Gournes, Pediada: A Minoan Cemetery in Crete (Prehistory Monographs)

"The results of the excavation of an Early Bronze Age cemetery-including 37 tombs and an associated rectangular Minoan building-at Gournes in north-central Crete revealed strong relations with the Cyclades during the time of the Kampos Cultural Group, as exemplified by the distinctive style of pottery and other types of burial objects such as obsidian pieces and metal items. The discussion of burial practices at Gournes involves both the significance of several features of the funerary architecture and the consideration of the character and deposition of offerings in the tombs. The burial architecture and artifacts are profusely illustrated and tables of data are presented. The cemetery is compared with other Early Bronze Age sites within and outside Crete to investigate links among Prepalatial funerary practices and also to look into settlement sites that display similar characteristics that may reveal possible intercultural relations in the Aegean. Their interconnections confirm the existence, since the Early Minoan I period, of a dense social network including the Cycladic islands and contacts with distant areas of Crete. The Minoan building was used from Early Minoan III to Late Minoan IA, and its ritual character in association with the funerary context suggests that it was originally constructed as a house tomb and was reused later as a support building for rituals after the abandonment of the Early Minoan IB cemetery"-- Provided by publisher Early Minoan IB Cemetery Spatial Distribution of EM I–III Domestic and Burial Sites in North-Central and East Crete Calliope E. Galanaki and Joanna Triantafylidi Early Minoan IB Cemetery Calliope E. Galanaki Catalog of EM IB Tombs and Their Finds Calliope E. Galanaki, Danae Z. Kontopodi, and Joanna Triantafylidi Early Minoan IB Pottery Yiannis Papadatos Petrographic Analysis of the EM IB Pottery Eleni Nodarou Analysis of the EM IB Pottery with Scanning Electron Microscopy Ioannis Iliopoulos Metal Objects from the EM IB Cemetery: Jewelry and Implements Calliope E. Galanaki Technological Observations Based on the Analyses of Metal and Steatite Finds from the EM IB CemeteryYannis Bassiakos, Chrysa Apostolaki, Vassilis Perdikatsis, and Sophia Sotiropoulou Small Finds of Stone from the EM IB Cemetery: Obsidian, Chert, and Stone Jewelry Doniert Evely Material of Marine Origin from the EM IB Cemetery Anastasios Eleftheriou, Joanna Triantafylidi, Lilian Karali, and Calliope E. Galanaki Discussion I: The EM IB Cemetery as Part of the Aegean World Yiannis Papadatos and Calliope E. Galanaki Part II Minoan Building Spatial Distribution of Protopalatial–Neopalatial Domestic and Burial Sites in North-Central Crete Calliope E. Galanaki, Joanna Triantafylidi, and Christina Papadaki Minoan Building Calliope E. Galanaki Architecture of the Minoan Building Calliope E. Galanaki and Christina Papadaki Introduction to the Pottery from the Minoan Building Christina Papadaki and Calliope E. Galanaki, with statistics by Charalambos Stratigis Pottery from the Minoan Building Christina Papadaki, Eleni Nodarou, and Calliope E. Galanaki Petrographic Analysis of Pottery from the Minoan Building Eleni Nodarou Discussion II: Stratigraphy, Dating, and Use of the Minoan Building Calliope E. Galanaki, Evangelos Kyriakidis, and Christina Papadaki Part III REGION of GOURNES Region of Gournes during the Historic Period: A Hidden Rural Landscape? Alexandros Kastanakis Geological Observations on the Gournes Area Charalambos Fassoulas Discussion III: Gournes Region through Time Alexandros Kastanakis and Charalambos Fassoulas Gournes and Its Landscape Calliope E. Galanaki Excavation, Museum, and Sample Numbers, andCatalog Numbers, and Publication Numbers Figure 3.1. Vases from Tomb 1 (P1, P12, P93, P95). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.2. Plan of Tomb 1. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.3. Photograph of Tomb 1, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.4. Objects from Tomb 2 (P13, P23, P48, P49, P102, St2, St3, St12, St22). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.5. Plan of Tomb 2. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.6. Photograph of Tomb 2, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.7. Selection of objects from Tomb 3 (P9, P20, P50, P105, T.S2). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.8. Plan of Tomb 3. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.9. Photograph of Tomb 3, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.10. Selection of objects from Tomb 4 (P2, P14, P29, P30, P51, P70–P72, P85, P94, P96, St4, St5, T.S4). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.11. Plan of Tomb 4. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.13. Detail photograph of the cavity in the burial chamber of Tomb 4. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.14. Selection of objects from Tomb 5 (P3, P25, P92, St13). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.15. Plan of Tomb 5. