Green Landscapes in the European City, 1750–2010 (Routledge Studies in Modern European History)

"Green space is a fundamental concept for understanding modern and contemporary urban society, shedding light not only on the ecological development of cities but also societal relations, urban governance and planning processes. Closely linked to issues of environmental change, changing perceptions of nature, urban well-being and social integration, as well as city economic competitiveness and branding, it is an important element both in the internationalisation of European cities, and the forging of their distinctive communal identities. Building upon recent research on the history of green landscapes in the city in Europe and North America, this volume mirrors the burgeoning global attention to urban green space developments from city policy-makers and planners, architects, climatologists, ecologists, geographers and other social scientists. Taking case studies from Paris, London, Berlin, Helsinki, and other leading centres, the volume examines when, why, and how green landscapes evolved in major cities, and the extent to which they have been shaped by shared external forces as well as by distinctive and specific local needs. Quantifying green space trends in this way raises important issues of classification and categorisation of the different varieties of urban green space. While urban parks have received considerable coverage, many other smaller, less prestigious, spaces have been largely ignored. This volume argues that green landscapes can only be properly understood when the full range of spaces from parks to recreation grounds, housing areas, allotments and domestic gardens is taken into account. Adopting a broader approach to urban green space helps put European developments during the 19th and 20th centuries into a global perspective."--Publisher description Cover 1 Title 4 Copyright 5 Contents 6 List of illustrations 8 Notes on contributors 12 Preface 15 Acknowledgements 17 1 Introduction 20 City trends 36 2 Vegetation and green spaces in Paris: a spatial approach 38 3 London’s green spaces in the late twentieth century: the rise and decline of municipal policies 72 4 Outdoor recreation and green space in Helsinki and Dublin, c. 1965–1985: a transnational comparison 89 Varieties of green space 104 5 Impacts of residential infilling on private gardens in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area 106 6 The right to the garden: allotments and the politics of urban green space in Sweden 122 7 Green space in socialist and post-socialist Zagreb 140 8 ‘In Antwerp, the birds cough in the morning’: green space activism in a time of urban flight: the case of post-war Antwerp 155 Interactions 206 9 The urban politics of nature: two centuries of green spaces in Berlin, 1800–2014 208 10 Immigrants and green space in the Helsinki region 227 11 Women landscape planners and green space: Sweden, 1930–1970 242 12 Urban green space in a globalising world 274 13 Epilogue: how green is your city? Transnational and local perspectives on urban green spaces 295 Index 302 Edited By Peter Clark, Marjaana Niemi, And Catharina Nolin. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.