Green Nanomaterials : From Bioinspired Synthesis to Sustainable Manufacturing of Inorganic Nanomaterials

Inorganic nanoparticles are used a range of applications, from pregnancy tests to catalysis and the latest innovations in high density data storage. This book aims to provide a detailed understanding of emerging green methods for preparing inorganic nanomaterials as green chemistry has great promise for future developments, especially in sustainable designs for materials, processes and consumer goods. To date, green chemistry has mostly focussed on the synthesis of fine chemicals and very rarely on nanomaterials. By 2016, the global demand for nanomaterials will be $5.5 billion and includes catalysis, separations, medicine and energy, to name just a few. Current methods for producing nanomaterials are complex, energy demanding, multistep, and/or environmentally damaging. New bioinspired/biomimetic approaches are emerging, which harness biological principles from biomineralisation to design green nanomaterials for the future. Further, in order to progress with these technologies, multidisciplinary skills are required, spanning from sciences to engineering. This book aims to bridge these gaps. PRELIMS.pdf Preface References Acknowledgements Author biographies Siddharth V Patwardhan Sarah S Staniland CH001.pdf Chapter 1 Green chemistry and engineering 1.1 Principles of green chemistry and engineering 1.1.1 Overview 1.1.2 Drivers for green approaches 1.1.3 Estimating environmental impact 1.2 Ways to improve sustainability 1.3 Green chemistry and nanomaterials References CH002.pdf Chapter 2 Nanomaterials: what are they and why do we want them? 2.1 Fundamentals of the nanoscale 2.2 Tangible and historical examples of nanomaterials 2.3 Special properties offered by the nanoscale 2.3.1 Optical: surface plasmon resonance 2.3.2 Optical: quantum dots fluorescence 2.3.3 Electron spin and nanomagnetism 2.4 Applications 2.4.1 Nanomedicine 2.4.2 Nanodevice technologies 2.4.3 Consumer products 2.5 Nanomaterial biocompatibility and toxicity 2.6 Summary: key lessons from nanomaterials, nanoproperties and applications Summary of content Key lessons References CH003.pdf Chapter 3 Characterisation of nanomaterials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microscopy 3.2.1 Optical microscopy 3.2.2 Electron microscopy 3.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy 3.2.4 Transmission electron microscopy 3.2.5 Atomic force microscopy 3.3 Spectroscopy applied to nanomaterials 3.3.1 Mass spectrometry 3.3.2 Infra-red spectroscopy 3.3.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 3.4 Diffraction and scattering techniques 3.4.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 3.4.2 Dynamic light scattering 3.4.3 Small angle scattering 3.5 Porosimetry 3.6 Summary: key lessons for characterisation of nanomaterials References CH004.pdf Chapter 4 Conventional methods to prepare nanomaterials 4.1 Top-down and bottom-up methods 4.2 Top-down methods 4.3 Bottom-up methods 4.4 Nucleation and growth theory 4.4.1 Homogeneous nucleation 4.4.2 Heterogeneous nucleation 4.4.3 Growth 4.5 Conventional bottom-up methods 4.5.1 Vapour-phase method 4.5.2 Solution processing 4.5.3 Spray conversion 4.5.4 Sol–gel method 4.6 Emerging bottom-up methods 4.6.1 Principles and overview 4.6.2 Soft lithography 4.6.3 Dip-pen nanolithography 4.6.4 Layer-by-layer self-assembly 4.6.5 Solution synthesis of nanoparticles 4.6.6 Templated synthesis 4.7 Summary: key lessons about conventional routes to nanomaterials References CH005.pdf Chapter 5 Green chemistry for nanomaterials 5.1 Sustainability of nanomaterials production 5.2 Reasons behind unsustainability 5.3 Evaluation of sustainability for selected methods 5.3.1 E-factors for solution methods 5.3.2 How green is soft lithography? 5.3.3 Templated synthesis: surely sustainable? 5.4 Adopting green chemistry for nanomaterials 5.5 Biological and biochemical terminology and methods 5.5.1 Molecular biology component 5.5.2 Molecular biological techniques 5.6 Summary: key lessons about sustainability nanomaterials production References CH006.pdf Chapter 6 Biomineralisation: how Nature makes nanomaterials 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Properties and function of biomineral types 6.2.1 Bio-calcium phosphate (hydroxyapatite): mechanical/structural support, motion, cutting/grinding 6.2.2 Bio-calcium carbonate: protection, sensor, buoyancy 6.2.3 Bio-silica: mechanical support, transport and protection 6.2.4 Bio-magnetite: sensing, cutting/grinding, iron storage 6.3 Mineral formation controlling strategies in biomineralisation 6.3.1 The universal biomineralisation