Green Materials For Sustainable Water Remediation And Treatment (green Chemistry Series)

Inadequate Access To Clean Water Afflicts People Throughout The World, And In Developing Countries Any Solution To This Challenge Must Be Achieved At A Low Cost And Low Energy Demand. At The Same Time, The Use Of Chemicals, And Subsequent Environmental Impact Must Also Be Reduced. Green And Sustainable Water Remediation Is A Rapidly Growing Field Of Interest To Governments And Corporations Alike, With Considerable Input From Academics, Environmental Consultants And Public Interest Groups. This Book Presents A Focused Set Of Articles Covering A Range Of Topics In The Field, Examining Not Only The Adoption Of Natural Products For Water Remediation, But Also The Synthesis Of New Materials And Emerging Clean Technologies. Contributors From Across The Globe (including Some On The Ground In The Developing World) Present A Comprehensive Digest In The Form Of Review-style Articles Highlighting The Current Thinking And Direction In The Field. Interested Stakeholders From All Sectors Will Find This Book Invaluable, And Postgraduate Students Of Chemical Engineering Or Environmental Science Will Benefit From The Real-world Applications Presented. Editors, Anuradha Mishra And James H. Clark. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web. Green Materials for Sustainable Water Remediation and Treatment Preface Contents Chapter 1 Greening the Blue: How the World is Addressing the Challenge of Green Remediation of Water 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Green Remediation (Greening the Blue) 1.3 Policy Directives for Water Remediation and Reuse 1.4 Eco-Labels and Standards 1.4.1 Globalization of Green Labels 1.5 Ecological and Economic Considerations 1.6 Conclusions and Future Directions References Chapter 2 Green Materials for Sustainable Remediation of Metals in Water 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Biological Solution 2.2.1 Phytoremediation 2.2.1.1 Phytoextraction 2.2.1.2 Phytostabilization 2.2.1.3 Phytovolatilization 2.2.1.4 Rhizofiltration 2.2.2 Bioremediation 2.2.3 Types of Microbial Agents 2.2.3.1 Bacteria 2.2.3.2 Fungi and Yeasts 2.2.3.3 Algae 2.3 The Chemical Solution 2.3.1 Chemical Precipitation 2.3.2 Ion Exchange 2.3.3 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 2.3.4 Electrodialysis 2.3.5 Solid Phase Extraction 2.3.5.1 Silica-Based Sorbents 2.3.5.2 Activated Carbon Adsorbents 2.3.5.3 Carbon Nanotubes 2.3.5.4 Agricultural Waste Materials as Solid Sorbents 2.4 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Role of Plant Biomass in Heavy Metal Treatment of Contaminated Water 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Various Types of Biomass Used for Metal Removal 3.3 Conclusions References Chapter 4 Natural Polysaccharides as Treatment Agents for Wastewater 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Flocculation 4.2.1 Charge Neutralization Flocculation 4.2.2 Bridging Flocculation 4.2.3 Electrostatic Patch Mechanism 4.2.4 Sweep Floc Mechanism 4.3 Flocculants 4.3.1 Polysaccharide-Based Flocculants 4.3.1.1 Plant Polysaccharides 4.3.1.2 Algal Polysaccharides 4.3.1.3 Bacterial Polysaccharides 4.3.1.4 Mammalian Polysaccharides 4.4 Plant-Derived Polysaccharides 4.5 Animal-Based Polysaccharides 4.6 Microorganism-Based Polysaccharides 4.7 Conclusions References Chapter 5 Zeolites in Wastewater Treatment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthesis and Properties of Zeolites 5.3 Modification of Natural Zeolites 5.3.1 Modification by Surfactants 5.3.2 Modification by Acid/Base Treatment 5.4 Synthetic Zeolites 5.4.1 Synthesis of Zeolites from Natural Materials 5.4.2 Synthesis of Zeolites from Industrial Wastes 5.4.2.1 Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration 5.4.2.2 Ash from Oil Shale 5.4.2.3 Ash from Rice Husk 5.4.2.4 Ash from Coal Fly 5.5 Wastewater Treatment by Zeolites 5.5.1 Water Softening 5.5.2 Ammonia Removal 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Functionalized