Green Nanoremediation : Sustainable Management of Environmental Pollution

This book focuses on green nanoremediation addressing aspects related to the use of nanomaterials generated through green synthesis protocols to efficiently restore polluted environs. Nanomaterials’ characteristics such as large surface area, capacity to easily reach into contaminated sites, good reactivity, and possibility of being developed to present photocatalytic activity and/or to deal with targeted substances by chemical surface modification are useful specially to perform remediation. As an alternative to conventional physicochemical methods, the green-based synthesis protocols reject the use of harmful reagents, prevent waste production, apply renewable energy source and/or materials, and consider in first place offering the smallest negative impact possible to living beings and to the ecosystem. Green synthesis in nanotechnology field involves the use of seaweeds, bacteria, cyanobacteria, yeasts, fungi, plants (living ones, biomass, extracts) and/or bio-derived products to generate the nanomaterials. The introductory chapter will be dedicated to nanomaterials’ characteristics that enable them to be used in environmental remediation. The first part of the book will be dedicated to organic and inorganic pollution and the threats they pose to living forms; advantages, disadvantages and mechanisms of nanoremediation; comparison between conventional strategies of environmental pollution remediation and the green nanoremediation; carbon-based and non-carbon-based green nanomaterials capable of promoting environs’ remediation; cost/benefits of using nanomaterials and nanoinformatics to a safe nanotechnology. The second part will be dedicated to green nanoremediation of water and soil, microbe-based, algae-based and plant-based synthesis of nanomaterials to nanoremediation. This part will also contain chapters dedicated to relevant nanomaterials for green nanoremediation protocols, nano-phytoremediation strategies, strategies to evaluate the efficiency of protocols related to this kind of remediation, main interactions of green nanomaterials and microbes during nanoremediation and, as a consequence of it, biocompatibility of green nanomaterials. This book’s main purpose is to offer readers extensive knowledge on green nanoremediation as a feasible strategy to fight pollution's harmful consequences and clean environmental pollution, but also present the challenges that should be surpassed. Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Important Features of Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types, Causes, and Consequences of Environmental Pollutants 1.3 Nanoremediation of the Environment: Basic Aspects of Nanomaterials 1.3.1 Materials Based on Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) 1.3.2 Metal-Based and Metal Oxide–Based Nanomaterials 1.3.3 Principles of Environmental Pollutant Remediation 1.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Part I: Green Nanoremediation: Generating Eco-friendly Nanoremediators Chapter 2: Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Major Classes of Environmental Pollution 2.2.1 Soil Pollution 2.2.2 Air Pollution 2.2.3 Water Pollution 2.3 Biosynthesis Techniques of Nanomaterials 2.3.1 Different Approaches for the Development of Nanomaterials 2.3.1.1 Chemical Synthesis Methods 2.3.1.1.1 Sol-Gel Processing 2.3.1.1.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition 2.3.1.1.3 Hydrothermal Synthesis Method 2.3.1.2 Bio-assisted Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 2.3.1.2.1 Plant Metabolites for NP Synthesis 2.3.1.2.2 Bio Reduction Method Using Microorganisms 2.3.1.2.3 Bacteria-Mediated Synthesis 2.3.1.2.4 Alga-Mediated Synthesis 2.3.1.2.5 Fungus-Mediated Synthesis 2.3.2 Current Advantages and Challenges of Green Synthesis Methods 2.4 Characterization of Synthesized Nanoparticles 2.4.1 Methods of Characterization 2.4.1.1 Thermal Analysis 2.4.1.2 X-Ray Diffraction 2.4.