جرم سازمان‌یافته جهانی: یک راهنمای مرجع

This book offers a comprehensive, multidimensional look into the major activities, groups, causes, and policing strategies related to global organized crime.Global Organized Crime: A Reference Handbook examines global organized crime dating back to its 17th-century roots. Unlike most works on the subject, which take a parochial approach by concentrating on individual countries or regions, this book uniquely details the impact of 21st-century globalization on such groups and their activities.Exploring the continuum of international organized crime and related developments from its early beginnings to the present era, the book also looks at the complicated issues that continue to influence its growth. It covers the impact of the end of the Cold War, immigration, the global drug trade, weapons sales, human smuggling and trafficking, the convergence of funding sources, and the effects of technology. What especially distinguishes this book is the connections it makes between organized crime activities and failed states, civil wars, political transitions, regional conflicts, and terrorist groups. Contents 8 List of Tables 16 Preface 18 1 Global Organized Crime: A Brief History 22 Introduction 22 Piracy 23 History 23 Economic Factors 24 Definition 25 Piracy in the 21st Century 26 Piracy Then and Now 28 Background 30 Globalization 30 Defining Organized Crime 31 Transnational Crime: Definitions and Types 33 Mafia 33 Structures of Organized Crime Groups 35 Major Global Organized Crime Activities 37 Slavery and Human Trafficking 37 Structures of Human Trafficking Operations 40 Human Trafficking versus Human Smuggling 41 Coyotes 42 Snakeheads 43 Illicit Drug Trafficking 43 Weapons Trafficking 48 Conclusion 50 References 51 2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 56 Introduction 56 Circumstances and Conditions 57 Failed States 57 Corruption 58 Political Officials 58 Police 60 Tribalism and Ethnicity 61 Civil Wars, Political Transitions, Regional Conflicts 62 Organized Crime and Terrorism 66 Borrowed Tactics 69 Organized Crime Hybrids 71 Intersecting Activities 71 Narcoterrorism 73 Diamond Smuggling 75 Counterfeiting 76 Nuclear Smuggling 78 Other Types of Criminal Activities 79 Money Laundering 79 Hawala 80 Offshore Banking and Shell Corporations 81 Controlling Money Laundering 82 Electronic Money Laundering 83 High-Tech Crimes 84 Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud 86 Music Piracy 87 Gang Structures 88 Russian Mafiya 88 Drug Cartels 88 Export Syndicates 90 Crossing the U.S.–Mexico Border 91 Prison Gangs and Street Gangs 92 Law Enforcement 93 International Cooperation 93 European Union 95 Barriers to International Law Enforcement 96 Language 97 Varying Laws and Jurisdictions 98 Technology 98 Policing Cyberspace 99 Conclusion 99 References 101 3 Global Organized Crime Groups 110 Italian Organized Crime Groups 110 The Sicilian and Italian-American Mafias 110 The Americanization of the Mafia 113 Camorra [Naples, Italy] 115 ‘Ndrangheta [Calabria, Italy] 115 The Corsicans 117 Russian Organized Crime (ROC) 118 Mexican Drug Cartels 120 Juarez Cartel 121 Sinaloa Cartel 122 Tijuana Cartel [Arrellano-Felix Organization] 122 Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas 123 Guadalajara Cartel [Amezcua-Contreras Organization] 124 Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) [Central America, Mexico, United States] 125 Asian Organized Crime Groups 126 Triads [China] 126 Big Circle Boys [China] 129 The Green Gang [China] 130 Tongs and Chinese Street Gangs [United States and Canada] 130 Yakuza [Japan] 132 Organized Crime Groups in Other Regions 135 Jamaican Posses [Caribbean, United Kingdom, United States] 135 Nigerian Gangs [Africa] 137 Hells Angels [United States, Western Europe, Canada, Australia] 138 References 140 4 Chronology 146 5 Biographical Sketches 170 Global Organized Crime Figures 170 Juan Carlos Ramirez Abadia 170 Jose Miguel Battle 170 Viktor Bout 171 Klaas Bruinsma 172 Tommaso Buscetta 172 Ibrahim Dawood 173 Pablo Emilio Escobar-Gaviria 174 Don Vito Cascio Ferro 175 Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa 175 Osiel Cardenas Guillen 176 Joaquin Guzman 176 Vyacheslav Ivankov 177 Daut Kadriovski 177 Yoshio Kodama 178 Luciano Leggio 178 