Global Product Development: Proceedings Of The 20th Cirp Design Conference, Ecole Centrale De Nantes, Nantes, France, 19th 21st April 2010

4 Conclusions......Page 5 References......Page 7 References......Page 13 Cover......Page 1 2 Experimental Procedure......Page 2 3.3 Microstructure......Page 3 3.4 The Fracture Surface......Page 4 Preface......Page 6 Contents......Page 8 References......Page 9 References......Page 10 References......Page 11 References......Page 12 Contributors......Page 14 Keynotes on General Trends in Global Product Developments......Page 26 1 Introduction......Page 27 2.2 The Second Level FRs, and DPs......Page 28 3.1 OLEV Bus......Page 29 3.4 Cost of the OLEV System......Page 30 3.5 Electromagnetic Field (EMF)......Page 31 4.5 Economic Competitiveness......Page 32 1 Introduction......Page 33 2 Process Planning and Supply Chain Design Integration......Page 34 3 The Integration and the Product Design Process......Page 35 4.1.1 Modelling with a Unified Product Information Model......Page 36 4.1.2 Using Feature-Based Modelling......Page 37 4.2 Design for Manufacturing and Supply Chain......Page 38 4.3 Validating Design by Simulations......Page 39 5 Summary......Page 40 References......Page 41 2 Integrated Design......Page 42 3 Knowledge Management......Page 44 4.2 Integrated Design of a Die for Aluminum Extrusion of Profiles......Page 45 4.3 Integrated Design of a Wood Furniture Made of Particle Boards or Fiberboards......Page 46 5 Conclusions......Page 47 1 Introduction......Page 49 2.2 Differences Between Adaptable Design and Other Design Methods......Page 50 2.2.1 Adaptable Design Versus Modular Design......Page 51 2.2.4 Adaptable Design Versus Reconfigurable Design......Page 52 2.3.3 Adaptable Interfaces......Page 53 3.2.1 Requirements......Page 54 3.3.2 Methods of Adaptable Interface Modeling......Page 55 3.4.2 Evaluation of Specific Product Adaptability......Page 56 4.1 Research Application Example -- Design of a Reconfigurable Transportation Vehicle......Page 58 4.2.1 Criteria for the Redesign Process......Page 59 4.2.3 Improvement of the Entire Machine......Page 60 5 Summary......Page 61 1 Introduction......Page 63 2 Progress in Design......Page 64 2.1 Has Design Research Fulfilled Its Potential?......Page 65 3 Is Design Research Pre-paragdimatic?......Page 67 4 What is to Be Done?......Page 68 5 Conclusions......Page 69 References......Page 70 Evolutions of Global Product Development Approaches......Page 71 2 Prior Art......Page 72 4.1 Environmental Impact of the Old Charles River Dam......Page 73 4.2 The New Charles River Dam......Page 74 6.3 Design Matrix for the New Charles River Dam......Page 75 6.4 Design Matrix for the Present......Page 76 7.1 No Conflict in the Design Matrices......Page 77 7.3 Increased Constraints......Page 78 References......Page 79 2.1 Time in Axiomatic Design Theory......Page 81 3.1 Coupling in Axiomatic Design Theory......Page 82 5.2 Sequential Coupling......Page 83 7.3 Design Matrix for Regular Period Systems with Conflict......Page 84 7.5 Modular Design Matrix for Systems with Irregular Sequential Coupling......Page 85 7.7 Quantitative Modular Design Matrix......Page 86 8 Conclusions......Page 92 1 Introduction......Page 93 2 Related Literature......Page 94 3.2 The Research Methodology......Page 95 4.1 Module 1: Maintenance Support......Page 96 4.2.1 Define Knowledge Area......Page 97 4.2.3 Graphical Diagnosis Modelling......Page 98 4.2.5 SemanticGuide Online Advisory System......Page 99 References......Page 100 Early Stage Design in Global Product Development......Page 101 1 Introduction......Page 102 2.2 The Importance of the Early Stages......Page 103 3.1 The Overall Structure of the Approach Guiding Through the Early Stages of the DPD......Page 104 3.3.1 Project Initiation......Page 105 3.3.2 Knowledge Exploration......Page 106 3.3.3 Ideation......Page 107 4.3 Idea and Concept Generation......Page 