GMOs: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation and Ecological Processes (Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation Book 19)

This book covers a broad spectrum of topics related to GMOs and allied new gene-based technologies, biodiversity, and ecosystem processes, bringing together the contributions of researchers and regulators from around the world. The aim is to offer a clear view of the benefits and effects of genetically modified crops, insects, and other animals on the soil microbiome and ecological processes. Contributors examine issues related to the development of risk assessment procedures and regulations designed to maximize benefits while minimizing risks. Beyond the scientific challenges of GMOs, the book explores the broad and contentious terrain of ethical considerations. The contributors discuss such questions as the unintended, possibly unforeseen, consequences of releasing GMOs into ecosystems, and the likelihood that the full effects of GMOs could take years, even decades, of close monitoring to become evident. The importance of developing a precautionary approach is stressed. The final chapter describes the critical issues of governance and regulation of new and emerging gene-based technologies, as nations grapple with the consequences of adopting the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB). The volume includes an extensive Annex which outlines legal perspectives on the state of GMO governance around the world, with more than 20 examples from nations in Africa, South and Central America, Asia, Australasia, and Europe. Front Matter ....Pages i-xv Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 GMOs, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes (Muhammad Amjad Nawaz, Kirill S. Golokhvast, Aristides M. Tsatsakis, Hon-Ming Lam, Gyuhwa Chung)....Pages 3-17 Front Matter ....Pages 19-19 Impact of GM Crops on Farmland Biodiversity (Tlou S. Masehela, Bruce Maseko, Eugenia Barros)....Pages 21-34 GM Crops: Resistance Development and Impact on Biodiversity (Lombardo Luca, Trenti Massimiliano, Zelasco Samanta)....Pages 35-68 Impact of Genetically Modified Crops on the Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (Roxana Paula Colombo, Laura Fernandez Bidondo, Vanesa Analía Silvani, Alicia Margarita Godeas)....Pages 69-86 GMOs – Impact on Non-target Arthropods (Patricia Valle Pinheiro, Josias Correa de Faria)....Pages 87-127 Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on the Soil Microbiome, Biological Processes, and Ecosystem Services (Robert J. Kremer)....Pages 129-147 Environmental Analytical and Ecotoxicological Aspects of Bt Maize in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region of the European Union (András Székács)....Pages 149-172 Front Matter ....Pages 173-173 GM Insect Biodiversity and Ecological Interactions (Thomas A. Miller)....Pages 175-192 Invasive Species Control and Resolution of Wildlife Damage Conflicts: A Framework for Chemical and Genetically Based Management Methods (Larry Clark, John Eisemann, John Godwin, Katherine E. Horak, Kevin Oh, Jeanette O’Hare et al.)....Pages 193-222 Risk Assessment of Transgenic Silkworms (Natuo Kômoto, Shuichiro Tomita)....Pages 223-237 Front Matter ....Pages 239-239 Genetically Engineered Fish: Potential Impacts on Aquaculture, Biodiversity, and the Environment (Rex A. Dunham, Baofeng Su)....Pages 241-275 GM Farm Animals: Potential Impact on Biodiversity Including Ethical Concerns (George E. Seidel Jr)....Pages 277-285 GM Animals: Biodiversity and Bioethical Concerns and Analysis (Diana Caballero-Hernandez, Alejandra E. Arreola-Triana, Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla)....Pages 287-301 Front Matter ....Pages 303-303 Hypothesis-Led Ecological Risk Assessment of GM Crops to Support Decision-Making About Product Use (Alan Raybould)....Pages 305-342 Risk Assessment of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops on Non-target Arthropods and Benefits to Associated Biodiversity of Agro-Ecosystems (Patricia Gladys Gadaleta)....Pages 343-357 Ecological Risk Assessment for Soil Invertebrate Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (Paul Henning Krogh)....Pages 359-367 Front Matter ....Pages 369-369 Engineered Gene Drives: Ecological, Environmental, and Societal Concerns (Jennifer Kuzma)....Pages 