[Green Energy and Technology] Practices and Perspectives in Sustainable Bioenergy (A Systems Thinking Approach) ||

This book presents a systems approach to bioenergy and provides a means to capture the complexity of bioenergy issues, including both direct and indirect impacts across the energy economy. The book addresses critical topics such as systems thinking; sustainability, biomass; feedstocks of importance and relevance (that are not competing with the food market); anaerobic digestion and biogas; biopower and bioheat; and policies, economy, and rights to access to clean energy. This is a contributed volume with each chapter written by relevant experts in the respective fields of research and teaching. Each chapter includes a review with highlights of the key points, critical-thinking questions, and a glossary.This book can be used as a primary or secondary textbook in courses related to bioenergy and bioproducts and sustainable biofuels. It is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Researchers, professionals, and policy makers will also be able to use this book for current reference materials. Preface Contents About the Editors Bioenergy, Consumer Decision-Making and Shaping the River Flow 1 Introduction 2 Issues Regarding Energy Consumption 3 Perceived Characteristics of Biofuel by Consumers 4 Theories of Consumption and Demand 5 Consumers Are Information Processors 6 Consumers Plan Their Consumption Behavior 7 Consumers Have Cognitive Biases 8 Renewable Energy Delivery Structure 9 Discussion 10 Conclusion Glossary Questions References The Global Scenario of Biofuel Production and Development 1 Introduction 2 Development and Production of Bioethanol 2.1 Food Crop-Derived Bioethanol 2.2 Nonfood Crop-Derived Bioethanol 3 Development and Production of Biodiesel 4 Development and Production of Pyrolysis Bio-Oil 5 Development and Production of Drop-in Biofuels 6 Summary and Conclusions Review Questions Index References Production Potential and Logistics of Biomass Feedstocks for Biofuels 1 Introduction 2 Production Potential of Biomass for Biofuels 3 Biomass Feedstock Logistics 3.1 Bioenergy Pathways 3.2 Biomass Harvest and Collection 3.3 Drying Biomass 3.4 Pre-processing and Densification of Biomass 3.5 Biomass Transportation 3.6 Biomass Storage 3.7 Biomass Pre-processing 4 Summary and Conclusions Review Questions Index References Bottlenecks in Biomethane Production from Agro-Industrial Wastes Through Anaerobic Digestion 1 Introduction 2 Agro-Industrial Wastes 3 Classification of Wastes 4 Characteristics of Wastes 5 Compositional Variations of Feedstock 5.1 Variation in Cell Wall Characteristics 5.2 Variation in C:N 5.3 Variation in Volatile Matter 6 Availability of Waste Materials 7 Measurement of Pollution Level 7.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 7.2 Biological/Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) 7.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 7.4 Relation Between BOD and COD 8 Types of Treatment 8.1 Aerobic Treatment 8.2 Anaerobic Treatment 9 Pretreatment Strategies 9.1 Biological Pretreatment 10 Bottlenecks of Process Parameters that Govern Methane Production Efficiency 10.1 Influence of Inoculum 10.2 Temperature 10.3 pH 10.4 Organic Loading 10.5 Macro- and Micronutrients 10.6 Mixing 10.7 Retention Time 10.8 Influence of Inhibitory Substances 11 Bioreactors Used for Anaerobic Treatment 11.1 Reactor Associated Bottlenecks in Biomethanation 11.2 Reactor Modifications 12 Methane Enrichment by Carbon Dioxide Removal for Improved Calorific Value 13 Utilization of CO2 Enriched Liquid for Blue-Green Algae Cultivation 14 Conclusions Questions References Oleaginous Lipid: A Drive to Synthesize and Utilize as Biodiesel 1 Introduction 2 Oleaginous Microorganisms 2.1 Oleaginous Bacteria 2.2 Oleaginous Microalgae 2.3 Oleaginous Yeast and Mold 3 Biochemistry of Lipid Accumulation 4 Strategies for Enhanced Lipid Production 4.1 Biochemical Engineering Approaches for Lipid Enhancement 4.2 Genetic Engineering Approaches for Lipid Enhancement 4.3 Blockage of Competing Pathways 4.4 Multigene Transgenic and Transcription Factor Engineering Approaches 5 Fermentation 5.1 Batch Fermentation 5.