108 5.4 Ideation Games......Page 109 2.1 Limits of Eco-design......Page 111 2.2 Towards Eco-innovation......Page 112 3.2 TRIZ in Eco-innovation......Page 113 3.3 PIT......Page 114 4.4 Systematic Approach......Page 115 5.1 ASIT......Page 116 5.3.1 Step 1: Preliminary Evaluation of the Problem......Page 117 5.3.2 Step 2: Setting Up of the Objects of the World of Problem......Page 118 5.4.1 Step 3: Matrix Use......Page 119 5.5.3 Object Removal Tool......Page 120 5.5.6 Integration Tool......Page 121 2 Defining Custom Products......Page 123 3.1 Increasing Requirements......Page 124 3.3 Unstructured Knowledge Bases......Page 125 4.2 Product Dependencies System......Page 127 4.4 Dependencies System for a Barrel Casing Pump......Page 128 4.5 Methodical Solving of Goal Conflicts......Page 130 References......Page 131 Ecological Aspects in Global Product Development......Page 132 2.1 Characteristics of the ''Touch-Down'' Process......Page 133 2.2 Issues Relating to the ''Touch-Down'' Process......Page 134 3 Analysis of Five Vehicle Projects......Page 135 4.2.2 Interview Guide Structure......Page 136 4.3 Model Filters Employed......Page 137 5.1 EasyDrive and Easy Nav......Page 138 References......Page 141 1 Introduction......Page 143 2.2.1 Who Are the Experts?......Page 144 2.2.2 What Is the Role of the Researcher?......Page 145 4.2 Planning of Experiment......Page 146 5.1.2 Greenness and Originality of Outcomes......Page 147 5.2.3 Compatibility with Few Input Data......Page 149 6.4 Proposition of a Model of Eco-design Process......Page 150 6.5 Further Works......Page 151 2.1 Objectives......Page 152 2.2 Methodology......Page 153 4 Design Exercises......Page 155 5.1 Development of Holistic Framework for EFPLD: ACLODS......Page 156 6 Discussion......Page 157 References......Page 160 Models and Methods for Variation Management in Global Product Development......Page 162 1 Introduction......Page 163 3 Tensorial Modeling......Page 164 3.2.1 A Few Reminders......Page 165 3.2.2 Model Proposed......Page 166 4.1 Length Equations......Page 167 5.2.2 Vectorial Translation......Page 168 5.2.3 Results Obtained......Page 170 References......Page 171 1.2.1 Digital Mock-Up......Page 172 1.2.3 Graphs......Page 173 1.4 Motivation of Development......Page 174 3.1 First Work......Page 175 3.2.1 The Skeleton......Page 176 3.2.2 The Skin......Page 178 4 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 179 1 Introduction......Page 180 2.2 Assembly Stage......Page 181 2.3 Robust Design......Page 182 3 Geometrical Deviations Model for Product Life Cycle......Page 183 3.2 Model of Assembled Part......Page 184 5 Identification of Important Parameters of Variation Sources......Page 185 6.1 Centrifugal Pump Design......Page 187 6.4 Performance Simulation of the Centrifugal Pump......Page 188 6.5 Classification of Parameters of Manufacturing and Assembly Processes......Page 189 6.6 Identifying the Influence of Parameters of Manufacturing and Assembly Processes......Page 191 7 Conclusion......Page 192 Requirements Management in Global Product Development......Page 194 1 Introduction......Page 195 2 Stakeholders of Intra-logistical Facilities and Their Requirements......Page 196 4.1 Structuring Requirements in Line with the Dimension ''Obligations''......Page 198 4.2 Structuring Requirements in Line with the Dimension ''Surroundings''......Page 200 4.4 Structuring Requirements in Line with the Dimension ''Weighted Level of Performance''......Page 201 4.5 Structuring Requirements in Line with the Dimension ''Customer Satisfaction'' Interfere......Page 202 5 Visualization of Exemplary Requirements in the Model......Page 203 References......Page 204 1 Introduction......Page 205 3.1 Context......Page 206 3.4.1 Gram Matrices Theory......Page 207 3.4.5 Relations Between Two Configurations......Page 208 4.1.4 Geometrical Requirements Studied......Page 209 4.1.6 Geometrical Requirements......Page 210 