Green Chemistry for Surface Coatings, Inks and Adhesives: Sustainable Applications (ISSN Book 60)

Many modern surface coatings and adhesives are derived from fossil feedstocks. With fossil fuels becoming more polluting and expensive to extract as supplies dwindle, industry is turning increasingly to nature, mimicking natural solutions using renewable raw materials and employing new technologies. Highlighting sustainable technologies and applications of renewable raw materials within the framework of green and sustainable chemistry, circular economy and resource efficiency, this book provides a cradle-to-cradle perspective. From potential feedstocks to recycling/reuse opportunities and the de-manufacture of adhesives and solvents, green chemistry principles are applied to all aspects of surface coating, printing, adhesive and sealant manufacture. This book is ideal for students, researchers and industrialists working in green sustainable chemistry, industrial coatings, adhesives, inks and printing technologies. Cover Green Chemistry for Surface Coatings, Inks and Adhesives: Sustainable Applications Preface Contents Chapter 1 - Green Chemistry Principles and Global Drivers for Sustainability – An Introduction 1.1 Introduction: Drivers for Change 1.2 Biobased Markets and Trends5 1.3 Circular Economy, SDGs, Waste, and Legislation 1.4 Green Chemistry: Guiding Principles 1.5 Green Chemistry: Renewable Feedstocks to Biorefineries to Circular Bioeconomies 1.5.1 Green Chemistry: Green Metrics and Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) 1.5.1.1 Green Metrics 1.5.1.1.1 Yield (%).Yield (eqn (1.1)) is commonly used in chemistry and it expresses the number of molecules (mols) of product with respec... 1.5.1.1.2 Atom Economy.The atom economy (AE, eqn (1.2)) purely focusses on the per cent conversion of atoms from all reagents, except inor... 1.5.1.1.3 Reaction Mass Efficiency.21,22The Curzons Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME, eqn (1.3)) is an improved and/or more comprehensive for... 1.5.1.1.4 Mass Intensity and Process Mass Intensity.The Mass Intensity (MI, eqn (1.6)) and Process Mass Intensity (PMI, eqn (1.6)) are pos... 1.5.1.1.5 Environmental Factor.24The Environmental factor (E, eqn (1.7)) is the amount of waste generated in a process with respect to pro... 1.5.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 1.6 Conclusions References Chapter 2 - Green Solubility for Coatings and Adhesives 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Are you Really Being Green 2.1.1.1 How Not to Do It 2.1.1.2 Beyond Solubility: Solubilization 2.2 Current Approaches to Solubility and Solubilization 2.2.1 Lattice Models – the Minimum Necessary Theory 2.2.2 Conductor- like Screening Models – the Minimum Necessary Theory 2.2.3 Using Solubility Theories for Solvent Replacement 2.3 The Importance of Compromise in Finding a Solvent Replacement 2.4 Choosing a Suitable Solubility Tool 2.5 Solubilization – When Solubility Fails 2.5.1 Accessing KBI Values 2.6 Putting it All into Practice 2.6.1 Rational Substitution via HSP 2.6.2 Rational Substitution via COSMO-RS 2.6.3 Your New Polymer, Additive etc. – HSP Only 2.6.4 Strong Bonding Across Polymer Interfaces – HSP Only 2.6.5 Going Aqueous with KB 2.7 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Section 1 - Natural Adhesive and Surface Coating Concepts Chapter 3 - Diversified Biological Adhesives and Their Differences with Synthetic Polymers 3.1 Introduction: Conceptual Gap Between Chemical Synthetic Polymers and Bio- molecular Materials 3.2 Diversity in Biological Underwater Adhesion and Adhesives 3.3 Barnacle Adhesive 3.3.1 Molecular Design in Barnacle Cement Proteins 3.3.2 Significance of Intermolecular Hydrophobic Interaction in the Bulk of the Barnacle Adhesive 3.3.3 Different Conformational Concepts at Barnacle Adhesive Interfaces 3.4 Comparison of Biological Adhesives at the Molecular Level 3.4.1 Mussel Byssal Thread and Tubeworm Cement 3.4.2 Comparison of Molecular Mechanisms Among the Three Representative Model Systems 3.5 Impacts of Biological Adhesives 3.