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.16. Photograph of Tomb 5, from the southwest. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.17. Selection of objects from Tomb 6 (M1, M2, P33, P34, P52, P53). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.18. Plan of Tomb 6. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.19. Photograph of Tomb 6, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.20. Detail photograph of Tomb 6 showing finds in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.21. Vases from Tomb 7 (P10, P54). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.23. Photograph of Tomb 7, from the south, showing P54. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.25. Plan of Tomb 8. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.26. Photograph of Tomb 8, from the southwest. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.27. Detail photograph of the antechamber of Tomb 8 showing P21 and P97 in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.28. Selection of objects from Tomb 9 (P7, P55, P73, P74, St14, T9.6). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.29. Plan of Tomb 9. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.30. Photograph of Tomb 9, from the east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.31. Detail photograph of the burial chamber of Tomb 9. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.32. Skeletal remains from Tomb 9. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.33. Pyxis (P35) from Tomb 10. Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.34. Plan of Tomb 10. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.35. Photograph of Tomb 10 from the north, showing P35 in situ . Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.36. Photograph of Tomb 10 from the south, showing P35 in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.37. Selection of objects from Tomb 11 (P4, P31, P36, P37, P75, P76, P86, P87, St15). Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.38. Plan of Tomb 11. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.39. Photograph of Tomb 11, from the west. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.40. Photograph of Tomb 11, from the north, showing vessels in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.41. Vases from Tomb 12 (P18, P32, P56, P77, P88). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.42. Plan of Tomb 12. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.43. Photograph of Tomb 12, from the north, showing vessels in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.45. Plan of Tomb 13. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.46. Photograph of Tomb 13 from the south, showing P38 and P57 in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.47. Selection of objects from Tomb 14 (P24, P58, P78, P99, T.S10). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.48. Plan of Tomb 14. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.50. Selection of objects from Tomb 15 (P59, P79, P80, St23, St29, St36). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.51. Plan of Tomb 15. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.52. Photograph of Tomb 15, from the west. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.53. Selection of objects from Tomb 16 (P5, P39, P60, St6, St37). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.54. Plan of Tomb 16. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.55. Photograph of Tomb 16, from the southwest. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.56. Selection of objects from Tomb 17 (P17, P40, P41, P61–P63, St16, St27). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.57. Plan of Tomb 17. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.58. Photograph of Tomb 17, from the southwest. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.59. Selection of objects from Tomb 18 (M3–M7, P42, P64, P101). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.60. Plan of Tomb 18. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.61. Photograph of Tomb 18 from the southwest, showing vessels in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.62. Photograph of Tomb 18 from the east, showing vessels in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.63. Vase from Tomb 19 (P65). Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.64. Plan of Tomb 19. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.66. Selection of objects from Tomb 20 (P11, P81, St7, St19, T20.2). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.67. Plan of Tomb 20. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.68. Photograph of Tomb 20, from the north. For scale, see Figure 3.67. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.69. Selection of objects from Tomb 21 (P6, P8, P82, P90, T.S18). P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.70. Plan of Tomb 21. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.71. Photograph of Tomb 21, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.72. Selection of objects from Tomb 22 (P26, P43, P91, St8, St28, St43). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.73. Plan of Tomb 22. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.74. Photograph of Tomb 22, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.76. Plan of Tomb 23. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.77. Photograph of Tomb 23, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.78. Selection of objects from Tomb 24 (M8, M9, P19, P44, P83). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.79. Plan of Tomb 24. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.80. Photograph of Tomb 24, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.81. Pyxis (P45) from Tomb 25. Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.82. Plan of Tomb 25. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.83. Photograph of Tomb 25, from the south, showing P45 in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.84. Bowl (P15) from Tomb 26. Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.85. Plan of Tomb 26. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.86. Photograph of Tomb 26, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.87. Plan of Tomb 27. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.88. Photograph of Tomb 27, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.90. Photograph of Tomb 28, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.91. Objects from Tomb 29 (M9, P28, P67, St20, St33, St46, T.S23). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.92. Plan of Tomb 29. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.93. Photograph of Tomb 29, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.94. Obsidian (St21) from Tomb 30. Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.95. Plan of Tomb 30. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.96. Photograph of Tomb 30, from the southwest. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.97. Selection of objects from Tomb 31 (P46, T.S25). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.98. Plan of Tomb 31. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.99. Photograph of Tomb 31, from the southwest. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.100. Objects from Tomb 32 (P89, P104, St47). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.101. Plan of Tomb 32. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.102. Photograph of Tomb 32, from the south-east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.103. Spouted bowl (P22) from Tomb 33. Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.104. Plan of Tomb 33. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.105. Photograph of Tomb 33, from the southeast. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.106. Alabastron (P103) from Tomb 34. Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.107. Plan of Tomb 34. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.108. Photograph of Tomb 34, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.109. Objects from Tomb 35 (M11, P16, P68, T.S29). Photos P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.110. Plan of Tomb 35. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.111. Photograph of Tomb 35, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.112. Vases from Tomb 36 (P69, P84). Photo P. Stefanaki. Figure 3.113. Plan of Tomb 36. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.114. Photograph of Tomb 36, from the south-east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.115. Plan of Tomb 37. Plan Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 3.116. Photograph of Tomb 37, from the east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 1. Early Minoan I–III sites of North-Central and East Crete. M. Spyridakis. Figure 2. Early Minoan I sites of Hagioi Theodoroi, Pyrgos, and Gournes in the Pediada. M. Spyridakis. Figure 3. Plan of Sector 1 of the EM IB cemetery. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 4. Plan of the western portion of Sector 2 of the EM IB cemetery. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 5. Plan of the eastern portion of Sector 2 of the EM IB cemetery. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 6. Topographical map of Gournes showing Sectors 1 and 2 of the EM IB cemetery and the Minoan Building, showing numbered tombs. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 7. Sections of Sector 1 of the EM IB cemetery. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 8. Sections of Sector 2 of the EM IB cemetery. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 9. Plan of EM IB sherds found within tombs/pits and surrounding areas in Sector 1. For sections, see Figure 7. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 10. Plan of EM IB sherds found within tombs/pits and surrounding areas in the eastern portion of Sector 2. For sections, see Figure 8. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 11. Plan of EM IB sherds found within tombs/pits and surrounding areas in the western portion of Sector 2. For sections, see Figure 8. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 12. Plan of tombs in Sector 1. K. Sbonias. Figure 13. Plan of tombs in Sector 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 14. Graph of tomb types in Sectors 1 and 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 16. Graph of dimensions (length, width, depth) of tombs and pits in Sectors 1 and 2. Tombs arranged by sector and type (built vs. pit) in descending order according to length. K. Sbonias. Figure 17. Graph of the shapes of burial chambers at the Gournes and Hagia Photia cemeteries. Hagia Photia: Davaras and Betancourt 2004, 7–230. K. Sbonias. Figure 18. Charts showing the depth of tombs at the Gournes (a) and Hagia Photia (b) cemeteries. Hagia Photia: Davaras and Betancourt 2004, 7–230. K. Sbonias. Figure 19. Charts showing the length (a) and width (b) of burial chambers at the Gournes cemetery. K. Sbonias. Figure 20. Graph showing depths of built tombs and pits in Sectors 1 and 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 21. Graph comparing offerings deposited in the rock-cut tombs and pits of Sector 1. T = Tomb. K. Sbonias. Figure 22. Plan showing the locations of offerings in the tombs and pits of Sector 1. K. Sbonias. Figure 23. Graph showing dimensions (width and length) of burial chambers at Hagia Photia. K. Sbonias. Figure 25. Graph showing the lengths of burial chambers at Gournes (a) and Hagia Photia (b). K. Sbonias. Figure 26. Plan showing the distribution of offerings in the tombs of Sector 1. K. Sbonias. Figure 27. Plan showing the density of broken sherds from the excavation of Sector 1. K. Sbonias. Figure 28. Graph showing finds in the pits of Sector 1. K. Sbonias. Figure 29. Plan of distribution of pottery in the tombs of Sector 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 30. Plan of distribution of non-pottery finds in the tombs of Sector 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 31. Plan of density of broken sherds from the excavation layers of Sector 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 32. Graph of distribution of offerings in tombs of Sectors 1 and 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 33. Graph of distribution of pottery types in the chambers of tombs in Sectors 1 and 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 34. Graph of distribution of pottery types in the antechambers of Sectors 1 and 2. K. Sbonias. Figure 35. Graph of distribution of obsidian at Gournes. K. Sbonias. Figure 36. Graph of distribution of obsidian in the tombs of Hagia Photia (after Davaras and Betancourt 2004). K. Sbonias. Figure 37. Dark Burnished ware chalices: P1–P3. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 38. Dark Burnished ware chalices: P4–P6. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 39. Dark Burnished ware chalices (P7, P8) and bowls (P9–P11). Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 40. Dark Burnished ware bowls: P12–P19. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 41. Dark Burnished ware spouted bowls (P20–P33), bottle (P24), and cups (P25–P28). Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 42. Dark Burnished ware jars with fenestrations: P29–P32. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 43. Dark Burnished ware conical pyxides: P33–P39. Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 44. Dark Burnished ware conical pyxides: P40–P46. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 45. Dark Burnished ware spherical pyxides: P47–P54. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 46. Dark Burnished ware spherical pyxides: P55–P62. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 47. Dark burnished ware spherical pyxides: P63, P64, P66–P68, P70. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 48. Dark burnished ware lids from conical and spherical pyxides (P71, P73, P75–P79, P82, P83, P81) and spool pyxides (P86–P88). Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 49. Dark Burnished ware spool pyxis (P85), cylindrical pyxis (P89), alabastra (P90, P91), and jar (P92). Scale 1:2 unless otherwise indicated. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 50. Dark Gray Burnished ware chalices: P93, P94. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 51. Dark Gray Burnished ware chalices: P95–P97. Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 52. Dark Gray burnished ware chalices (P98, P99), bowl (P100), jar (P101), lid (P102), and alabastron (P103). Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 53. Dark on Light Painted ware pyxis (P104) and tankards (P105, P106), and Red Slipped and Burnished ware tankard (P107). Scale 1:2. Drawings P. Stefanaki. Figure 54. Map of locations of FN–EBA metal objects in the Peloponnese, the Cyclades, and Crete. M. Spyridakis. Figure 55. Plan of the distribution of metal objects in tombs at Gournes. G. Pantermarakis. Figure 56. Silver necklace M1. Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 57. Silver beads from Gournes: M6, M10, M11. Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 58. Copper awls (M3, M4, M8); bronze shank (M7); bronze earring (M9). Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 59. Metal objects M1 and M2. Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Figure 60. X-ray powder diffraction spectrum of a stone bead from necklace M5. Anode: Cu. Y. Bassiakos. Figure 61. Raman spectra acquired under 50x magnification on a steatite bead from necklace M5: (a) gray particles in bulk; (b) whitish particles on surface. Y. Bassiakos. Figure 62. Fourier transform infrared spectrum acquired in transmission mode on KBr pellets of the 1–2 mg sample from stone bead from necklace M5. Y. Bassiakos. Figure 63. Map of Crete showing sampling locations of steatite. After Jones et al. 2007. Figure 64. Obsidian tools: St2–St5, St12, St22. D. Evely. Figure 66. Obsidian tools: St7, St8, St17–St19, St28. D. Evely. Figure 67. Obsidian tools (St1, St9–St11, St24–St26, St30–St32, St34, St35, St38, St39), and potential tools (St20, St33, St37). D. Evely. Figure 68. Potential stone tools (St40–St42) and stone jewelry (St43–St47). D. Evely. Figure 69. Plan of tombs in Sector 1 showing stone objects. D. Evely. Figure 70. Plan of tombs in the eastern part of Sector 2 showing stone objects. D. Evely. Figure 71. Plan of tombs in the western part of Sector 2 showing stone objects. D. Evely. Figure 72. Plan of the EM IB cemetery and the Minoan Building showing the distribution of seashells. A. Eleftheriou. Figure 73. Plan of distribution of seashell material in and around the tombs of Sector 1. A. Eleftheriou. Figure 74. Plan of distribution of seashell material in and around the tombs of the western part of Sector 2. A. Eleftheriou. Figure 75. Plan of distribution of seashell material in and around Tombs T17 and T19 of Sector 2. A. Eleftheriou. Figure 76. Percentages of different mollusk species in the entire assemblage. A. Eleftheriou. Figure 77. Map of Protopalatial, Neopalatial, and Postpalatial sites in North-Central Crete. A. Eleftheriou. Figure 79. Distribution of pottery forms in layer 1. G. Panermarakis. Figure 80. Distribution of pottery forms in layer 2. C. Stratigis. Figure 81. Distribution of pottery forms in layer 3. C. Stratigis. Figure 82. Distribution of pottery forms in layer 4. C. Stratigis. Figure 83. Pithoid jars (P108, P109), jugs (P110–P115), jar (P116), and bridge-spouted vessels (P117, P118). Scale 1:2. Drawings D. Kontopodi. Figure 84. Hole-mouthed jar (P119), indeterminate medium-/large-sized closed vessels (P120, P121, P123), and basins (P124–P130). Scale 1:2. Drawings D. Kontopodi. Figure 85. Indeterminate medium-sized open vessel (P131), indeterminate small-sized vessel (P132), cooking dishes (P133–P146), and cooking jar (P147–P149). Scale 1:2. Drawings D. Kontopodi. Figure 86. Bowls (P150–P163). Scale 1:2. Drawings D. Kontopodi. Figure 87. Cups (P164–P171), straight-sided cups (P172–P184), and decorated conical cups (P185–P191). Scale 1:2. Drawings D. Kontopodi. Figure 89. Roman sherds: hemispherical bowls (a, b), cooking pots (c, d), basins (e, f), and jugs (g, h). Scale 1:2. Drawings A. Kastanakis. Figure 90. Portion of the Mochlos geological map (IGME 1989). 1:50,000. Black circle = location of study area; 1 = Pleistocene-Holocene beach rocks; 2 = Finikia marls; 3 = Hagia Varvara limestone; 4, 5 = Pindos flysch and limestone, respectively; 6, 7 = T Plate 1. Aerial photograph of Sector 1 of the EM IB cemetery. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 2. Aerial photograph of Sector 2 of the EM IB cemetery with the Minoan Building. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 3. Sherds: S1.1–S1.3, S1.5, S1.7, S1.9–S1.16. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 4. Sherds: S1.17–S1.22. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 5. Sherds: S1.23–S1.39. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 6. Sherds: S1.40–S1.43, S1.45–S1.56. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 7. Sherds: S1.57–S1.59, S1.63, S1.67–S1.71, S1.82, S1.84, S1.85. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 8. Sherds: S1.87–S1.91, S1.93–S1.97, S1.99–S1.110. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 9. Sherds: S1.112–S1.115, S2.117, S2.118, S2.121, S2.122, S2.124. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 10. Sherds: S2.125–S2.130, S2.132, S2.134, S3.135–S3.150. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 11. Sherds: S3.151–3.181, S3.184–S3.191. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 12. Views of the visible upper portions of the vertical slabs that closed the entrances: (a) Tomb 23; (b) Tombs 31 and 32. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 13. Blocking stones of entrances visible on the surface in a triangular or linear arrangements: (a) Tomb 21; (b) Tomb 22; (c) Tomb 24. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 14. Preserved beginning of sloping roof of Tomb 17. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 15. Modes of blocking tomb entrances at Gournes: (a) Tomb 5; (b) Tomb 18; (c) Tomb 21. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 16. Flat stones on the antechamber floor probably for paved anteroom: (a) Tomb 25; (b) Tomb 31. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 17. Pits in Sector 1: (a) Tomb 12; (b) Tomb 15; (c) Tomb 13; (d) Tomb 11. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 18. Shallow pit Tomb 14 with offerings. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 19. Two views (a, b) of a pit filled with smashed sherds within Tomb 4. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 20. Pit Tomb 11 with offerings and nearby pebbled area. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 21. Lithic formation by pit Tomb 11. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 22. Wall by Tomb 20. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 23. Chamber of Tomb 3 with offerings in situ. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 24. Chamber of Tomb 6 with offerings. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 26. Antechamber of Tomb 1. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 27. Pit Tomb 12. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 29. Position of offerings in burial chambers: (a) Tomb 21; (b) Tomb 29; (c) Tomb 35; (d) Tomb 22. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 30. Smashed sherds on blocking stones in the anteroom of Tomb 22. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 31B. Detail of skeletal remains from Tomb 9, Sector 1, from the west. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 32. Bone fragments visible in the larger of two soil masses recovered for analysis from Tomb 9. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 33. Dark Burnished ware chalices: P1–P3, P5, P7, P8. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 34. Dark Burnished ware bowls (P9, P10, P13, P16–P18) and spouted bowls (P20, P21). Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 35. Dark Burnished ware bottle (P24) and cups (P25–P28). Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 36. Dark Burnished ware jars with fenestrations: P29–P32. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 37. Dark Burnished ware conical pyxides: P33–P38. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 38. Dark Burnished ware conical pyxides: P40–P46, Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 39. Dark Burnished ware spherical pyxides: P48–P57. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 40. Dark Burnished ware spherical pyxides: P58–P64, P66. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 41. Dark burnished ware spherical pyxides ( P67, P68, P70) and lids (P71, P73, P75–P77). Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 42. Dark Burnished ware lids (P78, P79, P82), spool pyxides (P85–P88), cylindrical pyxis (P89), and alabastron (P91). Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 45A. Fabric Group 1a, x50. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 45C. Fabric Group 1b, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 45E. Fabric Group 2, x50. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 46C. Sample GOU 03/12, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 46E. Sample GOU 03/64, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 47A. Sample GOU03/58 (surface and body). Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 47C. Sample GOU03/12 (S1.37; body). Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 49A. Photograph of Sector 1 with Tomb T6, from the east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 49B. Photograph of Sector 2 with Tombs T18, T24, T29, and T35, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 50. Silver necklace M5 before conservation. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 51. Silver necklace M5 after first stage of conservation. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 52. Silver necklace M5 after final stage of conservation. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 53. Detail of silver necklace M5 with the three cast squat and spherical beads. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 54A. Detail of silver necklace M5 with one of the miniscule cylindrical beads of dark gray (bluish) steatite. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 55A. Silver necklace from Tomb 26 of the cemetery at Louros, Naxos. Courtesy Archive of the National Archaeological Museum, Athens. Plate 55B. Silver necklace from Alepotrypa, Diros Mani. After Papathanasopoulos 1988, 65, fig. 5, no. 65 (NM D 918 a–c). Plate 56. Silver beads from Gournes: M5, M10, M11. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 57. Bronze awls/borers (M3, M4, M8); bronze shank (M7); bronze crescent-shaped earring (M9). Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 58. Bronze awls/borers from Tomb 26, from the cemetery at Louros, Naxos. