Groundwater in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas: Monitoring, Assessment, Modelling, and Management (Earth and Environmental Sciences Library)

This book provides comprehensive studies from Middle East, African countries and Asia including Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, India, Iraq, Kyrgyzstan, Tunisia and Turkey on groundwater management, modelling and monitoring. A broad approach such as modelling, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and statistical models was applied in arid and semi-arid areas for management of the groundwater. These new approaches are currently in high demand. The book delves into the applications of these methods and will be a potential asset to the researchers worldwide. The book is a timely publication containing chapters based on primary data or/and extensive review chapters comprising new emerging techniques. Current high-demand research on management through the application of modelling, artificial intelligence and machine learning is the main selling point of this book. Preface Contents Introduction Introduction to “Groundwater in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas” 1 Background 1.1 Themes of the Book 2 Chapters’ Summaries 2.1 Groundwater Monitoring and Assessment 2.2 Groundwater Modelling 2.3 Groundwater Management References Groundwater in Arid and Semi-arid Regions of India: A Review on the Quality, Management and Challenges 1 Introduction 2 Arid and Semi-arid Areas of India 3 Materials and Methods 4 Water Quality in Different Arid and Semi-arid States of India 4.1 Water Quality in Andhra Pradesh 4.2 Water Quality in Bihar 4.3 Water Quality in Delhi 4.4 Water Quality in Gujarat 4.5 Water Quality in Haryana 4.6 Water Quality in Karnataka 4.7 Water Quality in Madhya Pradesh 4.8 Water Quality in Maharashtra 4.9 Water Quality in Punjab 4.10 Water Quality in Rajasthan 4.11 Water Quality in Tamil Nadu 4.12 Water Quality in Telangana 4.13 Water Quality in Uttar Pradesh 5 Health Effects 6 Management 7 Challenges 8 Conclusion 9 Recommendations References Groundwater Monitoring and Assessment Vulnerability to Pollution of Karstic Aquifers in the Tafna River Basin and Risk Mitigation Strategies (Northwest Algeria) 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 2.1 Geology 2.2 Climate 3 Groundwater Resources in Tafna River Basin 3.1 The Lias and Dogger Dolomites 3.2 Sequanian Sandstones 3.3 Upper Jurassic Limestones and Dolomites 3.4 Tortonian Sandstones 3.5 Zenata and Remchi Plateau 3.6 Plio-Quaternary 4 Population and Water Facilities 4.1 Administrative Framework and Population 4.2 Mobilization of Water Resources and Drinking Water Supply 4.3 Seawater Desalination 4.4 Sanitation 5 Present and Potential Sources of Groundwater Contamination 5.1 Documented Contamination of Groundwater Across Tafna Basin 5.2 Water-Borne Diseases 5.3 Classification of Threats to Groundwater 6 Strategies of Protection and Risk Mitigation 6.1 Regulation and Institution Building 6.2 Implementing Groundwater Protection Regulation 6.3 Working Towards a Better Delineation of the Karstic Flow Paths in an Urban Environment 7 Conclusion and Recommendations References Effect of Urbanization on Water Resources: Challenges and Prospects 1 Introduction 2 Impact of Urbanization 2.1 Effects of Urbanization on Surface Water Resources 2.2 Impact on the Groundwater 2.3 Impact on Hydrological Cycle 2.4 Climate Change 2.5 Flooding 2.6 Geomorphology 3 Conclusion 4 Recommendations References Understanding the Challenges: Sustainable Usage of Groundwater Resources in Türkiye 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 2.1 Location and Climate 2.2 Hydrogeology 3 Groundwater Resources of Türkiye-Current Usage and Future Expectations 4 Challenges in Sustainable Management of Groundwater in Türkiye 4.1 Population 4.2 Urbanization 4.3 Climate Change 4.4 Groundwater Pollution 4.5 Over Exploitation of Groundwater and the Consequences 4.6 Sea-Water Intrusion 5 Conclusion 6 Possible Solutions and Recommendations References Application of Geospatial Multicriteria Decision Analysis in the Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in the Northern Sector of Gabes Region (SE Tunisia) 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 2.1 Location 2.2 Climate 2.3 Geology and Hydrogeology Settings 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Sample Collection and Analysis 3.2 Geochemical Modeling of Groundwater Quality and Identification of Possible Mineralization Processes 3.3 Statistical Analysis 3.4 Application of Weighted Overlay Analysis to Determine Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Major Ions Chemistry and Water Type 4.2 Geochemical Modelling 4.3 Multivariate Statistical Analysis 4.4 Groundwater Suitability for Irrigation 4.5 Validation of the Results 5 Conclusions 6 Recommendations References Groundwater Modelling Creation of Rational Groundwater Management Schemes in the Chu Valley of the Kyrgyz Republic Based on Groundwater Modeling 1 Introduction and Task Setting 2 Material and Methods 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions 5 Recommendations References Applications of Machine Learning Models for Solving