4.2.3 Geometrical Requirement Calculation......Page 211 4.2.4 Verification with a Cartesian Method......Page 212 1 Introduction......Page 214 2.1.1 Design Process of a Pole Pruner......Page 215 2.1.2 Insight as the Smallest Part of Product Development......Page 216 2.1.3 Objectives in Product Development......Page 217 2.1.5 Operation System of Product Development......Page 218 2.2.2 Abstract Objectives and Functions do Get Lost in Product Development......Page 220 3.2 Structuring and Visualizing Objectives of the Development Task with C&CM......Page 221 3.2.1 Objectives of the Pole Pruner Evolution......Page 222 3.4 Current Research......Page 223 References......Page 224 Collaborative Aspects in Global Product Development......Page 225 2.1 Whiteboards in CSCW Approach......Page 226 2.2 Existing Commercial Implementation......Page 227 2.3 Whiteboard Usage for Collaborative Design Activities, Advantages, Limits and New Features......Page 228 3.1 Product Modelling Paradigm......Page 229 3.2 State of the Art in Product Modelling......Page 230 3.4 An Environment to Manage a Product Model......Page 231 4.2 Which Kind of Product Model May Be Connected?......Page 232 4.4 A Usage Scenario......Page 233 5 Conclusion......Page 234 2.1 Aim......Page 236 2.3 Implications......Page 237 3.2 Available Tools......Page 238 5.1 Multi-Touch Recognition......Page 239 5.2 Multi-Touch Table......Page 240 5.3 Multi-Touch Wall......Page 241 6.1 Combination of Techniques: Case Study......Page 242 7 Future Development......Page 243 References......Page 244 2.2 Problem-Solving and Problem Setting Approaches......Page 245 3.2.1 The Couple Space/Time......Page 246 3.2.2 The Collective Design Typology......Page 247 3.2.4 Intermediate Representation......Page 248 4.5 Interactive Mind-Mapping for Co-design: A New Concept......Page 249 5.1.1 Introduction......Page 250 5.2.2 Concept Design......Page 251 References......Page 252 Integration Product-Process in Global Product Development......Page 253 1 Introduction......Page 254 3 Related Work......Page 255 4 Industry Practice......Page 256 4.1 The Challenge of Information Exchange......Page 257 4.3 The Challenge of Timescale Compression......Page 258 References......Page 259 2.1 Current Programming of Multi-process Tasks......Page 260 2.3 Discussion......Page 261 4.2 Multi-process STEP-NC Programs......Page 262 4.3 Multi-process Optimization with STEP-NC......Page 263 5.1.2 Process Simulation Space (Ep)......Page 264 5.2.4 A Global and Optimized Solution in the Comprehensive EmppEpEi Simulation Space......Page 265 6.3.1 First Level: A Multi-process Manufacturing Platform......Page 266 6.3.2 Second Level: Integration of Simulation Modules......Page 267 6.4 Applications: Modules Implemented in SPAIM......Page 268 References......Page 269 1 Introduction......Page 271 3.1 Engineering Design Process......Page 272 3.2.1 Manufacturing Information: Identification vs. Integration......Page 273 3.2.2 Breakthrough of the DFM Synthesis Proposal......Page 274 4.1.1 Functional Specifications Modelling......Page 275 5.1 Product-Process Interface Modelling......Page 276 5.2.1 DFM_Synthesis Platform......Page 277 5.2.2 CAD Model Generation Scenario......Page 278 5.3.1 Product Behaviour Management......Page 280 5.3.2 Manufacturing Data Management for Manufacturing Process Simulation......Page 282 6 Conclusion and Recommendations for Further Work......Page 283 Product Design Models for Global Product Development......Page 284 1 Introduction......Page 285 2.2 Generating Functional Architecture......Page 286 2.3 The Fuzzy Product Specification and Function Model......Page 287 2.4 The Fuzzy Physical Solutions Model......Page 288 2.5 The Fuzzy Constraint Model......Page 289 3.1 Sets and Relationship Representation......Page 290 3.3 Consensual Solution Generation......Page 291 4.1 Configuration Problem......Page 292 4.3 Discussion......Page 293 References......Page 