Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)

This edited collection explores the historical determinants of the rise of mass schooling and human capital accumulation based on a global, long-run perspective, focusing on a variety of countries in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The authors analyze the increasing importance attached to globalization as a factor in how social, institutional and economic change shapes national and regional educational trends. Although recent research in economic history has increasingly devoted more attention to global forces in shaping the institutions and fortunes of different world regions, the link and contrast between national education policies and the forces of globalization remains largely under-researched within the field. The globalization of the world economy, starting in the nineteenth century, brought about important changes that affected school policy itself, as well as the process of long-term human capital accumulation. Large migrations prompted brain drain and gain across countries, alongside rapid transformations in the sectoral composition of the economy and demand for skills. Ideas on education and schooling circulated more easily, bringing about relevant changes in public policy, while the changing political voice of winners and losers from globalization determined the path followed by public choice. Similarly, religion and the spread of missions came to play a crucial role for the rise of schooling globally. Contents 6 Notes on Contributors 9 List of Figures 14 List of Tables 18 1 Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education—Introduction 20 Abstract 20 1.1 Education and Globalization in the Long Run 21 1.2 Globalization and Education: Toward an Interpretative Framework 24 1.3 Exploring the Link Between Globalization and Mass Education: An Overview of the Volume 28 1.4 Summary: A Global Perspective on the Rise of Mass Education 34 References 37 Part I Global Religious Activity and Schooling 41 2 Missions, Education and Conversion in Colonial Africa 42 Abstract 42 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Christian Missionary Expansion 46 2.3 Educational Supply and Demand in Colonial Africa 49 2.4 Mission Education and Gender Inequality 55 2.5 The Africanization of the Mission 61 2.6 Historical Missionary Legacies 66 2.7 Conclusion 70 References 71 3 Missionaries in Latin America and Asia: A First Global Mass Education Wave 77 Abstract 77 3.1 Introduction 78 3.2 Human Capital and Economic Persistence in Latin America 80 3.2.1 Historical Background 80 3.2.2 Mendicant Orders in Mexico 82 3.2.3 Jesuit Missions in South America 84 3.2.4 Discussion and Other Missionary Experiences in Latin America 95 3.3 Missions in Other World Regions: Africa and Asia 98 3.3.1 African Missions 98 3.3.2 Human Capital in India 99 3.3.3 Economic Development in China 102 3.4 Avenues for Future Research 104 3.5 Conclusion 107 References 108 Part II Colonial Legacies, Local Elites and Schooling 114 4 Universal Public Schooling in Colonial Korea and Taiwan 115 Abstract 115 4.1 Introduction 116 4.2 The Rise of Public Elementary Schooling in Colonial Korea and Taiwan 117 4.2.1 The Beginning of Colonial Education in Korea and Taiwan 117 4.2.2 The Rise of Common School Enrollment 120 4.2.3 School Quality 124 4.2.4 The Supply of Common Schooling 128 4.2.5 School Finance 129 4.3 How Did Taiwan Outperform Korea in Colonial Public Elementary Education? 133 4.4 Conclusions 137 References 139 5 Development for the Center and Civilization for the Periphery: The First Globalization, Racial Exclusion and Regional School Development in Colombia 142 Abstract 142 5.1 Introduction 143 5.2 Constructing and Ruling a Republican Nation: Two Models of Subnational Development 146 5.3 Subnational Export Development, Racial Exclusion and Educational Evolution 152 5.4 Discussion and Last Remarks 165 Archival Sources 168 Part III Global Migrations and Human Capital Accumulation 173 6 Brain Drain and Brain Gain in Italy and Ireland in the Age of Mass Migration 174 Abstract 174 6.1 Introduction 175 6.2 Italy and Ireland: Trends in Migration 176 6.3 Brain Drains, Brain Gains 179 6.4 Italy: Migrant Selection and Brain Gain 182 6.5 Brain Drain and Brain Gain in Ireland 189 6.6 Concluding Remarks 196 References 196 7 The Production of Impoverished but Sophisticated Emigrants: Emigration, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Sweden 203 Abstract 203 7.1 Introduction 204 7.2 Emigration from Sweden 205 7.3 The Production of Human Capital in Nineteenth-Century Sweden 209 7.4 A Brain Drain? 214 7.5 A Brain Gain? 218 7.6 Two Models of Interpreting Emigration 219 7.7 In Conclusion 222 References 223 8 Organizations Matter: German Schools and Educational Performance Amid Brazilian Coffee Plantations (1840–1940) 228 Abstract 228 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Brazilian Context: An Overview of Migratory Policies and Educational Performance 233 8.2.1 Immigration Policies and the Coffee Economy (1820–1920) 233 8.2.2 Immigration and Educational Performance: Is There a Causal Relationship? 