Complex Groundwater Modelling, Monitoring and Management Problems 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Large Simulations for Future Predictions 2.2 Optimal Groundwater Management Using Machine Learning 2.3 Incorporating Uncertainties in Groundwater Modelling 2.4 Effective Groundwater Monitoring 2.5 Impact of Individual Pumping Rates on Salt Concentration: Assessing Variable Importance 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Large Simulations for Future Predictions 3.2 Application in Optimal Groundwater Management 3.3 Incorporating Uncertainties in Groundwater Modelling 3.4 Effective Groundwater Monitoring 3.5 Variable Importance Analysis 4 Conclusions 5 Recommendations References New Trends in Groundwater Contaminant Transport Modelling 1 Introduction 2 Contaminants Sources and Their Pathways to Groundwater System 3 Numerical Modelling of Contaminates Transport 4 New Trends in Groundwater Contamination Modelling 4.1 The Remediation of Contaminated Sites 4.2 Vadose Zone Contaminant Transport 4.3 Environmental Isotopes Hydrology 4.4 Geochemical Modelling 4.5 Mining Activities 4.6 Seawater Intrusion Studies 4.7 Groundwater Management and Sustainability Studies 4.8 Data Mining Algorithms 4.9 Stochastic Multicomponent Reactive Transport Modelling 5 Advanced Models in Groundwater Contaminant Transport 6 Challenges in Groundwater Contaminants Modelling 7 Conclusion 8 Recommendations References Groundwater Management Groundwater Environment and Management in Kabul, Afghanistan 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 2.1 Hydrogeology 3 Drivers 3.1 Population Growth 3.2 Urbanization 3.3 Climate Change 4 Pressures 4.1 Land Use/Land Cover Changes 4.2 Utilization of Surface Water and Groundwater 5 State 5.1 Water-Table Fluctuations 5.2 Groundwater Depletion 5.3 Sewage 5.4 Groundwater Quality 5.5 Availability of Water in the Kabul Basin 6 Impacts 6.1 Land Subsidence 7 Responses 7.1 Groundwater Monitoring and Assessment 7.2 Poor Coordination Among Various Water-Related Organizations 7.3 Water-Scarcity, Conflict and Migration 7.4 More Cost and Poverty 8 Conclusion 9 Recommendations References Groundwater in the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt: Assessment, Modelling and Management with Climate Change in the Core 1 Introduction 2 Monitoring of Groundwater in the Nile Delta and Data Availability 2.1 Geometry and Geologic Setting 2.2 Hydrogeological Characteristics 2.3 Recharge-Discharge Sources 2.4 Hydro-geochemistry and Water Suitability 3 Assessment of Groundwater Flow in the Nile Delta 4 Saltwater Intrusion Modelling Studies in the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt 5 Modeling of Groundwater Contamination in the Nile Delta Aquifer 6 Groundwater Vulnerability Modelling in the Nile Delta Aquifer (NDA) 7 Modelling of Groundwater Management in the Nile Delta Region 8 Methods for Adaptation and Mitigation of Saltwater Intrusion in the Nile Delta Aquifer, Egypt 9 Conclusions 10 Recommendations for Future Studies References Groundwater Contamination by Fluoride and Mitigation Measures for Sustainable Management of Groundwater in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India 1 Introduction 2 Sources 2.1 Natural Sources 2.2 Anthropogenic Sources 2.3 Health Effects 3 Status of Fluoride Contamination in the Groundwater of Indo-Gangetic Plains 4 Factors Affecting Fluoride Enrichment in the Indo-Gangetic Plains 5 Health-Hazard of Fluoride Toxicity in the Indo Gangetic Plains 6 Mitigation Strategies 6.1 Coagulation and Precipitation 6.2 Adsorption 6.3 Membrane Technology (MT) 7 Conclusion 8 Recommendations References Groundwater Quality in Shallow Aquifers of the Sedimentary Plain in Iraq: A Potential Concern for Drinking and Irrigation 1 Introduction 2 Sedimentary Plain in Iraq 3 Drivers 3.1 Climate Change 3.2 Population Growth 3.3 Urbanization 4 Groundwater Quality in the Sedimentary Plain 5 Water Suitability for Drinking and Irrigation 6 Case Study 6.1 Piper Plot 6.2 Gibbs Plot 6.3 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking 6.4 Suitability of Groundwater for Irrigation 7 Conclusions 8 Recommendation References Investigating and Improving Natural Treatment Processes by Riverbank Filtration in Egypt 1 Introduction 2 Water Resources Pollution in Egypt 2.1 River Pollution 2.2 Industry Pollutants 2.3 Domestic Pollution 2.4 Agriculture Pollutants 2.5 Oil Pollution 3 Groundwater Pollution 4 Traditional Drinking Water Purification Plants 4.1 Boiling 4.2 Filtration 4.3 Distillation 4.4 Water Purification Using Chlorination 4.5 Electromagnetic Light for Water Disinfection 5 Riverbank Filtration (RBF) Technique 5.1 Concept of Riverbank Filtration 5.2 Usage of RBF in Countries Worldwide 5.3 Mechanism of RBF 5.4 Advantages of RBF 5.5 Disadvantages of RBF 5.6 RBF Sharing 6 Investigation of RBF 6.1 Field Investigation 6.2 Numerical Models for RBF Simulation 6.3 Groundwater Solute Transport Model 7 (i) Advection 7.1 Governing Equation for Solute Transport 8 RBF Improvement 8.1 River Conditions 8.2 Aquifer Conditions 8.3 RBF Conditions 8.4 Emplacement of Vertical Filter Pack for RBF Wells 9 Climate Change and RBF 10 Conclusion 11 Recommendations References