371-399 Engineered Gene Drives and their Value in the Control of Vector-Borne Diseases, Weeds, Pests, and Invasive Species (Kathleen Hefferon, Ronald Herring)....Pages 401-419 Evaluating Gene Drive Approaches for Public Benefit (Michael R. Santos)....Pages 421-437 Front Matter ....Pages 439-439 Governance of Emerging Technologies/Applications in the Bio/Life Sciences: Genome Editing and Synthetic Biology (Krishna Ravi Srinivas)....Pages 441-462 Front Matter ....Pages 463-463 Botswana—Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Synthetic Biology: Their Potential Applications and the Legal Perspectives (Motlalepula Pholo)....Pages 465-473 Democratic Republic of the Congo—GMOs/Synthetic Biology Rules/Regulations and Biodiversity: A Legal Perspective (Freddy Bulubulu Otono, Mike Ipanga Mwaku, Aimé Diamuini Ndofunsu, Sébastien Luyindula Ndiku)....Pages 475-479 Kenya—A Review of Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)—Case Study of Kenya (Josphat N. Muchiri, Theophilus M. Mutui, Dorington O. Ogoyi)....Pages 481-493 South Africa—Synthetic Biology Regulatory Considerations and Biodiversity – A Legal Perspective for South Africa (James Ian Rhodes, Wadzi Mandivenyi)....Pages 495-499 Tunisia—The Use of Modern Biotechnology in Tunisia – Regulatory Framework (Maher Chaouachi, Raja Chalghoumi, Mohamed Ilyes Kchok, Sana Jaballah, Hazar Belli Abelkafi, Hatem Ben Belgacem et al.)....Pages 501-511 Zimbabwe—The Status of Biosafety in Zimbabwe – A Legal Perspective (Deckster T. Savadye, Annah R. Takombwa, Abisai Mafa)....Pages 513-517 Front Matter ....Pages 519-519 Argentina—Regulatory Framework for Modern Biotechnology (Martin A. Lema)....Pages 521-525 Colombia—GMOs/Innovative Biotechnology Regulations (Elizabeth Hodson de Jaramillo)....Pages 527-531 Ecuador—Modern Biotechnology in Ecuador—Development and Legal Framework (María Torres, Efrén Santos-Ordóñez)....Pages 533-540 Honduras—GMOs/Synthetic Biology Rules/Regulations and Biodiversity – A Legal Perspective from Honduras (Carolina Alduvín)....Pages 541-545 Venezuela—GMOs/Regulations and Biodiversity – A Legal Perspective in Venezuela (María Eugenia Cavazza, Luis Plata, María Correnti, Gysell Plata, Juan Fernando Marrero, Carliz Díaz)....Pages 547-555 Front Matter ....Pages 557-557 India—GMOs/Synthetic Biology Rules/Regulations and Biodiversity – A Legal Perspective from India (Brajesh Barse, Syed Shams Yazdani)....Pages 559-576 Malaysia—Genetic Modifications and Synthetic Biology Regulations and Biodiversity – A Legal Perspective for Malaysia (Mohamad Faiz Foong Abdullah, Mohana Anita Anthonysamy)....Pages 577-583 Pakistan—Synthetic Biology – Challenges and Opportunities from a Biodiversity Perspective in Pakistan (Faisal F. Khan)....Pages 585-590 Thailand—GMOs and Synthetic Biology Regulations – Thailand Perspective (Chalinee Kongsawat, Weerawat Runguphan)....Pages 591-595 Front Matter ....Pages 597-597 Australia—Biodiversity Considerations as Part of the Regulation of GMOs, Including Synthetic Organisms (Andrea Robold, Heidi Mitchell)....Pages 599-603 New Zealand—GMO Rules and Regulations in New Zealand (Jack A. Heinemann, Dorien S. Coray, Brigitta Kurenbach)....Pages 605-613 Front Matter ....Pages 615-615 Czech Republic—GMO Regulations and Biodiversity: A Legal Perspective (Slavomír Rakouský, Zuzana Doubková)....Pages 617-623 Hungary—Hungary’s GMO-Free Policy and Its Legal Background (Rita Andorkó, Levente Kőrösi)....Pages 625-630 Italy—GMOs and Synthetic Biology Rules/Regulations and Biodiversity: The Legal Perspective of Italy (Valentina Rastelli, Giovanni Bacaro, Simona Baima, Marzia De Giacomo, Valeria Giovannelli, Vincenza Ilardi et al.)....Pages 631-639 Norway—The Norwegian Gene Technology Act: Presenting Case Studies to Illustate the Act’s Advances in Protecting Biodiversity (Anne Ingeborg Myhr, Idun Merete Grønsberg, Arinze Stanley Okoli)....Pages 641-649 Slovenia—GMOs and Synthetic Biology Regulations and Biodiversity: A Slovenian Legal Perspective (Martin Batič, Ruth Rupreht, Jelka àuštar-Vozlič, Marko Dolinar)....Pages 651-659 Back Matter ....Pages 661-667 Introduction -- Chapter 1. GMOs, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes Part I: GM CROPS AND THEIR IMPACTS -- Chapter 2. Impact of GM crops on farmland biodiversity -- Chapter 3. GM crops: Resistance development and impact on biodiversity -- Chapter 4. Impact of Genetically Modified Crops on the Biodiversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi -- Chapter 5. GMOs -- Impact on Non-Target Arthropods -- Chapter 6. Impacts of Genetically Engineered Crops on the Soil Microbiome, Biological Processes and Ecosystem Services -- Chapter 7. Environmental analytical and ecotoxicological aspects of Bt maize in the Pannonian Biogeographical Region of the European Union. Part II: GM INSECTS -- Chapter 8. GM Insect biodiversity and ecological interactions -- Chapter 9. Invasive Species Control and Resolution of Wildlife Damage Conflicts: a Framework for Chemical and Genetically-based Management Methods -- Chapter 10. Risk assessment of transgenic silkworms -- Part III: GM VERTEBRATES -- Chapter 11. Genetically Engineered Fish: potential impacts on aquaculture, biodiversity, and the environment -- Chapter 12. GM Farm Animals: Potential Impact on Biodiversity Including Ethical Concerns -- Chapter 13. GM Animals: Biodiversity and Bioethical Concerns and Analysis -- Part IV: RISK ASSESSMENT -- Chapter 14. Hypothesis-led ecological risk assessment of GM crops to support decision-making about product use -- Chapter 15. Risk assessment of insect-resistant genetically modified crops on non-target arthropods and benefits to associated biodiversity of agro-ecosystems -- Chapter 16. Ecological Risk Assessment for soil invertebrate biodiversity and ecosystem services -- Part V: GENE DRIVE APPROACHES -- Chapter 17. Engineered Gene Drives: Ecological, environmental, and societal concerns -- Chapter 18. Engineered Gene Drives and their Value in the Control of Vector Borne Diseases, Weeds, Pests and Invasive Species -- Chapter 19. Evaluating Gene Drive Approaches for Public Benefit -- Part VI: GOVERNANCE AND REGULATION -- Chapter 20. Governance of Emerging Technologies/Applications in the Bio/Life Sciences: Genome Editing and Synthetic Biology -- Part VII: ANNEX A -- National legal perspectives. Africa. Chapter 21. Botswana -- Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and Synthetic biology: Their potential applications and the legal perspectives -- Chapter 22. Democratic Republic of the Congo -- GMOs/synthetic biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective -- Chapter 23. Kenya -- A Review of Regulation of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -- Case Study of Kenya. Chapter 24. South Africa -- Synthetic Biology Regulatory Considerations and Biodiversity: A Legal Perspective for South Africa -- Chapter 25. Tunisia -- The Use of Modern Biotechnology in Tunisia: Regulatory Framework -- Chapter 26. Zimbabwe -- The status of Biosafety in Zimbabwe: A legal perspective. Americas -- Chapter 27. Argentina -- Regulatory Framework for Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -- Chapter 28. Colombia -- GMOs/innovative biotechnology regulations -- Chapter 29. Ecuador -- Modern biotechnology in Ecuador: development and legal framework -- Chapter 30. Honduras -- GMOs/synthetic biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective from Honduras -- Chapter 31. Venezuela -- GMOs/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective in Venezuela -- Asia -- Chapter 32. India -- GMOs/Synthetic Biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective from India -- Chapter 33. Malaysia -- Genetic modifications and synthetic biology regulations and biodiversity: A legal perspective for Malaysia -- Chapter 34. Pakistan -- Synthetic Biology: challenges and opportunities from a biodiversity perspective in Pakistan -- Chapter 35. Thailand -- GMOs and synthetic biology regulations: Thailand perspective -- Australasia -- Chapter 36. Australia -- Biodiversity Considerations as Part of the Regulation of GMOs, Including Synthetic Organisms -- Chapter 37. New Zealand -- GMO Rules and Regulations in New Zealand -- Europe -- Chapter 38. Czech Republic -- GMO Regulations and Biodiversity: A Legal Perspective -- Chapter 39. Hungary -- Hungary's GMO-free policy and its legal background -- Chapter 40. Italy -- GMOs and synthetic biology rules/regulations and biodiversity: the legal perspective of Italy -- Chapter 41. Norway -- The Norwegian Gene Technology Act: Protection of Biodiversity -- Chapter 42. Slovenia -- GMOs and synthetic biology regulations and biodiversity: A Slovenian legal perspective