Global Drug Enforcement: Practical Investigative Techniques (Practical Aspects of Criminal and Forensic Investigations)

It's a national epidemic and an international conspiracy. Drugs have infested our society with a vengeance, making the drug enforcement agent a central figure in the war on drugs. International training teams of the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) have traditionally taught the special skills required by all drug agents. Until now, there has never been a book for public consumption devoted strictly to this specialized field of criminal investigation. Global Drug Enforcement: Practical Investigative Techniques provides basic and advanced methods for conducting modern drug investigations. With coverage of source countries, drug identification, conspiracy investigations, clandestine laboratories, drug intelligence, and money laundering, the book includes the topics that every detective assigned to a drug investigation unit must know. The chapter on drug identification discusses the drugs that all law enforcement officers are likely to encounter including heroin, marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, PCP, and the emerging club drugs of Ecstasy, GHB, and Ketamine. A glossary of common terms used in drug enforcement and chapters on the nexus between drugs and terrorism provide additional insight. Based on the training and experiences of a recently retired Supervisory Special Agent of the DEA who was a former instructor for DEA's Office of Training at the FBI Academy, this book provides domestic and international agencies with a comprehensive reference on contemporary drug enforcement. It greatly expands on many of the topics that DEA employees receive in their training and covers the areas that investigators need to understand in order to conduct safe and effective drug operations. Half-Title Title Copyright Dedication Editor’s Note Preface Author Acknowledgments Contents Section I The Fundamentals 1 Introduction to Drug Law Enforcement International in Scope Interpersonal Relationships Finance and Banking Psychology Communication Skills Foreign Relations Other Aspects Summary 2 Source Countries Colombia Bolivia and Peru Mexico The Golden Triangle The Golden Crescent Western Europe Canada United States Summary 3 Drug Identification and User Recognition Drug Scheduling Narcotic Depressants Heroin and Opiates History of Heroin in the United States Heroin Production How Heroin Is Used Physical Effects of Heroin Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms Heroin User Recognition Cocaine History of Cocaine Abuse Harvest and Yield Cocaine Extraction Cocaine Abuse Cocaine Abuse in the Workplace Cocaine’s Physical Side Effects Pharmacological Effects and Symptoms of Cocaine Abuse Crack Cocaine Marijuana Marijuana Source Countries Indoor Growing Hashish Effects of Cannabis Methylenedioxy-N-Methylamphetamine (MDMA) Drug Recognition Ecstasy Source Countries Rave Parties Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Gamma Butyrolactone (GBL) Ketamine2 Methamphetamine Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Physical Reaction LSD Traffickers Methylphenidate (Ritalin®) Phencyclidine (PCP) Steroids Other Drugs of Abuse Summary References 4 Confidential Informants Purpose of Informants Motivational Factors Walk-In/Call-In Informants Fear Revenge and Jealousy Repentance Altruism Mercenaries Egotism James Bond Syndrome The Wannabe Perversely Motivated Informants Restricted-Use Informants Developing Confidential Informants Supervisor’s Role in Informant Management Protecting the Informant’s Identity Avoid Making the Informant a Percipient Witness Report-Writing Techniques Using the Informant to Introduce Undercover Agents Wall-Off Method Camouflage Techniques Other Considerations The Informant File Informant Debriefings Agent-Informant Contact Procedures Informant Payments How to Make a Controlled Purchase Using an Informant Thoroughly Debrief the Informant Check Law Enforcement Indices Monitor Phone Calls and Personal Visits between the Informant and the Suspect Provide the Informant with Official Funds That Have the Serial Numbers Recorded Wire the Informant for Sound Designate Verbal and Visual Distress and Arrest Signals Search the Informant and His Vehicle Surveillance Team to Follow the Informant Informant Is to Go to a Designated Cold Spot after the Meeting Instruct the Informant to Immediately Return to the Office The Seven Steps to Successful Informant