294 2.1 Terminology Employed......Page 295 2.2 Engineering Design......Page 296 3.2.1 Jones's Criteria......Page 297 3.2.3 Synthesis......Page 298 4.2.1 Uniqueness......Page 299 4.2.2 Homogeneity......Page 300 7 Conclusion......Page 301 1 Mechatronics -- A Key Technology......Page 303 3 The MIKADO Cooperation Platform for Mechatronical Product Development......Page 305 4 Use Cases for the Development of Mechatronical Products......Page 306 6 Example of Use......Page 308 7 Results and Future Work......Page 309 References......Page 310 1 Introduction......Page 311 2.1 Virtual Prototypes......Page 312 2.2 Knowledge Based Engineering......Page 313 3.1 Concept......Page 314 3.3 Semantic Annotation of the Behaviour......Page 316 3.4 Reasoning......Page 318 4.1 Prototypical Implementation......Page 319 4.2 Results of the Automatic Combination......Page 320 References......Page 321 2 PLM Processes......Page 323 3 Research Approach......Page 324 4.1 Identification of the Needs......Page 325 4.2 Formalisation of the Processes......Page 326 5 Application of the Demonstrator......Page 327 6 Discussion......Page 329 7 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 330 Product Design Methods for Global Product Development......Page 331 1 Introduction......Page 332 2 Guidlines Concepts for Sustainable Product Dvelopment......Page 333 2.4 Cost......Page 334 4.1 Design Modules......Page 335 4.1.3 Aesthetic Design Module......Page 336 4.2 Design Tools......Page 337 4.3 Design Databases......Page 338 5.1 Energy Consumption Calculations......Page 339 5.2 Functional Decomposition......Page 340 References......Page 341 1 Introduction......Page 342 2 Supply Strategies and Scenarios......Page 343 3.1 Actual Planning Process......Page 344 3.2 Evaluation of Design Approaches......Page 345 4.2 Development of a Method to Determine a Supply Scenario Independent from Technical Component Characteristics......Page 346 4.4 Determination of Requirements for Product Development......Page 347 References......Page 348 1 Introduction......Page 349 2.1 Design as Constraint Satisfaction Problem......Page 350 3.1 Integration of QCSP with Robust Design......Page 351 3.2.1 Condition for Existence of a Solution......Page 352 5 Application......Page 354 5.1 Design Constraints......Page 355 5.2 Approach......Page 356 Appendix......Page 358 2 Status and Related Works......Page 359 3.1 Feedback Reference Objects......Page 360 3.2 Feedback Process......Page 362 4 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 363 References......Page 364 1 Introduction......Page 365 2 Methods and Tools......Page 366 4 Analysis of the Materials Performance......Page 367 5 Analysis of the Injection Moulding Process......Page 368 5.2 Simulation of the Injection Process......Page 369 6.1 Life Cycle Cost......Page 370 7 Decision-Making Methodology -- Multi-Attribute Utility Analysis......Page 371 8 Summary......Page 373 1 Introduction......Page 375 2.1 Manipulator Architecture......Page 376 2.4 Stiffness Matrix......Page 377 3.1.1 Mass in Motion of the Mechanism......Page 379 3.2.1 Geometric Constraints......Page 380 3.2.3 Accuracy Constraints......Page 381 5 Conclusions......Page 382 References......Page 384 Value, Risk and Cost Management in Global Product Development......Page 386 1 Introduction......Page 387 2 Literature Review......Page 388 3.1 Gathering Information and Building the Model of the Current Business Process......Page 389 3.2 Identifying the Benefits and the Performance of the Process......Page 390 3.5 Prioritizing the Directions for Improvement......Page 391 4.1 Building the Model of the Current Business Process......Page 392 4.3 Identifying the Phases' Extent in Generating Benefits......Page 393 4.5 Prioritizing the Directions for Improvement......Page 394 References......Page 395 2 Decision Making in Engineering Design......Page 397 2.1 Decision Analysis and Making Model......Page 398 2.2.2 