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Field Emission 2.4.1.4 UV-Vis Spectroscopy Characterization 2.4.1.5 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy 2.4.1.6 Characterization Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 2.5 Applications of Nanomaterials 2.5.1 Applications of Bio-assisted Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation 2.5.2 Wastewater Remediation Via Photocatalysis 2.5.3 Wastewater Remediation Via Adsorption 2.5.4 Wastewater Remediation Via Chemical Oxidation/Reduction of Pollutant 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Strategic Methods of Nanoremediation Through Nanomaterials Synthesized From Microbes: An Overview 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Nanoremediation 3.3 Role of Nanoparticles/Nanomaterials in Bioremediation 3.4 Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Microorganisms 3.5 Mechanism of Nanoparticle Synthesis 3.6 Experimental Steps for Production of Microorganism-Based Nanoparticles 3.7 Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Bacteria 3.8 Intracellular Nanoparticle Synthesis by Bacteria 3.9 Extracellular Nanoparticle Synthesis by Bacteria 3.10 Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Fungi 3.11 Intracellular Nanoparticle Synthesis from Fungi 3.12 Extracellular Nanoparticle Synthesis from Fungi 3.13 Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Yeast 3.14 Virus-Mediated Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 3.15 Actinomycetes-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles 3.16 Pros and Cons of Nanoparticle Synthesis from Microorganism 3.16.1 Pros 3.16.2 Cons 3.17 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Fungal-Based Synthesis to Generate Nanoparticles for Nanobioremediation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fungal Nanoparticles 4.3 Types of Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Fungi 4.3.1 Silver Nanoparticles 4.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles 4.3.3 Alloy Nanoparticles 4.3.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 4.4 Mechanism of Fungal-Based Nanoparticles 4.5 Mycosynthesis of Nanoparticles 4.6 Applications of Nanobioremediation 4.6.1 Bioremediation of Metalloids and Heavy Metals 4.6.2 Fungal Bioremediation for Industrial Waste Water 4.6.3 Fungal Bioremediation for Contaminated Groundwater 4.7 Nanobiosensors in Remediation 4.8 Future Perspective 4.9 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Algae-Based Synthesis to Generate Nanomaterials for Nanoremediation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Using Algal Biomass 5.2.1 Synthesis AgNPs 5.2.2 Synthesis of AuNPs 5.2.3 Synthesis of Other Metal-Based Nanomaterials 5.3 Factors for Algae-Based Green Synthesis of NPs 5.4 Applications of Algae-Based NPs for Remediation 5.4.1 Photocatalytic Activity 5.4.2 Reduction of Heavy Metals 5.4.3 Biosensing 5.5 Future Challenges and Recommendations 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Plant-Based Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Nanoremediation 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Plant-Based Nanomaterials 6.1.2 Plant-Based Nanoremediation 6.1.3 Applying Plant-Based Nanomaterials in Nanoremediation 6.1.3.1 Inorganic Contaminants 6.1.3.1.1 Heavy Metals (HMs) 6.1.3.2 Organic Contaminants 6.1.3.2.1 Organic Dyes 6.1.3.2.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 6.2 Methods of Remediation 6.2.1 Nanoadsorbents 6.2.2 Nanocatalysts 6.2.3 Nanosensors 6.3 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Innovations in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Classification of Environmental Pollution 7.2.1 Air Pollution 7.2.2 Water Pollution 7.2.3 Soil Pollution 7.3 Impact of Environmental Pollution on Human Health 7.4 Techniques of Environmental Remediation 7.5 Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 7.6 Nanoremediation 7.7 Conclusion 7.8 Future Prospects References Part II: Important