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements References Chapter 4 - Bioinspired Attachment Systems for Adhesive Tapes in Green Tribology Applications 4.1 Green Tribology and Adhesives 4.2 Natural Fibrillar Adhesives 4.3 Fibrillar Adhesives as Dry, Reduced-additive Adhesives 4.4 Wear Resistance 4.5 Anti-contaminating and Self-cleaning Properties 4.6 Strong Adhesion and Low-energy Detachment 4.7 Closing Remarks References Chapter 5 - Lotus Effect- based Superhydrophobic Surfaces: Candle Soot as a Promising Class of Nanoparticles for Self- cleaning and Oil–Water Separation Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Commercial Industrial Applications 5.2.1 Exterior Wall Paints 5.2.2 Door and Window Glass and Skyscrapers of Buildings 5.2.3 Textiles 5.2.4 Automotive Industry 5.2.5 Anticorrosion 5.2.6 Others 5.3 Candle Soot Nanoparticles for Self- cleaning Superhydrophobic Coatings 5.4 Candle Soot Nanoparticles Deposited on Mesh/Sponge for Oil–water Separation 5.5 Conclusion Acknowledgement References Chapter 6 - Adhesives for Medical Applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 State of the Art – Application Areas and Examples 6.3 Research to Market – Novel Biomimetic Adhesives 6.4 Product to Market – Regulatory Aspects 6.5 Market Size and Innovation Processes 6.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Section 2 - Biobased Binders and Additives Chapter 7 - White Biotechnology for Polymer Building Blocks: Strategies for Enhanced Production of Bio-based 1,3-Propanediol and Its Applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Production of 1,3-PDO 7.2.1 The Shell Process 7.2.2 The Degussa/DuPont Process 7.2.3 Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol 7.2.4 Biological Production 7.2.4.1 Microorganisms for 1,3-PDO Production 7.2.5 Substrate and Co-Substratefor 1,3-PDO Production 7.2.6 Genetics of Glycerol Dissimilation 7.2.7 Strain Development to Improve Production Titers 7.2.7.1 Classical Mutagenesis 7.2.7.2 Gene Manipulations in Klebsiella species 7.2.7.3 Gene Manipulations in Clostridium Species 7.2.7.4 Gene Manipulations in Lactobacillus Species 7.2.7.5 Gene Manipulations in Citrobacter Species 7.2.7.6 Expression of Native Genes in Non- native Producers 7.3 Synthesis of Polyurethane 7.4 Synthesis of Bio-based Polyesters 7.4.1 Polytrimethylene Terephthalate 7.4.2 Polytrimethylene Succinate 7.4.3 Polytrimethylene Furandicarboxylates 7.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook Acknowledgements References Chapter 8 - Biosilicate Binders 8.1 Introduction and Market Overview 8.2 Background to Silicon and Silica 8.3 Silicon, Silica and Silicates in Biomass 8.4 Chemistry of Alkali Silicates 8.4.1 Setting Processes 8.4.2 Composition and Inorganic Distribution of Alkali Silicates in Biomass 8.5 Compounds of Silicon in Adhesives 8.5.1 Inorganic Compounds of Si (Silica, Silicates, Clay, and Other Inorganic Compounds) 8.5.2 Wood-and Lignocellulosic-based Composites Containing Si Compounds 8.5.2.1 Composites Containing Silica 8.5.2.2 Silicon-containing Compounds in Lignocellulosics with Regard to the Properties of Adhesive Bonds 8.5.2.3 Influence of Si in Coatings or in Lignocellulosic Substrates with Regard to Coating Adhesion to the Substrates 8.5.2.4 Interactions of Si Compounds with Lignocellulosics 8.5.2.4.1 Interactions with Silica.Katiyar et al. investigated the adsorption of silica nanoparticles on cellulose in an aqueous medium us... 8.5.2.5 Coupling Agents 8.6 Concluding Remarks: Biosilicates from Biomass Ash Burning as Binders for Agricultural Straw Composites4,78 Acknowledgements References Chapter 9 - Adhesives Derived From Biomass Waste Streams 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Biorefinery for Renewable Waste Streams 9.