Value Considerations......Page 399 3.2.2 Economic Drivers in Value Consideration......Page 400 4 Conclusion Discussion......Page 401 2 Opportunities of Localised Product Design......Page 403 3.1.3 Material Costs......Page 404 3.6 Cultural, Linguistic and Professional Background......Page 405 5 Product Design Requirements......Page 406 6 Practical Example from Industry: Adapting Product Design for a Production in Asia......Page 407 References......Page 410 1 Introduction......Page 412 1.1 The Gap in the Process of Innovation......Page 413 2.2 Adapting the Trend to the Technology and the Commercial Interest......Page 414 2.4 Looking for Industry......Page 415 2.6 Looking for Lateral Effects......Page 416 References......Page 417 Knowledge Management Approaches for Creative and Inventive Design in Global Product Development......Page 418 2.1 Mass Customization......Page 419 2.2 Knowledge Management......Page 420 2.3 DOROTHY......Page 421 References......Page 424 1 Introduction......Page 425 2 Ontology Modeling and Development in Design Engineering......Page 426 3.1 Design Information Annotation, Sharing and Retrieval......Page 427 3.2 Interoperability......Page 428 3.3 Product Design Configuration......Page 429 5 Conclusion......Page 430 1 Introduction......Page 432 2 Semantic Requirements......Page 433 3.1.1 Knowledge Frame Language (KFL)......Page 434 3.1.2 Manufacturing Ontological Foundation......Page 435 3.3 Semantic Reconciliation Layer......Page 436 4.2 Domain Ontology Layer......Page 437 4.3 Semantic Reconciliation Layer......Page 438 References......Page 439 1 Introduction......Page 441 2.2 The Concept of Knowledge for Innovation......Page 442 2.3 Core Activities of KM for Innovation......Page 443 2.4 Interactions Between KM and Innovation......Page 444 4.1 Interaction of Knowledge Creation and Use......Page 445 4.2 Knowledge Lifecycle Model for Innovation......Page 446 5.2 Categorizing KM Activities for Innovation from a Human-Centered View......Page 447 6 A Software Prototype for KM and Innovation......Page 448 7 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 449 References......Page 450 1 Introduction......Page 452 3 Knowledge Requirements......Page 454 4 The Case Study......Page 455 5 Results......Page 456 8 Conclusions......Page 458 9 Future Work......Page 459 1 Introduction......Page 460 2.1 The Top-Down Modeling Approach......Page 461 2.2 The Characteristic of the Model in a Three Dimensional Framework......Page 462 3 The Model Definition......Page 464 5 Conclusions......Page 466 References......Page 467 1 Introduction......Page 468 2.2 The Challenge of Knowledge Acquisition......Page 469 2.3 PLM and Standards -- An Underestimated Source for Knowledge Acquisition......Page 470 4 Approach......Page 471 4.1 Using a Background Ontology......Page 472 4.3 The Bremen Heterogeneous Tool Set......Page 473 4.5 Structural Information in the Background Ontology......Page 474 5 A Remark on Using Default Logic......Page 475 References......Page 476 Knowledge Management Applications for Creative and Inventive Design in Global Product Development......Page 478 1 Introduction......Page 479 2.2 Procedure to Quantify Requirements......Page 480 3.1 Realisation of SOM for Adoptable Product Development......Page 482 3.3 Determination of Most Suitable Development Base......Page 483 4 Summary......Page 484 2 Aluminium Extrusion Die Design......Page 485 3 Feature Based Library......Page 486 4 Case-Based Reasoning Method......Page 487 References......Page 490 1 Introduction......Page 491 2.2 Knowledge Management......Page 492 2.3.3 Escape Algorithm......Page 493 3.1.1 Configuration Knowledge Domain......Page 494 3.1.3 Normative Knowledge Domain......Page 495 3.3 Technology Employed for Knowledge Management......Page 497 4.2 Routing Approach......Page 498 4.3.2 Interference Detection and Correction......Page 499 4.4 From 2D to 3D Visualization......Page 500 4.5.1 