Greener and Scalable E-fuels for Decarbonization of Transport (Energy, Environment, and Sustainability)

This book highlights ways of using gaseous and liquid e-fuels like hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), methanol (CH3OH), DME (CH3-O-CH3), Ammonia (NH3), synthetic petrol and diesel, etc in existing engines and their effects on tailpipe emissions. The contents also cover calibration and optimization procedure for adaptation of these fuels. the volume also discusses the economical aspect of these fuels. Chapters include recent results and are focused on current trends of automotive sector. This book will be of interest to those in academia and industry involved in fuels, IC engines, engine instrumentation, and environmental research. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I E-Fuels for Decarbonization of Transport Sector 1 Introduction of Greener and Scalable E-Fuels for Decarbonization of Transport References 2 Potential of E-Fuels for Decarbonization of Transport Sector 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 The Concept of E-Fuels 2.1.2 E-Fuel Investments 2.1.3 Advantages of E-Fuels 2.1.4 Disadvantages of E-Fuels 2.2 Opportunity to Reduce Carbon Emissions by E-Fuels 2.2.1 Impact on the Transport Sector 2.3 Safety and Practical Applications 2.3.1 Impact of E-Fuels Technologies on Vehicles 2.3.2 Safety Issues 2.3.3 Environmental Impacts 2.4 The Climate Change Report Card 2.5 Concluding Remarks References 3 A Historical Perspective on the Biofuel Policies in India 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Energy Security in India 3.1.2 The Untapped Potential of Biomass 3.1.3 Scopes and Objectives 3.1.4 Methodology 3.2 Historical Context of Biofuel Policies in India 3.2.1 Trends in the Energy Sector 3.2.2 International Status of Biofuel Policies 3.2.3 Evolution in the Indian Biofuel Sector 3.3 Discussions 3.3.1 Major Issues with the Previous Biofuel Policies in India 3.3.2 Changing Dimensions for Biofuel Policies in India 3.3.3 Future Challenges for Advanced Biofuels 3.4 Conclusion References Part II Hydrogen as an E-Fuel 4 Hydrogen as Maritime Transportation Fuel: A Pathway for Decarbonization 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Hydrogen Fuel Properties 4.3 Hydrogen Production Methods 4.3.1 Hydrogen Production from Hydrocarbon Fuels 4.3.2 Hydrogen Production from Biomass 4.3.3 Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting 4.4 Hydrogen Storage Techniques for Maritime 4.4.1 Onboard Hydrogen Storage 4.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Shipping 4.5.1 Fuel Cell Types 4.5.2 Maritime Fuel Cell Projects 4.6 Hydrogen Combustion in Marine Engines 4.6.1 Combustion of Hydrogen in Internal Combustion Engines 4.6.2 Marine Engine Applications 4.7 Conclusion References 5 Improving Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesel, and Hydrogen-Biodiesel Dual-Fuel Engine Aiming Near-Zero Emissions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 CFPs of Biodiesel 5.2.1 Mechanism of CFPs Improvement 5.3 Hydrogen as a Vehicular Fuel 5.4 Emissions from Hydrogen Combustion 5.5 Hydrogen in a Dual-Fuel Engine 5.6 Prospect of Biodiesel and Hydrogen in Dual-Fuel Engine 5.7 Conclusions References 6 Assessment of Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel: Status, Prospects, Performance and Emission Characteristics 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Worldwide Scenario of Hydrogen Production Technologies 6.3 Economically Feasible Hydrogen Production Processes 6.3.1 Hydrogen Generation Through Electrolysis 6.3.2 Hydrogen Generation Through Plasma Arc Decomposition 6.3.3 Hydrogen Generation Through Splitting Water Thermally 6.3.4 Hydrogen Generation Through Biomass Gasification 6.4 Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel 6.4.1 In Terms of Availability 6.4.2 In Terms of Characteristics (Octane Number, Density, Auto Ignition Temperature) 6.4.3 In Terms of Engine Performance 6.4.4 In Terms of Emission 6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 6.5.1 Advantages of Hydrogen as Fuel 6.5.2 Disadvantages of Hydrogen as Fuel 6.6 Prospective Challenges 6.7 European Union (EU) Hydrogen Strategy 6.8 Future Recommendation 6.8.1 Performance 6.8.2 Emissions 6.8.3 Production 6.9 Conclusion References 7 Effectiveness of Hydrogen and Nanoparticles Addition in Eucalyptus Biofuel for Improving the Performance and Reduction of Emission in CI Engine 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Materials and Methods 7.2.1 Biodiesel Production 7.2.2 Test Fuel Preparation and Determination of Physicochemical Properties 7.3 Experimental Test Rig and Procedure 7.3.1 Uncertainty Analysis 7.4 Results and Discussions 7.4.1 Power 7.4.2 BSFC 7.4.3 CO 7.4.4 CO2 7.4.5 NOx 7.5 Conclusions References 8 The Roles of Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Biofuel Fuel-Additives Towards Attaining Low Carbon Fuel-Systems and High Performing ICEs 8.1 Introduction 8.2 EU Policy