Heriberto Lazcano 179 Arturo Beltran Leyva 179 Charles “Lucky” Luciano 180 Semion Mogilevich 180 Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno 181 Cheng Chui Peng 182 Ze’ev Rosenstein 182 Khun Sa 183 Charles Ghankay Taylor 183 Tu Yueh-sheng 184 Crime Fighters 184 Harry Anslinger 184 Thomas Dewey 185 Giovanni Falcone 185 Rudolph Giuliani 186 Walter Maierovitch 186 Cesare Mori 187 Giuseppe Petrosino 187 Joseph D. Pistone 188 Enrique Camarena Salazar 189 Researchers 189 Howard Abadinsky 189 Jay S. Albanese 190 Pino Arlacchi 190 Ko-lin Chin 191 T.J. English 191 Cyrille Fijnaut 191 James Finckenauer 192 Robert J. Kelly 192 Letizia Paoli 193 Kip Schlegel 193 Joseph Serio 193 Louise Shelley 194 Federico Varese 194 Klaus von Lampe 195 Michael Woodiwiss 195 6 Data and Documents 196 Facts and Statistics on Organized Crime 196 Defining Organized Crime 197 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (1970) 197 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000) 200 Categories of Transnational Criminal Offenses 202 Drug Trafficking 203 Potential Worldwide Heroin Production, in Metric Tons, 2002–2006 203 Estimated Andean Region Coca Cultivation 205 Estimated Amounts of Illicit Drugs Transiting or Produced in Mexico and Seized, 2000–2006 205 Gangs Affiliated with the Sinaloa, Gulf, Juarez, or Tijuana Cartels 206 The 20 Largest Cocaine Seizures Ever Reported 207 Drug Seizures in the Central Asian Region, 2005–2006 207 International Opium Convention of 1912 209 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914 210 Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 212 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 213 The Merida Initiative 214 Weapons Trafficking 216 Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials, 1997 216 U.S. Senator Richard Lugar on Weapons Trafficking, 2009 219 End User Certificate (EUC) 220 Human Smuggling and Trafficking Legislation and Statistics 222 Human Trafficking and Smuggling Definitions 222 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees 222 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Article 3, Supplementing the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 223 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Article 3, Supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 223 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking Human Beings, 2005 223 Crackdown on Human Trafficking in 2005 224 Selected Average Costs for Human Smuggling, 2005 224 Services Required by Successful Trafficking Operations 225 Organized Crime Groups in the European Union (2005) 226 Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005) 226 Other Types of Organized Crime 229 Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2003 229 Gambling Prohibition and Enforcement Act, 2006 231 Money Laundering 232 Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 233 Amounts of Money Reported Laundered in the Tri-Border Area (TBA), 1992–2001 (USD) 234 Combating Organized Crime in the United States 235 Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF) 235 U.S. Patriot Act, 2001 236 U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, 2008 237 Quotations 238 On Russian Organized Crime 240 On Latin American and Mexican Drug Networks 241 On Drug Trafficking 242 7 Directory of Organizations 244 Academic and Research-Oriented Organizations 244 Governmental Organizations 248 Law Enforcement Organizations 257 Nongovernmental Organizations 265 Investigative Roundtable on Organized Crime 267 8 Resources 270 Print Resources 270 African Organized Crime 270 Asian Organized Crime 270 Canadian Organized Crime 273 European Organized Crime 274 Globalization and Organized Crime 276 Italian Organized Crime 280 Law Enforcement 284 Maritime Piracy 285 Organized Crime and Related Issues 286 Organized Crime-Terrorism Nexus 292 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 293 Russian and Soviet-Era Organized Crime 294 Trafficking and Criminal Networks 295 Nonprint Resources 297 Videos 297 Web Sites 303 Glossary 308 A 308 B 308 C 308 E 309 F 309 G 309 H 310 I 310 K 310 M 310 N 311 O 311 P 312 S 312 T 312 U 313 V 313 Y 313 Z 313 Index 314 A 314 B 315 C 315 D 318 E 318 F 319 G 319 H 320 I 320 J 321 K 321 L 322 M 322 N 323 O 324 P 324 Q 325 R 325 S 326 T 326 U 327 V 