Management Keys to Success in Informant Management Control Honesty Fairness and Respect Clarity in Direction Provide Training for the Informant Summary 5 Sources of Information Airline Ticket Agents Travel Agents Car Rental Employees Hotel Registration Clerks Utility Companies Telephone Service Providers Real Estate Agents Internet Service Providers Banking Institutions Taxi Drivers County Assessor’s Office Credit Bureaus Express Shipping Companies Yacht Club Employees Boat and Yacht Sales Personnel Flight Service Station Employees Private Airplane Sales Personnel Conclusion Summary 6 Surveillance and Counter-Surveillance Definition and Purpose of Surveillance Types of Surveillance Mobile Stationary Electronic Objectives of Surveillance Identify the Main Target of the Investigation Identify Other Members of the Drug Organization Locate Stash Locations Obtain Probable Cause for a Search Warrant Locate Wanted Persons Verify the Reliability of an Informant Obtain Detailed Information Prevent the Commission of a Crime or Arrest a Suspect in the Act Obtain Information for Later Use during an Interrogation Develop Clues and Information from Other Sources Qualities of a Surveillance Agent Normal Appearance Act as Naturally as Possible Alert Resourceful Observant Patience and Stamina Categories of Surveillance Intelligence Gathering Prebuy Surveillance Postbuy Surveillance Reconnaissance Physical Survey Other Considerations Rules of Surveillance Fundamentals of Surveillance Using Air Support during Surveillance Surveillance Notes and Reports Counter-Surveillance Counter-Surveillance Driving Counter-Surveillance Equipment Summary 7 Undercover Operations Definition of Undercover Purpose of Undercover Operations Qualifications for Undercover Work Undercover Agents’ Traits Intelligence Self-Confidence Courage Good Judgment Initiative and Resourcefulness Good Memory Good Communication Skills Proper Experience for the Role Good Common Sense Necessary Preparations for Undercover Assignments The Cover Story Undercover Identity Undercover Vehicles Undercover Documents and Credit Cards Planning the Undercover Operation The Written Operational Plan The Operational Briefing The Undercover Meeting Undercover Negotiations Drug Samples Use of Controlled Substances by Undercover Agents Confidence Buys or Buy-Walk Operations Buy-Bust Operations Postbuy Debriefings Proven Undercover Techniques and Strategies—Playing Mind Games with the Suspect The Seven Critical Factors Leading to Undercover Violence Poor Operational Planning Making the Arrest Managing the Flash Roll Poor Communication Complacency Inaccessibility of Undercover Weapons Making Inaccurate Conclusions from Accurate Observations Summary 8 Flash Roll Management Surprise Flashes vs. Scheduled Flashes Creating a Controlled Environment Using a Second Undercover Agent Use of an Informant to Display the Money Seeing Drugs before Displaying the Money Flash Roll Preparation Summary 9 Evidence Collection and Preservation Categories of Evidence Collection of Evidence Systematic Searching Drug Detection Dogs Drug Evidence Handling Drug Evidence Chain of Custody Bulk Evidence Field Testing of Drug Evidence Nondrug Evidence Fingerprints Summary 10 U.S. Sentencing Guidelines for Drug Offenses Background Federal Parole Abolished Longer Prison Sentences The Sentencing Table Drug Offense Sentencing Tables Departures from the Guidelines Court Ordered Departures Criticism of the Guidelines Evolutionary Process Summary References 11 Raid Planning and Execution Raid Planning Types of Raids Site Surveys Raid Briefing Equipment Raid Execution Elements of a Successful Raid Tactics Physical Fitness Mental Conditioning Equipment Firearms Training Consciousness Modes White Yellow Orange Red Escalation of Force British SAS Six-Man Snake Method Summary Section II Complex Drug Investigations 12 Drug Conspiracy Investigations Definition of Conspiracy Punishment for Conspiracy Elements of Proof Plurality Requirement The Agreement Overt Acts Pinkerton Theory of Vicarious Liability Withdrawal from the Conspiracy Termination of the Conspiracy Venue Duration of the Conspiracy Statute of Limitations Types of Conspiracies Ongoing Conspiracies Historical Conspiracies Chain Conspiracies Wheel Conspiracies Combination Wheel and Chain Conspiracies Advantages of Conspiracy Investigations Simplicity Crime Prevention Leverage Exception to the Hearsay Rule of Evidence Asset Forfeiture Disadvantages of Conspiracy Investigations