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 60. Characteristic microstructure of the badly corroded silvery inlay from silver necklace M5. Note beneath the outer totally corroded surface layer (top), the degradation of the once solid metal silver core leaves only some islets of pure metal, wh Plate 61. Microscopic image of bead from silver necklace from Alepotrypa Cave. Photo Y. Bassiakos. Plate 64. Average XRF spectrum of M5. Y. Bassiakos. Plate 65. Point XRF spectrum of M5. Y. Bassiakos. Plate 66A. Photomicrograph of exterior (left) and interior (right) tiny broken stone bead from necklace M5 under stereomicroscope. Photo Y. Bassiakos. Plate 68. Obsidian tools: St2–St27. Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 69. Obsidian tools (St28–St39), potential stone tools (St40–St42), and stone jewelry (St43–St47). Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 70. Seashells (TS4, TS18, TS25, TS34). Photos Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 71A. General view of the excavation of the Minoan Building, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 71B. Excavation of the Minoan Building, from the west. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 72A. Minoan Building and Tombs 26–28, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 72B. Minoan Building and Tombs 26–28, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 73A. Minoan Building: Rooms 1 and 3, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 73B. Detail of the Minoan Building and Tombs 26–28, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 74A. General view of Minoan Building, from the southeast. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 74B. General view of Minoan Building and EM IB cemetery, from the east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 75A. General view of the Minoan building and the EM IB cemetery, from the northeast. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 75B. General view of the Minoan building and the EM IB cemetery, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 76A. Minoan Building, Room 1: Tomb 26, from the east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 76B. Minoan Building, Room 1: Tomb 27, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 77. Minoan Building, Room 3: Tomb 28, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 78. Sherds P108–P120. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 79. Sherds P121–P128. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 80. Sherds P129–P145. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 81. Sherds P146–P160. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 82. Sherds P161–P181. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 83. Sherds P182–P194. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 84. Sherds P195–P208. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 85A. Fabric Group 1a, x25, low fired. Note light-colored and optically active matrix. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 85C. Fabric Group 1a (x25), used for basins. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 85E. Fabric Group 1c, x25. Note the presence of microfossils. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 86A. Fabric Group 1d, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 86C. Fabric Group 2a, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 86E. Fabric Group 2b, x25. Note large clay pellets. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 87A. Fabric Group 2c, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 87C. Fabric Group 3, with fine clay pellets. x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 87E. Fabric Group 5, fine calcareous, x25. Photo E. Nodarou. Plate 88A. Conical cups in Room 1 of the Minoan building, from the south. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 88B. Conical cups in Room 1 of the Minoan Building, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 89. Conical cup in Room 1 of the Minoan building, from the north. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 90. Roman cistern north of Gournes from the east. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 91. Roman sherds: basins (a, b), hemispherical bowls (c, d), cooking pot (e), amphorae (f, g), jugs (h, i), pithos (j), and cup (k). Scale 1:2. Photo Y. Papadakis-Ploumidis. Plate 92A. Dark dolomite from the Tripolitsa unit used as construction material in the building at the first site. Photo C. Fassoulas. Plate 92B. Various lithologies of the construction materials of the first site: (1) gray limestoneof the Tripolitsa unit ; (2) sandstone of the Pindos unit; and (3) marly limestone from Neogene settlements. Photo C. Fassoulas. Plate 93A. Limestone breccias with dark limestone of the Tripolitsa unit from the walls of the building at the first site at upper right. Photo C. Fassoulas. Plate 93B. White (left) and marly (center) neogene limestone, dark limestone (far right), and gray limestone (bottom) from the construction material of the first site, all belonging to Neogene rocks. Photo C. Fassoulas. Plate 94A. Cherty limestone from the construction material of