328 W 328 Y 328 About the Author 329 9781598843323 Contents......Page 8 List of Tables......Page 16 Preface......Page 18 Introduction......Page 22 History......Page 23 Economic Factors......Page 24 Definition......Page 25 Piracy in the 21st Century......Page 26 Piracy Then and Now......Page 28 Globalization......Page 30 Defining Organized Crime......Page 31 Mafia......Page 33 Structures of Organized Crime Groups......Page 35 Slavery and Human Trafficking......Page 37 Structures of Human Trafficking Operations......Page 40 Human Trafficking versus Human Smuggling......Page 41 Coyotes......Page 42 Illicit Drug Trafficking......Page 43 Weapons Trafficking......Page 48 Conclusion......Page 50 References......Page 51 Introduction......Page 56 Failed States......Page 57 Political Officials......Page 58 Police......Page 60 Tribalism and Ethnicity......Page 61 Civil Wars, Political Transitions, Regional Conflicts......Page 62 Organized Crime and Terrorism......Page 66 Borrowed Tactics......Page 69 Intersecting Activities......Page 71 Narcoterrorism......Page 73 Diamond Smuggling......Page 75 Counterfeiting......Page 76 Nuclear Smuggling......Page 78 Money Laundering......Page 79 Hawala......Page 80 Offshore Banking and Shell Corporations......Page 81 Controlling Money Laundering......Page 82 Electronic Money Laundering......Page 83 High-Tech Crimes......Page 84 Nigerian Advance Fee Fraud......Page 86 Music Piracy......Page 87 Drug Cartels......Page 88 Export Syndicates......Page 90 Crossing the U.S.–Mexico Border......Page 91 Prison Gangs and Street Gangs......Page 92 International Cooperation......Page 93 European Union......Page 95 Barriers to International Law Enforcement......Page 96 Language......Page 97 Technology......Page 98 Conclusion......Page 99 References......Page 101 The Sicilian and Italian-American Mafias......Page 110 The Americanization of the Mafia......Page 113 ‘Ndrangheta [Calabria, Italy]......Page 115 The Corsicans......Page 117 Russian Organized Crime (ROC)......Page 118 Mexican Drug Cartels......Page 120 Juarez Cartel......Page 121 Tijuana Cartel [Arrellano-Felix Organization]......Page 122 Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas......Page 123 Guadalajara Cartel [Amezcua-Contreras Organization]......Page 124 Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) [Central America, Mexico, United States]......Page 125 Triads [China]......Page 126 Big Circle Boys [China]......Page 129 Tongs and Chinese Street Gangs [United States and Canada]......Page 130 Yakuza [Japan]......Page 132 Jamaican Posses [Caribbean, United Kingdom, United States]......Page 135 Nigerian Gangs [Africa]......Page 137 Hells Angels [United States, Western Europe, Canada, Australia]......Page 138 References......Page 140 4 Chronology......Page 146 Jose Miguel Battle......Page 170 Viktor Bout......Page 171 Tommaso Buscetta......Page 172 Ibrahim Dawood......Page 173 Pablo Emilio Escobar-Gaviria......Page 174 Gregorio Sauceda Gamboa......Page 175 Joaquin Guzman......Page 176 Daut Kadriovski......Page 177 Luciano Leggio......Page 178 Arturo Beltran Leyva......Page 179 Semion Mogilevich......Page 180 Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno......Page 181 Ze’ev Rosenstein......Page 182 Charles Ghankay Taylor......Page 183 Harry Anslinger......Page 184 Giovanni Falcone......Page 185 Walter Maierovitch......Page 186 Giuseppe Petrosino......Page 187 Joseph D. Pistone......Page 188 Howard Abadinsky......Page 189 Pino Arlacchi......Page 190 Cyrille Fijnaut......Page 191 Robert J. Kelly......Page 192 Joseph Serio......Page 193 Federico Varese......Page 194 Michael Woodiwiss......Page 195 Facts and Statistics on Organized Crime......Page 196 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (1970)......Page 197 United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000)......Page 200 Categories of Transnational Criminal Offenses......Page 202 Potential Worldwide Heroin Production, in Metric Tons, 2002–2006......Page 203 Estimated Amounts of Illicit Drugs Transiting or Produced in Mexico and Seized, 2000–2006......Page 205 Gangs Affiliated with the Sinaloa, Gulf, Juarez, or Tijuana Cartels......Page 206 Drug Seizures in the Central Asian Region, 2005–2006......Page 207 International Opium Convention of 1912......Page 209 