Conspiracy Investigations Can Be Protracted Verification and Corroboration No-Dope Conspiracies Conspiracy Case Development Confidential Informants Undercover Agents Asset Seizure Inquiries Fixed and Mobile Surveillance Pen Registers Telephone Wiretaps and Technical Listening Devices The Grand Jury Coordination with Other Law Enforcement Agencies Analytical Investigative Support/Toll Analysis Use of Public, Private, and Government Records Polygraph Examinations Mail Covers Trash Runs Photo Spreads Technical Listening Equipment Execution of Search Warrants for Documents Coordination with the Prosecutor Crimes Committed by Conspirators Sealed Indictments Arrest Warrants Grand Jury Subpoenas Immunity Multiple Venues Asset Seizures Material Witness Warrants Defense Attorney Trial Tactics Defendant Withdrew from the Conspiracy Outrageous Government Conduct Taking the Fall for Others Entrapment Mistaken Identity Fabrication of Exculpatory Evidence Placing the Agent on Trial Defendant Was Involved in an Entirely Different Conspiracy The Blind Mule Summary References 13 Clandestine Laboratories Specialty within Drug Law Enforcement Booby-Traps Countering Booby-Traps Recognizing Clan Labs Chemicals and Products Commonly Found at Clan Lab Sites Other Clan Lab Indicators Operational Laboratories Summary 14 Transportation Hub Interdiction Operations Courier Profiling Approaching the Passenger Other Considerations Hotel Profiling Summary 15 Smuggling and Smugglers Definition of Smuggling Agencies Conducting Smuggling Investigations Drug Enforcement Administration Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol Federal Aviation Administration U.S. Coast Guard Federal Bureau of Investigation Military Joint Task Forces (JTFs) U.S. Postal Service Methods of Smuggling Air Land Sea Go-Fast Boats Methods of Concealment Unwitting Accomplices Swallowers Smugglers’ Profile Characteristics of Drug Smuggling Organizations Possess and Use State-of-the-Art Equipment Well Organized Well-Defined Roles Large Number of Members Use of Private Investigators Top Legal Help Drug Smuggling Case Initiation Methods of Investigating Smuggling Cases Summary 16 Controlled Deliveries Definition of Controlled Delivery Internationally Controlled Delivery Scenario Methods of Delivery Domestic Controlled Deliveries Mail Drops Using a Ruse Physical Evidence Summary 17 Drug Intelligence The Intelligence Analyst Informant Debriefings Telephone Subscriber Information Telephone Toll Analysis Wiretaps Summary References 18 Asset Forfeiture and Money Laundering Federal Civil and Criminal Forfeitures Judicial Forfeitures Administrative Forfeitures Policy Considerations Notice Criminal Forfeiture Procedures Advantages of Criminal Forfeitures Equitable Sharing Program Determining Who Gets What Permissible Uses of the Money Money Laundering Methods of Investigation Assets vs. Liability Follow the Money Typical Exchanges of Money Money Laundering Methods Bulk Shipments Financial Institutions Nonfinancial Institutions Underground Banking Networks Summary References 19 Shared Traits of Drug Traffickers and Terrorists Organizational Structure Drug and Terrorism Source Countries Money Laundering Communications Training Manuals Immigration Fraud and False Identity Documents Smuggling Techniques Airport Profiling Human Sources of Information Parallel Investigative Techniques Summary 20 Nexus between Drugs and Terrorism Afghanistan Colombia Peru Middle East Summary References 21 Talking Points against Drug Legalization Ten Undeniable Facts A Law Enforcement Officer’s Approach to the Problem Where to Go for Additional Help Antidrug Organizations Resources and Publications Resources Publications Summary References Appendix A: Controlled Substance Act Schedules* Appendix B: Controlled Substances Alphabetically* Appendix C: U.S. Supreme Court Decision: U.S. v. Sokolow Footnotes Footnotes Index Global Drug Enforcement: Practical Investigative Techniques provides basic and advanced techniques for conducting modern drug investigations. With coverage of source countries, drug identification, conspiracy investigations, clandestine laboratories, drug intelligence, and money laundering, the book includes the drug-specific topics that every detective assigned to a drug investigation unit must know. The chapter on drug identification not only explains the drugs of abuse all law enforcement officers are likely to encounter, such as heroin, marijuana, and cocaine, but also contain in-depth inf