Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections and Mode of Endotoxin Actions : Pathophysiological, Immunological, and Clinical Aspects

The relevance of international symposia and congresses has been questioned with increasing frequency. All too often, presentations at such meetings are meaningful only for very few members of the audience; fundamental scientific principles and relationships between disciplines are not always taken into account. Under present conditions rapid sharing of new information is highly desirable. However, many journals do not lend themselves to speedy exchange of information, nor do many provide the opportunity for the publication of discussion by various specialists of problems arising from different disciplines. Symposia may lend themselves, perhaps more readily, to the identification of current knowledge and the exchange of thoughts between scientists from various fields. It was particularly opportune to have the present symposium held in Vienna, where as early as 1365 the University was founded and where the medical sciences have played a dominant role in the investigation of the nature of diseases. It was the aim of the organizer to provide in this city the opportunity for the exchange of information and of thoughts between scientists from different disciplines and different countries. One of the many current, important problems relates to the fundamental basis of the pathogenesis of gram-negative infections. Information on immune mechanisms against these infections is in­ adequate; the relative role of non-specific resistance and specific immunity has not been fully elucidated. Problems regarding active immunization and the effectiveness of passively administered immuno­ globulins still exist even today. Front Matter....Pages I-XVI Front Matter....Pages 1-1 The Nature of Specific and Nonspecific Gram-Negative Infections Including Enteropathogenic E. coli Enteritis....Pages 3-7 Gram-Negative Bacteria: The Determinants of Pathogenicity....Pages 8-15 Studies on Shigellosis and Salmonellosis....Pages 16-23 Extrachromosomal Characters as Determinants of Pathogenicity in Enterobacteriaceae....Pages 24-29 Gram-Negative Rods as Agents of Nosocomial Disease: Some Recent Developments, with Comments on Mixed Cultures....Pages 30-37 Anaerobic Bacteria and their Role in Human Infections....Pages 38-39 Immunoresponse to Gram-Negative Bacteria in Infants: An Aspect of Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections....Pages 40-46 The Differentiation of the So-Called Coliform Bacteria in Medical Specimens....Pages 47-51 Changes and Present Status of Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs in Gram-Negative Bacteria....Pages 52-59 Front Matter....Pages 67-67 Opposing Effects of Immunity to Endotoxin: Hypersensitivity Versus Protection....Pages 69-74 Infections in Immunodeficiency States....Pages 75-79 Species Differences in the Effectiveness of Intestinal Barriers against Penetration of Inert Particulates and Bacteria....Pages 80-85 Transformation of Mouse B-Lymphocytes by the Lipid Component of Endotoxin....Pages 86-90 Evaluation and Action of Biological Activity of Mediators Generated from Normal Serum by Interaction with Foreign Macromolecules....Pages 91-105 Purification of PO, Antigenic Subfraction of the Endotoxin Extracted from S. typhi O 901....Pages 106-111 Type Specific and Cross Reactive Antigens of Gram-Negative Bacilli in Protection against Infection....Pages 112-120 Front Matter....Pages 129-129 Recent Developments Especially Significant for Ascertaining the Mechanisms of Endotoxin-Enhanced Nonspecific Resistance....Pages 131-133 Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance and their Effectiveness during the Febrile Phase of Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections in Man....Pages 134-138 The Mitogenic Activity of Lipopolysaccharides on Lymphocytes in Culture....Pages 139-146 The Role of Humoral and Cellular Factors in the Stimulation of Nonspecific Resistance Induced by Endotoxin....Pages 