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914......Page 210 Marijuana Tax Act of 1937......Page 212 The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961......Page 213 The Merida Initiative......Page 214 Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and Other Related Materials, 1997......Page 216 U.S. Senator Richard Lugar on Weapons Trafficking, 2009......Page 219 End User Certificate (EUC)......Page 220 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees......Page 222 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking Human Beings, 2005......Page 223 Selected Average Costs for Human Smuggling, 2005......Page 224 Services Required by Successful Trafficking Operations......Page 225 Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (2005)......Page 226 Kimberley Process Certification Scheme, 2003......Page 229 Gambling Prohibition and Enforcement Act, 2006......Page 231 Money Laundering......Page 232 Bank Secrecy Act of 1970......Page 233 Amounts of Money Reported Laundered in the Tri-Border Area (TBA), 1992–2001 (USD)......Page 234 Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Force (OCDETF)......Page 235 U.S. Patriot Act, 2001......Page 236 U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, 2008......Page 237 Quotations......Page 238 On Russian Organized Crime......Page 240 On Latin American and Mexican Drug Networks......Page 241 On Drug Trafficking......Page 242 Academic and Research-Oriented Organizations......Page 244 Governmental Organizations......Page 248 Law Enforcement Organizations......Page 257 Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 265 Investigative Roundtable on Organized Crime......Page 267 Asian Organized Crime......Page 270 Canadian Organized Crime......Page 273 European Organized Crime......Page 274 Globalization and Organized Crime......Page 276 Italian Organized Crime......Page 280 Law Enforcement......Page 284 Maritime Piracy......Page 285 Organized Crime and Related Issues......Page 286 Organized Crime-Terrorism Nexus......Page 292 Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs......Page 293 Russian and Soviet-Era Organized Crime......Page 294 Trafficking and Criminal Networks......Page 295 Videos......Page 297 Web Sites......Page 303 C......Page 308 G......Page 309 M......Page 310 O......Page 311 T......Page 312 Z......Page 313 A......Page 314 C......Page 315 E......Page 318 G......Page 319 I......Page 320 K......Page 321 M......Page 322 N......Page 323 P......Page 324 R......Page 325 T......Page 326 U......Page 327 Y......Page 328 About the Author......Page 329 This book offers a comprehensive, multidimensional look into the major activities, groups, causes, and policing strategies related to global organized crime. Global Organized A Reference Handbook examines global organized crime dating back to its 17th-century roots. Unlike most works on the subject, which take a parochial approach by concentrating on individual countries or regions, this book uniquely details the impact of 21st-century globalization on such groups and their activities. Exploring the continuum of international organized crime and related developments from its early beginnings to the present era, the book also looks at the complicated issues that continue to influence its growth. It covers the impact of the end of the Cold War, immigration, the global drug trade, weapons sales, human smuggling and trafficking, the convergence of funding sources, and the effects of technology. What especially distinguishes this book is the connections it makes between organized crime activities and failed states, civil wars, political transitions, regional conflicts, and terrorist groups. Abc-clio's Celebrated Contemporary World Issues Series--available In Both Print And Ebook Formats--provides Accurate, Unbiased Reference Handbooks On The Major Topics Of The Day. For Details About All The Titles In The Contemporary World Issues Series, And Information On How To Buy Them, Visit Www.abc-clio.com.--jacket. Global Organized Crime : A Brief History -- Problems, Controversies, And Solutions -- Global Organized Crime Groups -- Chronology -- Biographical Sketches -- Data And Documents -- Directory Of Organizations -- Resources. Mitchel P. Roth. Includes Bibliographical References And Index.