 Autoimmunity in Coxsackievirus Infection....Pages 293-314 CVB Infection and Mechanisms of Viral Cardiomyopathy....Pages 315-335 Back Matter....Pages 337-340 Early steps of retroviral replication involve virus-cell membrane fusion, reverse transcription of viral genomic RNA, and integration of the resultant double-stranded viral DNA genome into a host cell chromosome. To accomplish these events, retroviruses exploit a number of diverse cellular factors including specific cell surface receptors, components of the cellular cytoskeleton, and factors involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport. This volume reviews our current knowledge of the roles played by cellular factors that help facilitate these steps of viral replication with a particular emphasis placed on cell surface viral receptors. Understanding the roles played by these factors will contribute to our general understanding of viral entry mechanisms and may illuminate previously unknown cell biological processes. Moreover, this information may be applied to the design of novel antiretroviral therapies and can be used in gene therapy toward targeting retroviral vectors to specific cell types This monograph reviews information published since 1997 on the group B coxsackieviruses (CVB), a large and important group of human enteroviruses. The CVB were discovered in the mid-20th century, during the search for other poliovirus types, and within a very few years of this discovery, the CVB had been implicated as causes of human myocarditis and pancreatitis. The study of the CVB is still inextricably linked with the fate of their well-known relatives, the polioviruses, for as poliovirus eradication proceeds around the world, the CVB emerge more prominently as the enteroviruses best suited for continuing studies in enteroviral molecular biology as well as understanding the mechanisms underlying enteroviral pathogenesis. This volume reviews and presents modern views on the spectrum of CVB biologies, from interaction of the virus with its receptor through replication, speciation, and induction of disease. Genetic Modification Of Xenografts / J.l. Platt -- Public Health Risks : Patient Vs. Society In An Emerging Field / L.e. Chapman -- Cross-species Infections / R.a. Weiss -- Non-human Primate Herpesviruses : Importance For Xenotransplantation / M.g. Michaels -- Understanding Xenotransplantation Risks From Non-human Primate Retroviruses / J.s. Allan -- Exogenous Porcine Viruses / P.s. Paul [and Others] -- Swine Hepatitis E Virus : Cross-species Infection And Risk In Xenotransplantation / X.l. Meng -- Molecular Cloning And Functional Characterization Of Infectious Perv And Development Of Diagnostic Tests / M. Niebert And R.r. Tönjes -- Xenotransplantation : Federal Regulatory Considerations / E.t. Bloom. D.r. Salomon, C. Wilson (eds.). Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Xenotransplantation could have an impact on at least three aspects of medicine. The first is as a means of overcoming a severe shortage of human donor organs for the treatment of organ failure. The second aspect relates to the possibility that a xenogeneic organ would not be susceptible to infection by a "human" virus and thus the xenograft might resist injury caused by such viruses. The third and, as of yet, unexplored aspect relates to a means of delivering genes for therapeutic purposes thus overcoming some of the limitations of "conventional" gene therapy Xenotransplantation, or the exposure ex vivo or in vivo of human cells or body fluids to living non-human cells, is currently under preclinical and clinical investigation. The long-term goal of using non-human animals to provide a steady and sufficient supply of organs for human transplatation still faces challenges. This volume provides a review of both the immunologic and infectious disease issues that will need to be addressed before xenotransplantation of organs becomes a reality. Book jacket At last – a volume that virologists have been waiting for: a fully updated new edition of a major study in a key subject area. The first edition of this work, published in 1997, described the molecular biology of coxsackie B viruses, as well as clinical, epidemiological, and immunological aspects of group B coxsackievirus disease. This brand new edition covers all the research accomplishments of the last ten years in this vital area of medicine, including immunopathology. TOR, the Target of Rapamycin was discovered a little over ten years ago in a genetic screen in S. cerevisiae in search of mutants resistant to the cytostatic effects of the antimycotic, rapamycin. Recent studies have placed TOR at the interface between nutrient sensing and the regulation of major anbolic and catabolic responses. The editors have gathered the leading figures in the field of TOR and its role in cellular homeostasis and human diseases. The articles in this volume provide a comprehensive overview of our current understanding of the roles played by cellular factors in the early steps of retroviral replication. A better understanding of these functions will provide critical new insights into retrovirus-host cell interactions and is likely to prove useful for the future development of effective antiretroviral therapies. Although adenoviruses have been isolated from every class of vertebrates including fishes, amphibians and reptiles (RUSSELL and BENKÖ 1999), according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses-approved official taxonomy (BENKÖ et al. 2000) the family Adenoviridae contains only two genera (Mastadenovirus and Aviadenovirus). After three volumes on adenoviruses in 1995 the past years have seen rapid progress in the field of adenovirus research. Moreover, adenoviruses have attracted considerable interest as vectors in gene transfer regimens. Current antiviral regimens for treatment of HIV-1 infection employ combinations of three classes of drugs that target two different points in the retroviral lifecycle (reviewed in Richman 2001).