Piping Pressure Losses......Page 501 5 Test Case Plant......Page 502 1 Introduction......Page 504 2 Problem Solving Strategy......Page 505 2.2 Multi-Objective Optimization......Page 506 2.3 Interactive Process......Page 507 3.1 Problem Description......Page 508 3.2.2 Design Constraints......Page 509 4 Retrospect and Perspective......Page 511 5 Conclusion......Page 513 1 Introduction and Context......Page 514 2 Background: Scientific Basis......Page 515 3.1 The ''Objectum''......Page 516 3.4 Virtual Product for Museum Valorisation......Page 517 4.1 Context of the Project and Definition of the Heritage Object Studied......Page 518 4.3 Museum Constraints: Multimedia/Opensource......Page 519 4.4.1 3D Digitalization and Mock-up......Page 520 4.4.2 3D Mesh Simplification......Page 521 4.4.3 History Team......Page 522 4.4.5 Virtual Reality Application......Page 523 4.5 Conclusion......Page 525 1 Introduction......Page 527 2.1 Knowledge......Page 528 2.3 Knowledge Sharing......Page 529 3.1 Solution Architecture......Page 530 3.2 The Dictionary......Page 531 3.4 Propagators and Converters......Page 532 4 Application......Page 533 5 Conclusion and Prospects......Page 535 1 Introduction......Page 537 3.1 Design Tool......Page 538 4.1 A Follow-Up Approach......Page 540 5.2 Result of the Tracking......Page 541 5.3 Result Discussion......Page 542 References......Page 543 Patents as Resources for Creative and Inventive Design for Global Product Development......Page 544 1 Introduction......Page 545 2.1 International Patent Classification......Page 546 3.1 Semi-Automated Thesaurus Construction......Page 547 3.1.3 Co-occurrence Graph......Page 548 3.1.4 Component Denominations Thesaurus......Page 549 3.2 Thesauri Comparison and Field Parameters Identification......Page 551 References......Page 555 2.1 Bibliometric Tool......Page 557 2.3 Semantic Search......Page 558 4.1 ENV Model......Page 559 4.2 FBS Model......Page 560 5 Function Based Search: A Still Open Problem......Page 561 5.1 Using Dictionaries and Conceptual Thesauri......Page 562 5.2 Using Patent Classification as a Source for Contextual Synonyms Extraction......Page 563 5.5 Using Ontologies......Page 564 6 Conclusion......Page 565 References......Page 566 1 Introduction......Page 567 2 Our Approach......Page 568 3.1 First Step: Checking Interesting Paragraphs Out......Page 571 4.2 Third Step: Use of the Linguistic Module......Page 572 4.3 Fourth Step: Search for Antonyms......Page 573 References......Page 574 2.1 DR Systems......Page 575 2.3 Patent Processing for Design Assistance......Page 576 3.1 ISAL Model......Page 577 3.2 Overview of the Proposed DR Retrieval System......Page 578 4.1 DR Representation Using ISAL......Page 579 4.2 DR Representation Based on IBIS......Page 581 4.3 Comparison Between ISAL and IBIS......Page 582 References......Page 583 1 Introduction......Page 585 2.2 Categorization of Functions......Page 586 3.3 Manual Filter......Page 587 3.4 Stemmer......Page 588 4.1 Raw Results of PAs......Page 589 4.2 Interpretation of the Results......Page 590 5.2 Inserting the Products in the PA Space......Page 591 6 Conclusions and Further Research......Page 594 References......Page 595 Metrics and Benchmarking, Performance Evaluation for Global Product Development......Page 596 2.1 Performance and Semantic......Page 597 2.3 Effectiveness, Efficiency, Relevance......Page 598 3.1.1 GRAI Model......Page 599 3.1.2 The O'donnel and Duffy Methodology for Design Performance Modeling and Analysis......Page 600 4.1.1 Existing Standards......Page 601 5.2 Questions and Gaps Regarding Performance and Quality in Design......Page 602 6 The "Codesteer" Model: A Static Framework For Performance In Quality Driven Collaborative Design Project,......Page 603 7.1.1 Specifications of the Operating Interface:......Page 604 References......Page 605 1 Introduction......Page 607 3.1 Geometric, Kinematic and Kinetostatic