235 8.3 Immigration and Schools Amid Coffee Plantations 238 8.4 German Schools in the Countryside of São Paulo 242 8.4.1 Chain Migration, Associative Life and the Foundation of Foreign Schools 242 8.4.2 International Migrants, Local Influencers: German Schools and Education in São Paulo 247 8.5 “Ignorant People”? Some Qualifications and Concluding Remarks 250 Bibliography 253 Part IV Global Forces and Institutions in the Era of Mass Education 260 9 Annexing the World: Education in the USA as Nationalist Policy in a Competitive Global Economy, 1877–1907 261 Abstract 261 9.1 The Significance of Education in the Rise of US Economic and Imperial Power 262 9.2 Education and Southern Re-integration After the Civil War and Reconstruction 265 9.3 Education, Western Transformation, and the Construction of a National Market 269 9.4 Education, Tariff Protection, and the Political Administration of Economic Policy 273 9.5 Education, Overseas Colonial Expansion and the Export of US Political Institutions 275 9.6 Conclusion 281 References 283 10 Risen from the Chaos: The Emergence of Modern Education in China 286 Abstract 286 10.1 Introduction 287 10.2 Setting the Scene: The Traditional Education Before 1905 288 10.3 The Modern Education System in China 290 10.3.1 Virtues of the Modern Education System 291 10.3.1.1 Growing Public with a Special Focus on Primary Education 292 10.3.1.2 Curricular Transformation 292 10.3.1.3 Gender Neutrality 295 10.3.2 Measuring the Expansion of Modern Education 297 10.3.3 The Decentralized Education System and School Financing 299 10.4 What Explains the Emergence of the Modern Education System? 303 10.4.1 National Survival Strategy Under Global Forces 303 10.4.2 The Positive Role Played by Local Elites 305 10.5 The Challenges in Real Implementation 307 10.5.1 Resistance from the General Public 307 10.5.2 Insufficient Teachers 309 10.6 Conclusion 310 References 311 11 Globalization and the Rise of Women’s Literacy and Primary Education in Iran, from 1880 to the Present Day 317 Abstract 317 11.1 Introduction 318 11.2 Developments in Education, Schooling and Literacy in Iran During the Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Century 319 11.3 Reza Shah 321 11.4 Mohammad Pahlavi’s White Revolution and the Literacy Corps 323 11.5 The Islamic Revolution and the Literacy Movement Organization 325 11.6 Motives and Objectives of the Literacy Corps and the Literacy Movement—Especially Objectives and Motives for Promoting Female Literacy 328 11.6.1 Education to Promote Secularization Under Reza Shah 328 11.6.2 Literacy Corps and the White Revolution—Female Education as a Way of Sustaining a Secularization Drive 329 11.6.3 Khomeini’s Views on Education After Islamic Revolution 331 11.7 Comparison of the Motivations for Promoting Female Education During the White Revolution and During the Islamic Revolution 333 11.7.1 Did the Drive for Promoting Female Education in Both the White Revolution and the Islamic Revolution Reflect Global Forces? 334 11.8 Factors Other Than Regime Policies Affecting the Closing of the Literacy Gender Gap in Iran 334 11.8.1 The Role of Urbanization and Rural-Urban Migration 335 11.8.2 Family Income and Education of Parents 336 11.8.3 Popular Perception of Schooling and Education 336 11.8.4 Labor Markets and Returns to Schooling 337 11.9 Conclusion: Implications for the Impact of Globalization on Social Change 338 References 339 Index 341 Front Matter ....Pages i-xx Globalization and the Rise of Mass Education—Introduction (Gabriele Cappelli, David Mitch)....Pages 1-21 Front Matter ....Pages 23-23 Missions, Education and Conversion in Colonial Africa (Felix Meier zu Selhausen)....Pages 25-59 Missionaries in Latin America and Asia: A First Global Mass Education Wave (Felipe Valencia Caicedo)....Pages 61-97 Front Matter ....Pages 99-99 Universal Public Schooling in Colonial Korea and Taiwan (Sun Go, Ki-Joo Park)....Pages 101-127 Development for the Center and Civilization for the Periphery: The First Globalization, Racial Exclusion and Regional School Development in Colombia (Irina España-Eljaiek)....Pages 129-159 Front Matter ....Pages 161-161 Brain Drain and Brain Gain in Italy and Ireland in the Age of Mass Migration (Matteo Gomellini, Cormac Ó Gráda)....Pages 163-191 The Production of Impoverished but Sophisticated Emigrants: Emigration, Human Capital, and Economic Growth in Sweden (Johannes Westberg)....Pages 193-217 Organizations Matter: German Schools and Educational Performance Amid Brazilian Coffee Plantations (1840–1940) (Bruno Gabriel Witzel de Souza)....Pages 219-250 Front Matter ....Pages 251-251 Annexing the World: Education in the USA as Nationalist Policy in a Competitive Global Economy, 1877–1907 (Nancy Beadie)....Pages 253-277 Risen from the Chaos: The Emergence of Modern Education in China (Pei Gao)....Pages 279-309 Globalization and the Rise of Women’s Literacy and Primary Education in Iran, from 1880 to the Present Day (David Mitch)....Pages 311-334 Back Matter ....Pages 335-338