147-154 Front Matter....Pages 129-129 Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness of Mice to a Soluble Brucella abortus Antigen....Pages 155-164 Front Matter....Pages 169-169 Nature and Specificity of Human Erythrocyte Membrane Receptor for Bacterial Endotoxins....Pages 171-181 The Mitogenic Activity of Lipopolysaccharides on Lymphocytes in Culture....Pages 182-189 Function of Leukocytes in Defense Mechanisms....Pages 190-199 The Effect of Detoxified Endotoxin on Bone Marrow....Pages 200-205 Changes of the Bone Marrow in Endotoxin Shock....Pages 206-209 Endotoxin-Induced Tumor Resistance....Pages 210-215 Front Matter....Pages 229-229 Correlation between Circulatory Status and Energy Metabolism in Various Tissues during Endotoxin Shock....Pages 231-236 Prognostic Indices for Assessment of Patients with Gram-Negative Bacteremia and Shock. An Evaluation of Hemodynamic, Respiratory and Metabolic Parameters....Pages 237-247 Abnormalities of Energy Metabolism in Sepsis and Endotoxemia....Pages 248-255 Changes in Hemodynamics and Gas Metabolism after Endotoxin Injection....Pages 256-264 Mesenteric Hemodynamics in Endotoxin Shock....Pages 265-270 Effect of Endotoxin on Metabolism and the Metabolic Changes in Bacterial Shock....Pages 271-277 Assessment of Studies in the Biochemistry and Immunology of Endotoxemia....Pages 278-280 Carbohydrate Metabolism during Experimental Endotoxemia....Pages 281-287 Mitochondrial Metabolic Alterations in Experimental Circulatory Shock....Pages 288-295 Serum Lipids in Experimental Consumption Coagulopathy Induced by Endotoxin and Thorotrast....Pages 296-300 Changes of Lipoproteinlipase (LPL) after Intravenous Injection of Endotoxin....Pages 301-305 Front Matter....Pages 309-309 Pharmacological Aspects of Endotoxin Effects....Pages 311-314 Initial Liberation of Biogenic Amines and Effect of Further Mediators Following Application of Endotoxins....Pages 315-322 Front Matter....Pages 309-309 Some Aspects of the Effects of Endotoxin, Endotoxoid, and Biogenic Amines....Pages 323-328 Biological Consequences of Endotoxin Interaction with Complement....Pages 329-334 Influence of Lipid A and Various LPS-Preparations on the Third Component of Complement (C 3): Biological Significance of this Interaction....Pages 335-337 Some Aspects of the Effects of Endotoxin on the Central Nervous System....Pages 338-345 Front Matter....Pages 351-351 Consumption Coagulopathy in the Course of Endotoxinemia....Pages 353-356 The Activation of Intravascular Coagulation by Endotoxin....Pages 357-361 Trigger Mechanism of Endotoxin-Induced Intravascular Coagulation....Pages 362-366 Blood Coagulation Mechanism and Endotoxins: Hemostatic Defect in Septic Shock....Pages 367-371 High Molecular Weight Derivatives of Fibrinogen and their Relation to the Total Fibrinogen Content Following the Infusion of Endotoxin in Pregnant Rabbits....Pages 372-373 Endotoxin Effects on Kidney Morphology and Function....Pages 377-382 Pathomorphology of Intravascular Coagulation Following Endotoxin Administration....Pages 383-402 Front Matter....Pages 409-409 Clinical Features in Shock Associated with Gram-Negative Bacteremia....Pages 411-418 The Pulmonary Response to Sepsis and Endotoxin: Clinical and Experimental Observations....Pages 419-428 On the Escape of Endotoxin from the Intestine....Pages 429-435 Pyelonephritis: Pathogenesis and Unsolved Problems....Pages 436-445 Endotoxin Shock in Obstetrics....Pages 446-449 Clinical Use of Endotoxoid....Pages 450-454 Front Matter....Pages 461-461 Bacterial Infection in Burn Disease....Pages 463-472 Bacteremia in the Course of Burns with Special Regard to the Initial Release of Mediators by Burn Trauma....Pages 473-479 Pathogenetic and Immunotherapeutic Significance of a Specific Cutaneous Human Burn Toxin....Pages 480-488 Front Matter....Pages 461-461 Immunization against Pseudomonas in Burn Disease....Pages 489-498 Active Immunization against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Burns....Pages 499-506 Back Matter....Pages 509-524