Performances......Page 608 4.1 Problem of Stiffness Modeling......Page 610 4.2 Stiffness Model Identification......Page 611 4.3 Stiffness Model in the Loaded Mode......Page 612 5.1 Industrial Problem......Page 613 5.3.1 Force Direction Analysis......Page 614 5.3.3 Workspace Analysis......Page 615 6 Summary......Page 616 1 Introduction......Page 618 3 Previous Work on Product Sustainability Evaluation......Page 619 4 Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Its Applications......Page 620 4.1 Description of the AHP Model Developed, Analysis and Results......Page 621 4.2 Extending the AHP Approach for Multiple Product Alternatives......Page 624 7 Incorporating Inter-Dependence Within the Developed Influencing Factors/Metrics System......Page 626 References......Page 627 1 Introduction......Page 629 2.1 Learning Curve and the Power Law of Practice......Page 630 2.2 Skills, Rules, and Knowledge......Page 631 2.3 Complexity Model and Metrics......Page 632 3 Skills -- Tasks Relationships......Page 635 4 Summary......Page 636 References......Page 637 1 Introduction......Page 638 2.1 Lean Oriented NPD Process......Page 639 2.2 Performance Measurement in NPD......Page 640 3 The Proposed PMS......Page 641 4 Case Study......Page 644 5 Conclusions......Page 645 References......Page 646 1 Introduction......Page 647 2.1 Technological Complexity......Page 648 2.2 Structural Complexity......Page 649 4.1 Product Reliability Assessment Procedure......Page 650 4.2 Components Reliability......Page 651 5.3 Virtual Components Reliability......Page 652 8 Components Criticality Attribution......Page 653 9.1 The Inputs......Page 654 9.3 Product Reliability Indicators......Page 655 References......Page 656 Rapid Product Development, Reverse Engineering, Virtual Reality for Global Product Development......Page 658 1 Introduction......Page 659 3 Execution of Experiments......Page 660 5 Summary......Page 663 References......Page 664 1 Introduction......Page 665 2.1 Segmentation Techniques......Page 666 2.2 Feature Recognition and Geometric Constraints......Page 667 3.1 Manufacturing Process Analysis Within the KBRE Approach......Page 668 3.2 Functional Requirements of the Part Analysis......Page 669 3.3 The Functional and Structural Skeleton of the Part......Page 670 References......Page 671 1 Introduction......Page 673 2.2 Registration of CMM and Optical Scanning Data......Page 674 3 Data Merging......Page 675 4 Results and Discussion......Page 676 References......Page 677 1 Introduction......Page 679 2.2 NC Program Verification......Page 680 3.1 Preparation of the CNC Control Unit......Page 681 3.4 Material Removal......Page 683 4 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 684 1.2 Modelling, Visualisation and Virtual Reality......Page 686 1.4 VRT in Small and Medium Enterprises......Page 687 3.1 Visualising the Invisible......Page 688 3.3 The Data Flow (Data Processing Flow)......Page 689 4 Our Vision......Page 690 5 The Challenges......Page 691 1 Introduction......Page 692 2.1 Decision-Making in Additive Manufacturing......Page 693 2.2 Additive Manufacturing and Tooling......Page 694 3.2 Mid-Level Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison......Page 695 3.3 High-Level Hierarchy Pairwise Comparison......Page 696 3.4 Overview of the Hybrid Design and Manufacturing Methodology......Page 697 5.2 Case Study Outcomes......Page 698 6.2 Concurrent Processes......Page 699 8 Future Work......Page 700 1 Introduction......Page 702 2.1 ALM Design Study......Page 703 2.2 Welding Strategies for Cross Structures in Steel......Page 704 2.3 FEM Modelling of ALM Processes......Page 705 2.4 Robot Path Determination......Page 707 References......Page 708 1 Introduction......Page 709 2 Experimental Procedure......Page 710 3.1 Density......Page 711 3.4 The Fracture Surface......Page 712 3.5 Microstructure and Models......Page 713 References......Page 715 Author Index......Page 717