Considerations for Environmental Protection 8.3 Biofuels, Hydrogen and Natural Gas: Their Origins, Sources, Compositions and Their Synthetic Pathways 8.3.1 Synthetic Pathways for Biofuels/Methane/Ethanol 8.3.2 Synthetic Pathways for H2 8.4 The Use of Natural Gas–Hydrogen Mixture in Internal Combustion Engines 8.5 Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Additives in Low-Carbon Biofuels Used in ICEs 8.5.1 The Mechanisms of the Performance of Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Additives for Low Carbon Biofuels Used in Diesel Engines/ICEs 8.5.2 Recent Works on Hydrogen and Natural Gas Additives/their Hybrids in Fuels/Biofuels for Improved Engine Performance 8.5.3 Some Advantages of HCNG and Challenges Associated with their Use in ICEs 8.5.4 Effects of HCNG on the Emissions from a SI Engine 8.6 The Future of ICEs Fueled with Hydrogen and Natural Gas as Additives References Part III Dimethyl-Ether (DME) as an E-Fuel 9 Prospects of Dual-Fuel Injection System in Compression Ignition (CI) Engines Using Di-Methyl Ether (DME) 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Di-Methyl Ether (DME) 9.3 DME Dual-Fuel Engines 9.4 Dual-Fuel Injection Strategies 9.5 Effect of Dual-Fuel Strategies on Engine Combustion and Performance Characteristics 9.5.1 Combustion Characteristics 9.5.2 Performance Characteristics 9.6 Effect of Injection Strategies on Emission Characteristics 9.7 Cyclic Variations in Combustion Parameters of DME Engine 9.8 Future Scope 9.9 Summary References 10 Prospects and Challenges of DME Fueled Low-Temperature Combustion Engine Technology 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Properties, Advantages, and Use of DME in IC Engine 10.1.2 DME Spray Characterization 10.1.3 LTC Engine Concept 10.2 DME Fueled LTC Engine Technologies 10.2.1 DME Fueled HCCI Combustion 10.2.2 DME Fueled PCCI Combustion 10.2.3 DME Fueled RCCI Combustion 10.3 Emission Characteristics of DME Fueled LTC Engines 10.3.1 Regulated Gaseous Emissions 10.3.2 Unregulated Emissions 10.4 Future Prospects of DME 10.4.1 DME Production and Usage 10.4.2 Path Forward for DME Fueled LTC Engines 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Optimization of Fuel Injection Strategies for Sustainability of DME in Combustion Engine 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Physicochemical Properties of Fuel 11.3 Factors Affecting Fuel Injection 11.3.1 Vapor Lock 11.3.2 Injection Timing 11.3.3 Injection Pressure 11.3.4 Needle Lift Behavior 11.3.5 Plunger Diameter 11.3.6 Number of Nozzles and Nozzle Diameter 11.3.7 Ignition Timing 11.3.8 Fuel Property 11.4 Alteration in Spray Characteristics with DME as Fuel 11.4.1 Spray Shape 11.4.2 Spray Tip Penetration 11.4.3 Spray Cone Angle 11.4.4 Tip Velocity 11.4.5 Atomization 11.4.6 Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) 11.5 Optimization of Fuel Injection Strategies 11.6 Conclusion References Part IV Application of Methanol and Ammonia as an E-Fuel 12 ECU Calibration for Methanol Fuelled Spark Ignition Engines 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Methanol as Engine Fuel 12.2.1 Methanol Utilization Strategies 12.3 Instruments Used in the Calibration Setup 12.3.1 Engine Dynamometer Setup 12.3.2 Chassis Dynamometer Setup 12.3.3 Combustion Data Acquisition System 12.3.4 Emissions Analysis System 12.3.5 Engine Management System 12.4 Engine Tuning and Recalibration 12.4.1 Initial Setup 12.4.2 Tuning Process 12.5 Compensations Required for Tuning 12.6 Summary References 13 A Novel DoE Perspective for Robust Multi-objective Optimization in the Performance-Emission-Stability Response Realms of Methanol Induced RCCI Profiles of an Existing Diesel Engine 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Motivation and Novel Viewpoint of the Present Study 13.2 Materials and Methods 13.3 Design of Experiment 13.3.1 Evaluation of Design Space: Quality Metrics 13.3.2 Model Evaluation Metric 13.4 Multi-objective Optimization (MOOP) Endeavors 13.4.1 Methodology 13.5 Results and Discussion 13.5.1 DoE Evaluation and Selection 13.5.2 ANOVA Analysis 13.5.3 Model Evaluation 13.5.4 Optimization Endeavor 13.5.5 Discussions 13.6 Conclusion References 14 Scope and Limitations of Ammonia as Transport Fuel 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Production Routes 14.2.1 Haber–Bosch Method 14.2.2 Methods for Producing Hydrogen 14.2.3 Alternative Methods 14.3 Physical and Chemical Properties of Ammonia 14.4 Effect on the Health and Environment 14.5 Storage and Transportation 14.6 Ammonia for Compression Ignition Engines 14.6.1 Pure Ammonia as Primary Fuel 14.6.2 Port Injection of Ammonia Vapours with Diesel as Primary Fuel 14.6.3 Direct Injection of Ammonia-DME Blends 14.7 Ammonia for Spark-Ignition Engines 14.7.1 Ammonia in Port Injection and Direct Injection 14.7.2 Port Injection of Gaseous Ammonia 14.7.3 Direct Injection of Gaseous Ammonia 14.7.4 Ammonia Dissolved in Gasoline 14.7.5 Ammonia-Hydrogen Blend 14.8 Summary References