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 9.1.3 Wood Chips, Waste Paper and Paper Deinking Residue (DIR) 9.1.4 Microwave-assisted Fast Pyrolysis 9.2 Microwave-assisted Fast Pyrolysis 9.3 Adhesion Properties of Organic Phase Bio-oils 9.3.1 Adhesion Tests of Organic Phase Bio-oils 9.3.2 Adhesion Strengths of Organic Phase Bio-oils 9.4 Model Compound Study of Adhesive Properties of Bio-oils 9.4.1 Adhesion Properties of Single Model Compounds 9.4.2 Adhesion Properties of Mixtures of Two Model Compounds 9.4.3 Adhesion Properties of Mixtures of the Three Model Compounds Conclusion References Chapter 10 - Soy Protein Based Bio-adhesives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Introduction to Soy Proteins 10.3 Chemical Modification of Soy Protein 10.3.1 Denaturation of Soy Protein 10.3.2 Cross-linking Agent Modification 10.3.3 Molecular Modification of Soy Proteins 10.4 Soy Protein Blends 10.4.1 Soy Protein Combined with Synthetic Polymers 10.4.2 Soy Protein Blends with Natural Polymers 10.4.3 Incorporation of Inorganic Matter into Soy Protein Adhesives 10.5 Enzymatic Modification 10.6 Conclusions References Chapter 11 - Natural Oil Polyols 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The NOP Market 11.3 Synthesis of NOPs 11.3.1 Cleavage of Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds 11.3.1.1 Ozonolysis 11.3.1.2 NOPs via Metathesis 11.3.2 Functionalization of Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds 11.3.2.1 NOPs via Epoxidation Reaction and Subsequent Epoxide Ring Opening Reaction 11.3.2.2 NOPs via Thiol–ene Reaction 11.3.2.3 NOPs via Hydroformylation/Hydrogenation Reactions 11.3.2.4 NOPs via Hydrohydroxymethylation and Hydroaminomethylation 11.3.2.5 Photochemical Oxidation 11.4 NOP-based Surface Coatings and Adhesives 11.4.1 From Castor Oil 11.4.2 From Soybean Oil 11.4.3 From Palm Oil 11.4.4 From Linseed Oil 11.4.5 From Sunflower Oil 11.4.6 From Jatropha Oil 11.4.7 From Karanja and Cottonseed Oil 11.4.8 From Camelina Oil 11.5 Conclusion References Section 3 - Sustainable Adhesive and Surface Coating Technologies Chapter 12 - Bio-based Switchable Adhesives for Carpet Tiles 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Adhesives 12.2.1 Background and Theory 12.2.2 Mechanics of Adhesion 12.2.2.1 Introduction 12.2.2.2 Mechanical Interlocking 12.2.2.3 Physical Absorption 12.2.2.4 Chemical Bonding 12.2.2.5 Weak Boundary Layers 12.2.2.6 Summary 12.2.3 Switchable Adhesives 12.3 Carpet Tiles 12.3.1 Uses 12.3.2 Construction 12.3.3 Switchable Adhesives for Carpet Tiles 12.3.3.1 Costs 12.3.3.2 Starch-based Adhesive Preparation 12.3.3.3 Switchable Functionality of the Starch Adhesive 12.3.3.4 Wear, Impact, Stability and Flame Resistance of Prototype Carpet Tiles 12.4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 13 - Debondable Adhesive Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Temporary Adhesive Systems in Nature 13.2.1 Biophysical Approaches Toward Temporary Adhesion 13.2.2 Biochemical Substances with Sticking and Un-sticking Properties 13.3 Light Mediated Debondable Adhesives 13.3.1 Overcured Adhesives 13.3.2 Photocleavage 13.3.3 Photodimerization 13.3.4 Photoisomerization 13.3.5 Others 13.4 Heat Mediated Debondable Adhesives 13.4.1 Thermal Degradation and Thermo-cleavage 13.4.2 Shape-memory Polymer 13.4.3 Melting Additives 13.4.4 Expandable and Gas Forming Additives 