Green Nanomaterials in the Management of Environmental Pollution Chapter 8: Main Green Nanomaterials for Water Remediation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Green Production of Nanoparticles for Water Remediation 8.2.1 Green Metal Nanoparticles or Inorganic Nanomaterials for Water Remediation 8.2.1.1 Green Creation of Iron Nanoparticles 8.2.1.2 Green Creation of Ag0 8.2.1.3 Green Creation of Au0 8.2.2 Green Creation of Metal Oxides for Water Remediation 8.2.2.1 Green-Production Iron Oxides 8.2.2.2 Green-Created TiO2 NMs 8.2.3 Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Water Remediation 8.3 Adsorption Technology for Water Remediation 8.3.1 Rice Bran as a Nanomaterial 8.3.2 Rice Husk Ash and Rice Husk as Silica and Carbon Nanomaterials 8.3.2.1 Silica Nanoparticles or Nanocomposites for Water Remediation 8.3.2.2 Carbon Nanoparticles for Remediation of Aqueous Environments 8.4 Integration of Adsorption and Nanotechnology as a Nanocomposite in Water Remediation 8.5 Green Nanomaterials as Antimicrobial Properties for Water Purification References Chapter 9: Green Noncarbon-Based Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Green Metal-Based Catalysts for Photodegradation of Pollutants 9.3 Green Noncarbon-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Decontamination 9.4 Green Noncarbon-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Organic Pollutants 9.5 Noncarbonaceous Coagulants and Flocculants for Treating Water 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 10: Green Iron Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Main Threats of Environmental Pollution to Humans 10.1.2 Nanoremediation of Environmental Pollution 10.2 Characteristics of Iron Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 10.3 Synthesizing Iron Nanoparticles 10.4 Green Iron Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 10.4.1 Fungi-Based Synthesis of Fe NPs for Nanoremediation 10.4.2 Plant-Based Synthesis of Fe NPs for Nanoremediation 10.4.3 Algae-Based Synthesis of Fe NPs for Nanoremediation 10.4.4 Bacteria-Based Synthesis of Fe NPs for Nanoremediation 10.5 Conclusion 10.6 Future Perspectives References Chapter 11: Green Silver Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis of Ag NPs Using a Diverse Approach 11.2.1 Chemical Approach 11.2.2 Physical Approach 11.2.3 Green Approach 11.3 Plants Extract–Mediated Green Production of Ag NPs 11.4 Critical Factors for Sustainable Green Synthesis of Ag NPs 11.4.1 Optimal pH 11.4.2 Temperature 11.4.3 Concentrations of Plants Extract and AgNO3 11.4.4 Incubation Time 11.5 Characterization Tools 11.6 Applications of Biosynthesized Ag NPs for Bioremediation 11.6.1 Photocatalytic Activity 11.6.2 Reducing Nitrophenols 11.7 Challenges and Future Research Opportunities 11.8 Conclusion References Part III: Conjugating Nanoremediation to Other Remediation Strategies Chapter 12: Green-Based Nanomaterials and Plants in Nano-Phytoremediation Strategies 12.1 Understanding of Nano-Phytoremediation 12.2 Green-Based Nanomaterials in Remediation 12.2.1 Silver Nanoparticles 12.2.2 Cobalt Nanoparticles 12.2.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 12.2.4 Classification of Phytoremediation 12.2.4.1 Phytoextraction 12.2.4.2 Phytostimulation 12.2.4.3 Phytostabilization 12.2.4.4 Phytotransformation/Phytodegradation 12.2.4.5 Rhizofiltration 12.2.5 Phytoremediation Technology for Heavy Metal Contaminants from Soil 12.2.6 Phytoremediation Technology for Water Contaminants References Chapter 13: Main Interaction of Green Nanomaterials and Microorganisms on Nanoremediation Protocols 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Nanomaterials 13.2.1 Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis 13.2.1.1 Physical Method of Synthesis 13.2.1.2 Chemical Method of Synthesis 13.2.1.3 Biological Method of Synthesis 13.2.1.4 Bacterial Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.2.1.5 Fungal Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.2.1.6 