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation 5.3 Continuous Fermentation 6 Transesterification 6.1 Conversion of Crude Glycerol: By-Product Utilization 7 Conclusion Questions References Photobioreactors for Bioenergy Systems and Lipid Extraction Methods from Microalgae 1 Photobioreactor 2 Desirable Characteristics for Algal PBRs 2.1 Adequate Illumination Area 2.2 Optimal Gas–Liquid Transfer 2.3 Low Contamination Levels 2.4 Low Capital and Production Cost 2.5 Minimal Land Area Requirement 3 PBR Inputs 3.1 Light 3.2 Carbon 3.3 Water 3.4 Other Nutrients 3.5 Power 4 PBR Designs 5 Instrumentation and Control Systems 6 PBR Productivity 7 Microalgal Oil 8 Lipid Extraction Methods 9 Lipid Analysis 10 Commercialization 11 Future Trends 11.1 Algae Production in Tandem with Industry, a Bioremediation Model 11.2 Increasing PBR Efficiency Through Process and Structures Optimization 11.3 Biorefineries Questions References Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 1 Introduction 1.1 Sustainable Biomass 2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies 2.1 Direct Combustion 2.2 Gasification 2.3 Pyrolysis 2.4 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) References Microbial Fuel Cells: A Path to Green, Renewable Energy 1 Introduction 2 Electrochemistry of a Galvanic Cell 3 Electron Transfer at an Electrode 4 Microbial Fuel Cell 5 Electron Transfer Mechanism at the Anode 6 Mud-Based MFC Review Questions Index References Advancements in Thermochemical Modification of Wood for Bioenergy and Biomaterial Applications 1 Overview of Wood Thermochemical Pretreatment 1.1 Torrefaction and Densification 1.2 Carbonization 2 Advancement in Wood Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction 2.1 Laboratory Scale Pelletization Methods 2.2 Compaction Energy 2.3 Temperature and Pressure 2.4 Pellet Strength 2.5 Resistance to Moisture 3 Advancement in Wood Thermochemical Conversion: Carbonization 3.1 Carbon Crystalline Evolution and Its Effects on Properties of Carbonized Wood 3.2 Highly Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Produced Using Wood Cell Nanostructure Critical Thinking Questions References Chemistry of Bioproducts 1 Definition of Bioproducts 2 Bioproducts and Bioeconomy 3 Significance of Bioproducts 4 Classification of Bioproducts 5 Sources and Chemistry of Biomass and Bioproducts 5.1 Chemistry in Biomass 5.2 Chemistry in Bioenergy 5.3 Chemistry in Biochemicals 5.4 Chemistry in Biomaterials 6 Conclusion Questions References Heating in the Northeastern USA with a Biomass Pellet Stove: Lessons Learned in a Rural Residential Setting 1 Authors’ Note to the Reader 2 Introduction 3 Methods of Making Heat from Biomass Materials 4 Methods of Preparing Biomass to Serve as a Heating Fuel 5 Heat Value of Fuel Sources and Trade-Offs 6 Environmental Laws Relating to Residential Heating Technologies 7 Capital Cost Comparisons 8 On the Technology Horizon Questions for Critical Thinking References This book presents a systems approach to bioenergy and provides a means to capture the complexity of bioenergy issues, including both direct and indirect impacts across the energy economy. The book addresses critical topics such as systems thinking; sustainability, biomass; feedstocks of importance and relevance (that are not competing with the food market); anaerobic digestion and biogas; biopower and bioheat; and policies, economy, and rights to access to clean energy. This is a contributed volume with each chapter written by relevant experts in the respective fields of research and teaching. Each chapter includes a review with highlights of the key points, critical-thinking questions, and a glossary. This book can be used as a primary or secondary textbook in courses related to bioenergy and bioproducts and sustainable biofuels. It is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Researchers, professionals, and policy makers will also be able to use this book for current reference materials