process 6.4 Roles and types of organic biological components required for biomineralisation 6.4.1 Roles of organic biological components 6.4.2 Types of organic biological components 6.5 Summary: key lessons from biomineralisation for the green synthesis of nanomaterials References CH007.pdf Chapter 7 Bioinspired ‘green’ synthesis of nanomaterials 7.1 From biological to bioinspired synthesis 7.2 Mechanistic understanding 7.2.1 Biomineralising biomolecules 7.2.2 Abiotic peptides and proteins from biopanning 7.3 An illustration of exploiting the knowledge of nano–bio interactions 7.4 Additives as the mimics of biomineral forming biomolecules 7.4.1 The need for additives 7.4.2 The design of additives and custom synthesis 7.5 Compartmentalisation, templating and patterning 7.5.1 Confinement in a simple protein template 7.5.2 Confinement in modified cage protein templates 7.5.3 Biomimetic compartmentalisation 7.5.4 Localisation and patterning on surfaces 7.6 Scalability of bioinspired syntheses 7.7 Summary: key lessons about the journey towards bioinspired synthesis References CH008.pdf Chapter 8 Case study 1: magnetite nanoparticles 8.1 Magnetite biomineralisation in magnetotactic bacteria 8.2 Magnetosome use in applications: advantages and drawbacks Advantages Disadvantages 8.3 Biomolecules and components controlling magnetosome formation 8.3.1 Magnetosome biomineralisation protein discovery 8.3.2 Bio-components for each step of biomineralisation 8.4 Biokleptic use of Mms proteins for magnetite synthesis in vitro 8.5 Understanding Mms proteins in vitro Iron binding Self-assembly 8.6 Development and design of additives: emergence of bioinspired magnetite nanoparticle synthesis 8.6.1 Development from biomineralisation proteins: MmsF 8.6.2 Screening non-biomineralisation proteins: magnetite interacting proteins 8.6.3 Biomimetic magnetosomes 8.7 Summary: key learning, and the future (towards manufacture) References CH009.pdf Chapter 9 Case study 2: silica 9.1 Biosilica occurrence and formation 9.2 Biomolecules controlling biosilica formation 9.3 Learning from biological silica synthesis: in vitro investigation of bioextracts 9.4 Emergence of bioinspired synthesis using synthetic ‘additives’ 9.4.1 Which amino acids are important? 9.4.2 Would (homo)polypeptides be sufficient to promote silica formation? 9.4.3 Peptides from biopanning 9.4.4 Do we need peptides or biomolecules? 9.4.5 Can smaller molecules provide similar activities? 9.5 Benefits of bioinspired synthesis 9.6 From lab to market 9.7 Summary: key learning, summary and the future References This book covers emerging bioinspired green methods for preparing inorganic nanomaterials. The book starts with an introduction to the principles of green chemistry and engineering, and highlights the special properties that nanomaterials possess, their applications and ways to characterise them. It describes conventional methods of synthesising and manufacturing inorganic nanomaterials, and introduces biological and biomimetic/bioinspired synthetic methods as a solution to precisely control nanomaterials and design sustainable manufacturing routes. The book elaborates on various mechanisms and examples of green nanomaterials, including the role of organic matrix and natural self-assembly, and advantages and opportunities with green nanomaterials. Two case studies of magnetic and silica materials are provided for advanced readers. The book is an insightful reference text for researchers focusing on synthetic biology and nanomaterials. It is an essential title for postgraduates and final-year undergraduates studying advanced materials, sustainable engineering or environmental chemistry. This book provides an understanding of emerging methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials and how they can be translated into new green approaches to manufacturing. Starting with an introduction to the principles of green chemistry and engineering, the text highlights the special properties that nanomaterials possess, their applications, and ways to characterise them. It then describes conventional methods of synthesising and manufacturing inorganic nanomaterials and introduces biological and biomimetic/bioinspired synthetic methods as a more effective and sustainable manufacturing route. Two case studies of magnetic and silica materials are also provided for advanced readers. Green Nanomaterials is an insightful reference text for researchers in the field of synthetic biology and nanomaterials. It is an essential title for postgraduates and final-year undergraduates studying advanced materials, sustainable engineering or environmental chemistry.