Silica Gel as Green Material for Metal Remediation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Benefits of Chelating Sorbents 6.3 Silica Gel: An Ideal Support Material 6.4 Functionalization of Silica Gel 6.4.1 Surface Chemistry of Silica Gel 6.4.2 Chemical Modification of the Silica Surface 6.5 Analytical Applications of Modified Silica Gels as Chelating Sorbents 6.6 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Nanomaterials for Water Remediation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Contamination in Water and Remediation Techniques 7.3 Nanotechnologies in Water Remediation 7.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes 7.3.2 Graphene 7.3.3 Fullerenes 7.3.4 Nanocrystalline Zeolites 7.3.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles 7.3.5.1 Magnetic Carbon Nanotubes 7.3.5.2 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron 7.3.6 Silver Nanoparticles 7.3.7 TiO2 Nanoparticles 7.3.8 Bimetallic Nanoparticles 7.3.9 Single Enzyme Nanoparticles 7.3.10 Dendrimers 7.3.11 Nanomembranes 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Metal Extraction 8.1 Introduction 8.2 What Are Ionic Liquids? 8.3 Ionic Liquids for Metal Extraction 8.4 Types of Ionic Liquids for Metal Extraction 8.4.1 Imidazolium Ionic Liquids 8.4.2 Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids 8.4.3 Phosphonium Ionic Liquids 8.4.4 Pyridinium Ionic Liquids 8.4.5 Pyrrolidinium Ionic Liquids 8.5 Extraction of Different Types of Metal Ions 8.5.1 Alkali Metals and Alkaline Earth Metals 8.5.2 Transition Metals 8.5.3 Rare Earth Metals 8.6 Mechanism for Metal Extraction 8.6.1 Cationic Mechanism 8.6.2 Anionic Mechanism 8.6.3 Multi-Mode Mechanism 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 9 Periphyton Biofilms for Sustainability of Aquatic Ecosystems 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Periphyton Biofilm 9.1.2 Composition and Structure of Periphyton Biofilm 9.1.3 Periphyton Biofilms Included in this Chapter 9.2 Treatment of Water and Wastewater 9.2.1 Nutrient Removal 9.2.2 Organic Matter Removal 9.2.2.1 COD Removal 9.2.2.2 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 9.2.2.3 Removal of Microcystins 9.2.2.4 Removal of Heavy Metals 9.3 Relationship of Phosphorus Release, Cyanobacterial Bloom, and Periphyton Biofilms 9.3.1 Inhibition of Phosphorus Release from Sediments 9.3.2 Control of Cyanobacterial Bloom 9.4 Potential of Periphyton Biofilm Applications References Chapter 10 Remediation of Dye Containing Wastewater Using Viable Algal Biomass 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Dyes as Water Polluters 10.1.2 Methods of Dye Removal 10.2 Biosorption of Dyes by Live Algal Biomass 10.2.1 Removal of Dyes by Species 10.2.1.1 Experimental Methodology 10.2.1.2 Effect of Contact Time, Initial Dye Concentration and Dose of Algae 10.2.1.3 Redox Potential and pH as Indicators of Dye Removal 10.2.1.4 Turbidity as a Parameter of Dye Removal 10.2.2 Removal of Dyes by Live Microalgal Species 10.2.2.1 Experimental Methodology 10.2.2.2 Effect of Dye Concentration and Dose of Biomass 10.2.2.3 Effect of pH and Temperature 10.2.2.4 Dye Removal and Absorption and IR Spectra 10.2.3 Removal of Dyes by 10.2.3.1 Experimental Methodology 10.2.3.2 Dye Removal by Live 10.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 11 Factors Affecting Surfactant Modification of Solid Media for Removal of Oxo Ions 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Behavior of Surfactants in Aqueous Systems 11.3 Factors Affecting Surfactant Modification of Solid Media for the Removal of Oxo Ions 11.3.1 Influence of Specific Surface Area on Surfactant Modification of the Sorbent Media 11.3.2 Influence of Surface Charge/Ion-Exchange Capacity on Surfactant Modification of the Sorbent Media 11.3.3 Influence of Porosity and Pore Size Distribution on Surfactant Modification of the Sorbent Media 11.3.4 Influence of Surfactant Properties on Surfactant Modification of the Sorbent Media 11.4 Conclusions References Subject Index