Green States and Social Movements: Environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Norway: Environmentalism in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Norway

## Abstract Social movements take shape in relation to the kind of state they face, while, over time, states are transformed by the movements they both incorporate and resist. Social movements are central to democracy and democratization. This book examines the interaction between states and environmentalism, emblematic of contemporary social movements. The analysis covers the entire sweep of the modern environmental era that begins in the 1970s, emphasizing the comparative history of four countries: the US, UK, Germany, and Norway, each of which captures a particular kind of interest representation. Interest groups, parties, mass mobilizations, protest businesses, and oppositional public spheres vary in their weight and significance across the four countries. The book explains why the US was an environmental pioneer around 1970, why it was then eclipsed by Norway, why Germany now shows the way, and why the UK has been a laggard throughout. Ecological modernization and the growing salience of environmental risks mean that environmental conservation can now emerge as a basic priority of government, growing out of entrenched economic and legitimation imperatives. The end in view is a green state, on a par with earlier transformations that produced first the liberal capitalist state and then the welfare state. Any such transformation can be envisaged only to the extent environmentalism maintains its focus as a critical social movement that confronts as well as engages the state. Social movements take shape in relation to the kind of state they face, while over time states are transformed by the movements that they both incorporate and resist. Green States and Social Movements is a comparative study of the environmental movement's successes and failures in four very different states: the USA, UK, Germany and Norway. The history covers the entire sweep of the modern environmental era that begins in 1970. The end in view is a green transformation of the state and society on a par with earlier transformations that gave us first the liberal capitalist state and then the welfare state. The authors explain why such a transformation is now most likely in Germany, and why it is least likely in the United States, which has lost the status of environmental pioneer that it gained in the early 1970s. Their comparative analysis also explains the role played by social movements in making modern societies more deeply democratic, and yields insights into the strategic choices of environmental movements as they decide on what terms to engage, enter or resist the state. Sometimes it makes sense for a movement to act conventionally, as a green party or set of interest groups. But sometimes inclusion can mean co-optation, in which case a movement can instead emphasize action in and through civil society. Contents......Page 12 List of Authors......Page 13 List of Abbreviations......Page 14 1. States, Movements, and Democracy......Page 18 2. Patterns of Movement Inclusion and Exclusion in the Four Countries......Page 37 3. Co-optive or Effective Inclusion? Movement Aims and State Imperatives......Page 73 4. The Perils of Political Inclusion: Moderation and Bureaucratization......Page 98 5. The Dynamics of Democratization......Page 120 6. Evaluating Movement Effectiveness and Strategy......Page 148 7. Ecological Modernization, Risk Society, and the Green State......Page 181 8. States and Social Movements: Conclusions......Page 209 References......Page 216 C......Page 234 G......Page 235 M......Page 236 P......Page 237 S......Page 238 W......Page 239 Y......Page 240 Social movements take shape in relation to the kind of state they face, while over time states are transformed by the movements that they both incorporate and resist. This is a comparative study of the environmental movement's successes and failures in four very different states: the USA, UK, Germany and Norway. The history covers the entire sweep of the modern environmental era that began in 1970 John S. Dryzek ... [et Al.]. Includes Bibliographical References (p. [199]-216) And Index.