Global Governance in a World of Change (Sti: Social Trends Institute; Fostering Understanding)

Global governance has come under increasing pressure since the end of the Cold War. In some issue areas, these pressures have led to significant changes in the architecture of governance institutions. In others, institutions have resisted pressures for change. This volume explores what accounts for this divergence in architecture by identifying three modes of governance: hierarchies, networks, and markets. The authors apply these ideal types to different issue areas in order to assess how global governance has changed and why. In most issue areas, hierarchical modes of governance, established after World War II, have given way to alternative forms of organization focused on market or network-based architectures. Each chapter explores whether these changes are likely to lead to more or less effective global governance across a wide range of issue areas. This provides a novel and coherent theoretical framework for analysing change in global governance. Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title page 5 Copyright information 6 Table of Contents 7 List of Figures 9 List of Tables 10 List of Contributors 11 Acknowledgments 13 Introduction: The Modes of Global Governance 15 Global Governance Today 21 Explaining the Transformation 31 Geopolitics 33 A Changing Global Economy 34 Increase in the Number of Actors 35 Pluralization of Kinds of Actors 35 Low-Hanging Fruit 36 Ideologies of Governance 37 Global Rationalization 37 Technological Change 38 Domestic Change 39 What Is at Stake? 41 Overview of the Chapters 46 References 52 1 Governance Shifts in Security: Military and Security Services and Small Arms Compared 62 What Has Happened? 64 Military and Security Services: From Hierarchy to Complexity 64 Small Arms: Reassertion of Hierarchy 66 Why? Similar Structural Shifts and Different Agency 69 Gathering around Problems, Policy Entrepreneurship, a Pragmatic Process, and Complex Governance Development around Military and Security Services 70 Disputed Problems, Set Solutions, and Deadlock around Different Versions of Hierarchical Governance around Small Arms 75 How Does It Matter? 81 Conclusion 86 References 87 2 The Bretton Woods Moment: Hierarchies, Networks, and Markets in the Long Twentieth Century 91 The Gold Standard and Networked Governance in International Monetary and Financial Affairs 93 International Cartels: Governance in Private Hands 97 International Commercial Arbitration: Private Governance and Its Limits 99 Hierarchies, Networks, and Markets before 1945 102 The Bretton Woods Moment in Monetary Affairs: Constraining Hierarchies and Regulating Markets 103 International Cartels and the Postwar Reach of the American Regulatory State 105 International Commercial Arbitration: Evolution beyond the Reach of the Regulatory State 109 Networks and Markets in a New Era of Globalization 110 Central Banks, Private Finance, and Global Financial Governance 111 International Cartels: Beleaguered but Persistent Private Governance 112 International Commercial Arbitration in a New Era of Globalization 114 Global Economic Governance in the Long Twentieth Century 115 References 119 3 Climate Change Governance: Past, Present, and (Hopefully) Future 123 Introduction 123 What Is Happening? From Kyoto to Paris 124 The Kyoto Protocol: Both Market and Hierarchy 125 Paris: Choose Your Own Adventure 127 Why Is It Happening? 129 Geopolitics 130 Global Rationalization 132 New Actors, New Ideologies of Governance 135 How Does It Matter? 137 Conclusion 140 References 141 4 A Shadow of Its Former Self: Hierarchy and Global Trade 144 The Global Trade Regime as Hierarchy 145 Challenges to Multilateral Rule-Making? The Rise of Regionalism 149 Geopolitics and Shifting Power 149 Institutional Design 153 Challenges to Rule-Making: Non-trade Governance and Non-state Actors 156 The Changing Nature of International Trade 157 Other Non-trade Issues in Trade Negotiations 159 Implications and Conclusions 162 References 164 5 The Humanitarian Club: Hierarchy, Networks, and Exclusion 169 The Rise of the Humanitarian Club 171 The Resilience of the Humanitarian Club 181 Economic Capital 183 Symbolic Capital 184 Social Capital 186 Cultural Capital 186 Conclusion 187 References 189 6 The Supply of Informal International