تبادلات جهانی: برنامه‌های تبادل، بورس‌های تحصیلی و گردش‌های فراملی در دنیای مدرن

Exchanges between different cultures and institutions of learning have taken place for centuries, but it was only in the twentieth century that such efforts evolved into formal programs that received focused attention from nation-states, empires and international organizations. __Global Exchanges__ provides a wide-ranging overview of this underresearched topic, examining the scope, scale and evolution of organized exchanges around the globe through the twentieth century. In doing so it dramatically reveals the true extent of organized exchange and its essential contribution for knowledge transfer, cultural interchange, and the formation of global networks so often taken for granted today. Introduction : conceptualizing the history of international scholarship programs (19-21st centuries) / Giles Scott-Smith and Ludovic Tournes -- The politics of scholarly exchange : taking the long view on the Rhodes scholarships / Tamson Pietsch & Meng-Hsuan Chou -- The defeat of university autonomy : French academic diplomacy, mobility scholarships and exchange programs (1880s-1930s) / Guillaume Tronchet -- The commonwealth university interchange scheme : promoting exchanges in a changing world (1948-1960) / Alice Byrne -- Students as ambassadors : German-American exchange diplomacy during the 1980s / Jacob S. Eder -- Muscular Christian exchanges : Asian sports experts and the international YMCA training school (1910s-1930s) / Stefan Hubner -- Managing scientific exchange in interwar Germany : August Wilhelm Fehling and Rockefeller Foundation fellowships / Judith Syga-Dubois -- Wedges and webs : Rockefeller nursing fellowships, 1920-1940 / Pierre-Yves Saunier -- Fellowship programs for public health development : the Rockefeller Foundation, UNRRA, and WHO (1920s-1970s) / Yi-Tang Lin, Thomas David, Davide Rodogno -- New missionaries for social development : the ILO internship program (1950-1963) / Veronique Plata-Stenger -- The Fulbright program and the philosophy and geography of U.S. exchange programs since World War II / Lonnie R. Johnson -- Grassroots diplomacy : fighting the cold war on the family farm with the International Farm Youth Exchange / Peter Simons -- Third world students at Soviet universities in the Brezhnev period / Julie Hessler -- US exchange programs with Africa during the civil rights era / Hannah Higgin -- Working on/working with the Soviet bloc : IREX, scholarly exchanges and detente / Justine Faure -- American foundations and the challenge of funding international fellowship and exchange programs since 1970 / Patricia L. Rosenfield -- Global networks, soft power, and the U.S. military / Carol Atkinson -- American Fulbrighters in China, 1979-2014 / Guangqiu Xu -- Importing barbarian knowledge : the JET program and the development of cultural internationalism in Japan (1987-2014) / Jesse Sargent -- New actors of the post-cold war world (Europe, China, India) : towards a genuine globalization of scholarship programs / Ludovic Tournes Global Exchanges 2 Contents 6 List of Figures and Tables 9 Acknowledgments 10 Introduction. A World of Exchanges 14 Part I. National and Imperial Power Politics 44 Chapter 1. The Politics of Scholarly Exchange 46 Chapter 2. The Defeat of University Autonomy 63 Chapter 3. The Commonwealth University Interchange Scheme 78 Chapter 4. Students as Ambassadors 92 Part II. International Understanding and World Peace 108 Chapter 5. Muscular Christian Exchanges 110 Chapter 6. Managing Scientific Exchange in Interwar Germany 126 Chapter 7. Wedges and Webs 140 Chapter 8. Fellowship Programs for Public Health Development 153 Chapter 9. New Missionaries for Social Development 169 Part III. The Cold War 184 Chapter 10. The Fulbright Program and the Philosophy and Geography of US Exchange Programs since World War II 186 Chapter 11. Grassroots Diplomacy 201 Chapter 12. Third World Students at Soviet Universities in the Brezhnev Period 215 Chapter 13. US Exchange Programs with Africa during the Civil Rights Era 229 Chapter 14. Working on/Working with the Soviet Bloc 244 Part IV. The Globalization Moment 258 Chapter 15. American Foundations and tThe Challenge of Funding International Fellowship and Exchange Programs 260 Chapter 16. Global Networks, Soft Power and the US Military 275 Chapter 17. American Fulbrighters in China (1979-2014) 289 Chapter 18. Importing Barbarian Knowledge 303 Chapter 19. New Actors of the Post-Cold War World (Europe, China and India) 318 Conclusion. 150 Years of Scholarship Programs 335 Selected Bibliography 342 Web Resources 351 Index 354 Exchanges between different cultures and institutions of learning have taken place for centuries, but it was only in the twentieth century that such efforts evolved into formal programs that received focused attention from nation-states and empires. Global Exchanges provides a wide-ranging overview of this underresearched topic, examining the scope and scale of organized exchanges around the globe through the twentieth century. In doing so it dramatically reveals the true extent of organized exchange and its essential contribution to the formation of global networks so often taken for granted today