Global Health in Africa: Historical Perspectives on Disease Control (Perspectives on Global Health)

__Global Health in Africa__ is a first exploration of selected histories of global health initiatives in Africa. The collection addresses some of the most important interventions in disease control, including mass vaccination, large-scale treatment and/or prophylaxis campaigns, harm reduction efforts, and nutritional and virological research.The chapters in this collection are organized in three sections that evaluate linkages between past, present, and emergent. Part I, “Looking Back,” contains four chapters that analyze colonial-era interventions and reflect upon their implications for contemporary interventions. Part II, “The Past in the Present,” contains essays exploring the historical dimensions and unexamined assumptions of contemporary disease control programs. Part III, “The Past in the Future,” examines two fields of public health intervention in which efforts to reduce disease transmission and future harm are premised on an understanding of the past. This much-needed volume brings together international experts from the disciplines of demography, anthropology, and historical epidemiology. Covering health initiatives from smallpox vaccinations to malaria control to HIV campaigns, __Global Health in Africa__ offers a first comprehensive look at some of global health’s most important challenges. Contents 6 Acknowledgments 8 Introduction 10 Global Health 11 The Colonial Antecedents of Global Health in Africa 12 Postwar Foundations and the Changing Nature of Global Health 14 Continuity in Global Health Initiatives 19 Organization and Central Themes of the Volume 21 Notes 24 The Long History of Smallpox Eradication 34 Smallpox in 1900 36 The Record of Colonial Smallpox Campaigns 37 Lessons Learned 47 Notes 48 The First Large-Scale Use of Synthetic Insecticide for Malaria Control in Tropical Africa 51 Prelude to the American Initiatives at Mosquito Control (1941–44) 52 Mosquito Control Arrives in Liberia (1945–47) 54 Retraction (1948–52) 55 The Dieldrin Campaign in Monrovia (1953–57) 58 Beyond Monrovia: Mosquito Control in Kpain, Central Province (1953–58) 59 Round Two: The Kpain Project, 1958–62 65 Assessments 68 Dénouement 69 Notes 71 A Genealogy of Treatment Prevention (TASP) 79 The Colonial Invention of Treatment as Prevention 83 The Test-and-Treat Paradigm in Colonial Africa 85 Prevention as Treatment as Prevention: The Forgotten History of Pentamidine Prophylaxis 89 Notes 93 The True Fiasco 101 Kwashiorkor Treatment and Prevention 102 The True Fiasco 109 Notes 117 People, Great Apes, Disease, and Global Health in the Northern Forests of Equatorial Africa 126 Cross-Species Transmissions, People, and Great Apes 128 Long-Term Historical Change in the Equatorial African Forests 130 People and Apes: Narratives from the Northern Equatorial African Forests 131 Notes 141 Defenseless Bodies and Violent Afflictions in a Global World 147 The History of Hepatitis C in Egypt 148 Schistosomiasis: A Legacy from the Past or a Modern Plague? 149 Jaundice and Iatrogenesis 152 An Epidemic Discovered from the Outside 153 “Public Health” in Egypt or an Oxymoron for Violence 156 The Local Memory of the Global Emergence of Viruses 157 Medical Remembering as a Revolutionary Process 158 Notes 161 “Snake in the Belly” 167 Cholera’s Global Reach 168 Cholera’s Changing Environment 169 The Cholera Crisis in Africa 171 First Risk Condition: Landscapes of Risk 176 Second Risk Condition: Armed Conflict and the Risk to Refugees 178 Third Risk Condition: Water and Sanitation 181 Notes 187 Male Circumcision and HIV Control in Africa 194 Social Anthropology and a Brief History of Male Circumcision 195 Scientific Evidence about the Relationship between Male Circumcision and HIV Incidence and Prevalence 199 Anatomy of the WHO/UNAIDS 207 Notes 214 Heroin Use, Trafficking, and Intervention Approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa 220 The Context of Heroin Use and Trafficking in Africa from the Antitrafficking Intervention Perspective 221 Injecting Drug Use and the Harm-Reduction Approach 228 Notes 238 About the Contributors 244 Index 248 Introduction /James L.A. Webb, Jr., and Tamara Giles-Vernick ; Pt. 1. Looking back: The long history of smallpox eradication: lessons for global health in Africa /William H. Schneider --The first large-scale use of synthetic insecticide to control malaria in tropical Africa: lessons from Liberia, 1945-62 /James L.A. Webb, Jr --A genealogy of treatment as prevention (TasP): prevention, therapy, and the tensions of public health in Africa /Guillaume Lachenal --The true fiasco: the treatment and prevention of severe acute malnutrition in Uganda, 1950-74 /Jennifer Tappan; Pt. 2. The past and the present: People, great apes, disease, and global health in the northern forests of equatorial Africa /Tamara Giles-Vernick and Stephanie Rupp --Defenseless bodies and violent afflictions in a global world: blood, iatrogenesis, and hepatitis C transmission in Egypt /Anne Marie Moulin --"Snake in the belly": Africa's unhappy experience with cholera during the seventh pandemic, 1971 to the present /Myron Echenberg; Pt. 3. The past in the future: Male circumcision and HIV control in Africa: questioning scientific evidence and the decision-making process /Michel Garenne, Alain Giami, and Christophe Perrey --Heroin use, trafficking, and intervention approaches in Sub-Saharan Africa: local and global contexts /Sheryl McCurdy and Haruka Maruyama Global Health in Africa is a first exploration of selected histories of global health initiatives in Africa. The collection addresses some of the most important interventions in disease control, including mass vaccination, large-scale treatment and/or prophylaxis campaigns, harm reduction efforts, and nutritional and virological research. The chapters in this collection are organized in three sections that evaluate linkages between past, present, and emergent. Part I, "Looking Back," contains four chapters that analyze colonial-era interventions and reflect upon their implications for contempo