Governance: Hierarchy plus Networks in Global Governance 196 The Demand for Informal Governance 200 Communications Technology and the Design of Multilateral Diplomacy 201 Improved Communications and the Design of International Institutions 206 The HpN Model 207 Choosing HpN over Hub-and-Spokes 213 Informal Governance in the Communications Era 217 The Institutional Design of the Proliferation Security Initiative 218 Supply-Side Drivers 220 IIGO-TGN Conjunctures 221 Conclusion 223 References 225 7 Global Governance, Expert Networks, and ''Fragile States'' 228 International Organizations and the Differentiation of Governance Tasks 230 The Governance of Fragile States 234 Evolution of Approaches to Fragile States: From Peacebuilding to ''State'' and ''Individual'' 236 Conclusion 243 References 244 8 Global Health: A Centralized Network Searching (in Vain) for Hierarchy 248 Introduction: Global Governance and Health 248 What Has Been Happening? Four Periods of GHG 250 The Birth of International Health Cooperation (~1850-1945) 250 The Birth of WHO and Heyday of ''International'' Health (1945-~1990) 251 The Millennium Development Goals Era and the Birth of ''Global'' Health (~1990-~2015) 252 The Sustainable Development Goals and Covid-19 Era: A Return to WHO and Multilateral Institutions? (~2015-Future) 255 Discussion 258 Why Is This Happening? Health as a Microcosm and a Unique Field 262 How Does It Matter? Implications for Governance 265 Power 265 Legitimacy 266 Effectiveness 268 Reflections for the Future: What Should GHG Do and What Is the Role of WHO? 269 References 273 9 Governing Armed Conflicts: The ICRC between Hierarchy and Networks 279 Origins of the Governance of the Regulation of Armed Conflict 280 Great Challenges without Change 282 The Contemporary Challenges to the Mode of Governance 287 An Increasingly Complex Legal Environment 287 Growing Diversity 290 The ''Shadow of Hierarchy'' 293 Conclusion: Change, Legitimacy, and Efficacy 294 References 298 10 Clean Energy and the Hybridization of Global Governance 302 Clean Energy Governance: Definition and Methods 304 The Making of Clean Energy Governance: Networks, Hierarchies, and Hybrids 306 Hierarchical Institutions and Stasis in Clean Energy Governance, 1980-1997 306 Expanding Clean Energy Governance through Networks, Late 1990s-Present 308 Layering and Institutionalization of Clean Energy Governance, 2009-2017 314 Decentralized Governance for Clean Energy: Why Is It Happening? 316 Conclusion: Is Decentralized Governance Good News for Cooperation? 318 References 320 11 Legitimacy and Modes of Global Governance 325 Why Legitimacy Might Drive New Modes of Governance 326 Geopolitical Shifts 327 Changing Governance Norms 329 Domestic Backlash to Globalization 331 Legitimacy in Global Governance: The Empirical Record 333 Declining Legitimacy for Traditional IOs? 334 Higher Legitimacy for New Modes of Governance? 338 What Explains the Resilient Legitimacy of Old Modes of Governance? 341 Institutional Reforms to Traditional IOs 342 Limitations of New Modes of Global Governance 343 The Role of Heuristics 344 Conclusion 346 References 347 Conclusion: Global Governance and Institutional Diversity 352 Payoffs from Shifting the Study of Global Governance 355 Comparative Institutional Analysis 356 Historical Analysis 359 Revealing Gaps 361 Theorizing Past and Present 362 Some Usual Suspects 362 Newer Faces 364 Agency and Contingency 366 The Totality and Pathways Questions 367 Four Images 368 Pathways to Integration 370 Deep Diversity and Path Dependence 372 Conclusion 374 References 376 Index 381 "The Social Trends Institute (STI) is a non-profit international research center dedicated to fostering understanding of globally significant social trends. To this end, STI brings together the world's leading thinkers, taking an interdisciplinary and international approach. Currently, STI's areas of priority study are Family, Bioethics, Culture & Lifestyles, Governance, and Civil Society. Findings are disseminated to the media and through scholarly publications. The individuals and institutions that support STI share a conception of society and the individual that commands a deep respect for the equal dignity of human beings, and for freedom of thought, as well as a strong desire to contribute to social progress and the common good"-- Provided by publisher