13.4.5 Diels–Alder Chemistry 13.4.6 LCST and UCST Based Systems 13.4.7 Tg Based Systems 13.5 Cooling Mediated Debondable Adhesives 13.6 Fluid and Solution Mediated Debondable Adhesives 13.7 Electric Current Mediated Debondable Adhesives 13.8 Magnetic Field Mediated Debondable Adhesives 13.9 Other Triggers 13.10 Commercial Examples 13.11 Conclusion Abbreviations Acknowledgements References Chapter 14 - Printing Inks From Renewable Resources 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Printing Ink Composition 14.2.1 Colorants 14.2.2 Vehicle or Binder Resin 14.2.3 Solvents 14.2.4 Additives 14.3 Printing Processes 14.3.1 Flexographic Inks 14.3.2 Gravure Inks 14.3.3 Lithographic Offset Inks 14.3.4 Screen Printing Inks 14.4 Inks for Digital Printing 14.5 UV-curingPrinting Inks 14.6 Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 15 - Green Chemistry for Automotive Coatings: Sustainable Applications 15.1 Basics of Coatings 15.1.1 A Brief Introduction to Liquid Coatings 15.1.2 A Brief Introduction to Powder Coatings 15.1.2.1 Epoxy Powder Coatings 15.1.2.2 Polyester Powder Coatings 15.1.2.3 Hybrid Polyester-epoxy Powder Coatings 15.1.2.4 Polyurethane Powder Coatings 15.1.2.5 Acrylic Powder Coatings 15.2 Introduction to Automotive OEM Coating Systems 15.2.1 Current OEM Coating Systems 15.2.1.1 E-coat 15.2.1.2 Primer-surfacer 15.2.1.3 Basecoat 15.2.1.4 Clearcoat 15.2.2 Conventional Painting Procedures 15.3 Sustainability Issues in Automotive Coatings and Their Applications 15.4 Powder Coatings Currently Used in the Automotive Industry 15.4.1 Ultrafine Powder Coatings 15.4.2 Low-temperature-cure (LTC) Powder Coatings 15.5 Coatings for OEM Automotive Plastic Parts 15.5.1 Liquid Coatings for OEM Automotive Plastic Parts 15.5.2 Powder Coatings for OEM Plastic Parts 15.6 Waterborne Automotive OEM Coatings 15.6.1 Current Waterborne OEM Coatings 15.6.2 Innovations in Waterborne Coating Applications 15.7 Conclusion References Chapter 16 - Dry Powder Coating of Pharmaceutical Solid Dosages 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Developments of Pharmaceutical Coating 16.2.1 Sugar Coating 16.2.2 Solvent Coating 16.2.3 Aqueous Coating 16.2.4 Potential Developments for Pharmaceutical Coating 16.2.5 Earlier Attempts in Dry Coating 16.3 Electrostatic Powder Coating 16.3.1 Industrial Powder Coating Process 16.3.2 Pharm Powder Coating Process 16.3.3 Film Formation Mechanism 16.4 “ExsicCoat” Technology 16.4.1 Technology and Processing Apparatus 16.4.2 Developments of “ExsicCoat” Technology 16.4.2.1 Immediate Release Tablets 16.4.2.2 Sustained Release Tablets 16.4.2.3 Enteric Release Tablets 16.4.3 Extended Applications of “ExsicCoat” Technology 16.4.3.1 Capsule Coating 16.4.3.2 Pellet Coating 16.4.3.3 Coating of Osmotic Drug Delivery Systems 16.5 Conclusions References Subject Index

Many modern surface coatings and adhesives are derived from fossil feedstocks. With fossil fuels becoming more polluting and expensive to extract as supplies dwindle, industry is turning increasingly to nature, mimicking natural solutions using renewable raw materials and employing new technologies.

Highlighting sustainable technologies and applications of renewable raw materials within the framework of green and sustainable chemistry, circular economy and resource efficiency, this book provides a cradle-to-cradle perspective. From potential feedstocks to recycling/reuse opportunities and the de-manufacture of adhesives and solvents, green chemistry principles are applied to all aspects of surface coating, printing, adhesive and sealant manufacture.

This book is ideal for students, researchers and industrialists working in green sustainable chemistry, industrial coatings, adhesives, inks and printing technologies.