Yeast-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.2.1.7 Algal Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.2.1.8 Actinomycetic Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.2.1.9 Plant-Based Synthesis of Nanoparticles 13.3 Nanoremediation 13.4 Advantages of Nanomaterials 13.5 Disadvantages of Nanomaterials References Part IV: Safety Aspects and Analysis of Nanoremediation Chapter 14: Supporting Nanotechnology Safety Through Nanoinformatics 14.1 Introduction to Nanoinformatics 14.1.1 Information on Nanotechnology and Nanoscience 14.2 Application Framework for Nanoinformatics 14.2.1 Nanoinformatics as Emerging Field of Information Technology 14.2.2 Nanoinformatics for Environmental Health and Biomedicine 14.2.3 Effective Cancer Treatment Using Nanoinformatics 14.2.4 Nanoinformatics to Support Precision and Sustainable Agriculture 14.2.4.1 Models for Nano-enabled Agriculture Using Nanoinformatics 14.2.4.2 The Challenges in Nano-agriculture 14.3 Emerging Databases and Tools for Nanoinformatics 14.3.1 Text Mining 14.3.1.1 Databases 14.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Nanoinformatics 14.3.3 Overcoming Nanoinformatics Flaws and Issues 14.4 Cyberinfrastructures for Nanoinformatics 14.4.1 Computational Intelligence in Nanoinformatics 14.4.1.1 Genetic Algorithms 14.4.1.2 Fuzzy Logic 14.4.1.3 Neural Networks 14.4.1.4 Cloud Platform for Informatics 14.4.2 Infrastructure for Nanoinformatics Development and Requirements 14.4.3 Nanoinformatics’ Emerging Role in the United States 14.5 Conclusion References Chapter 15: Conventional Strategies of Bioremediation Versus Green Nanoremediation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Bioremediation 15.3 Microorganisms Used for Bioremediation 15.3.1 Techniques Used in Bioremediation 15.3.2 Solid-Phase Treatment 15.3.3 Composting Process in Bioremediation 15.3.4 Biopiling 15.3.5 Limitations 15.3.6 Slurry-Phase Bioremediation 15.3.7 Factors Affecting Slurry-Phase Biodegradation 15.3.8 In Situ Bioremediation 15.3.9 Biosparging 15.3.10 Bioventing 15.3.11 Limitations 15.3.12 Bioslurping 15.3.13 Limitations 15.3.14 Biostimulation 15.3.15 Nanoparticles (NPs) for Bioremediation 15.3.16 Biological Components for Green Synthesis 15.3.17 Catalytic Activity of Nanoparticles 15.3.18 Degradation of Synthetic Dyes by NPs versus Activated Sludge: A Comparative Study 15.3.19 Victoria Blue Dye Degradation Using Gold Nanoparticles 15.3.20 Decolorization of Textile Effluent Using Inactivated Sludge 15.3.21 Decolorization by Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles 15.3.22 Heavy Metal Detection and Removal from Wastewater Using NPs versus Conventional Industrial Removal Methods 15.3.23 Heavy Metal Bioremediation Using Activated Sludge 15.3.24 Removal of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn from Wastewater Using Activated Sludge 15.3.25 Effect of Metal Ion Concentration 15.3.26 Using Adsorption Isotherms to Explain Absorption Mechanism of Heavy Metals 15.3.27 Using Graphene Nanoparticles for Wastewater Decontamination 15.3.28 Using Nano-zeolites for Heavy Metal (Cd) Removal 15.4 Conclusions References Chapter 16: Using Nanoremediation Strategies: Cost–Benefit Analysis 16.1 Selection of a Remediation Strategy 16.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis (CBA) of Remediation Strategies 16.3 Conventional Remediation Strategies 16.4 Nanoremediation Strategy: Costs and Benefits 16.5 Conclusion References Chapter 17: Strategies to Evaluate Nanoremediation Efficiency 17.1 Nanoremediation of Water 17.2 Metal and Metal-Based Nanomaterials 17.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 17.4 Polymer-Based Nanomaterials 17.5 Nanoremediation of Soil 17.6 Metal and Metal-Based Nanomaterials 17.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 17.8 Nanoremediation of Gas Phase 17.9 Carbon-Based Materials 17.10 Silica-Based Materials 17.11 Combined Nanoremediation with Other Remediation Technologies 17.12 Conclusion References