GIS برای بهبود عملکرد شرکت‌های برق

This book describes how geospatial technology in the form of a modern enterprise geographic information system (GIS) can be applied to all aspects of the electric utility business from Smart Grid to generation to transmission to distribution to the retail supply of electricity to customers. This book appeals to readers that are interested not only in the technical details of a GIS enabled electric system, but also how such a system works in the real business world. Power Engineering GIS for Enhanced Electric Utility Performance 2 Contents 6 Foreword 14 Preface 16 What Is This Book About? 17 Who Is This Book For? 18 What’s Inside? 18 How to Use This Book 18 Acknowledgments 20 Introduction 22 So What Exactly Is a Utility GIS? 22 A Computerized or Digital Map? 22 Each Is Very Different 23 Geocentric Versus Geoenabled 26 Taking Advantage of Mapping 27 Geocentric Workflows Build Spatial Conte 27 Geoenabling Enriches Existing Informatio 28 The Future of Utility GIS 28 Chapter 1 GIS and the Business of the Utility 32 GIS: A Spatial Context for Solutions 33 Transforming a Century-Old Industry 33 Do You Know Where Your Poles Are? 34 GIS Helps to Put Locational Data in Orde 35 Managing Data 35 Spatial Analysis 36 Awareness 36 Development of GIS at Electric Utilities 37 Mapping Systems Get Dysfunctional 38 Old Mapping Workflows 38 Development of Digital Mapping Systems—t 39 Not Much Changed 40 GIS Is Different 41 Networks Are Added to GIS 42 What’s the Difference Between CAD and GI 42 GIS Architectures 43 GIS Is Changing Rapidly 43 What Matters Most to the Electric Utilit 45 The Balanced Scorecard 45 GIS Helps Visualize What to Balance 46 What an Electric Company Does 47 Managing Performance 47 Manage the Infrastructure 49 Managing Supporting Resources 50 Managing Information 50 The Utility Value Chain and Its Spatial 50 Location Critical for Energy Supply 51 GIS Plays a Strong Role in Transmission 51 GIS Enhances Distribution 52 Customer Care Needs GIS 52 GIS Is Engaged in the Complete Utility Value Chain 52 GIS Is Not Just About Mapping 52 What About the Data? 52 GIS Helps Solve the Big Problems 53 Need to Complete the Data 54 Chapter 2 Location Matters for Energy Supply 56 What Is in This Chapter? 56 A New Era for Electrical Energy Supply 57 Moving from the Free-for-All Era 57 Competition for Energy Supply Emerges 58 The Era of Competition 58 Shifting of Risk 59 The Energy Supply Market 60 The Market Will Only Get More Complicate 60 Energy Supply Gets Even More Complicated 60 The Energy Supply Organization 60 Energy Contracts and Risk Management 60 Managing Power Generation Performance 62 Hydroelectric Generation 63 Nuclear Plant Performance 64 GIS Helps Nuclear Organizations to Plan 65 Fossil Plant Performance 66 Managing the Risk 66 Performance of Wind Power 67 Wind Still Has Environmental Issues 68 GIS Data Management Helps Wind Farms 69 Solar Electric Power Generation 69 Geothermal Power Plants 70 Distributed Generation 70 Energy Planning 71 Managing the Infrastructure 71 What’s Involved in Building Electric Gen 72 Exploration 72 Development 75 Managing Support Services 76 Managing Information 77 The Energy Supply Data Model 78 Information Products 79 Workflows 80 Location Matters in Energy Supply 81 Chapter 3 Electric Transmission and GIS 82 Location Is Essential to Transmission 82 Transmission Lines 83 Transmission Substations 83 HVDC 86 Transmission System Components and GIS D 86 A System in Transition 87 The Business of Electric Transmission 87 What Does GIS Have to Do with Transmissi 88 What Transmission Operators Worry About 89 Make Money 89 Keep Customers Happy 90 Keep Employees Safe and Productive 90 Stay Out of Trouble 90 Managing Transmission System Operations 91 GIS in the Control Room 91 GIS in the Field 92 Understanding the Variables 93 Compliance 93 Vegetation Is the Transmission Line’s En 95 Asset Management 96 Risk Profiling 97 Other Uses of GIS for Operations 98 Substation Management 99 Managing Transmission System Development 100 Load Forecasting 100 Line Siting 101 Construction Management 102 Managing Transmission Support Services 103 Supply Chain 103 Corridor Management 103 Change Detection 104 The Transmission Information Model 104 The Transmission Data Model 105 Information Products 105 Workflows 106 GIS Matters for Electric Transmission 106 Chapter 4 The GIS Electric Distribution Facilities Model 108 Distribution Business Versus Retail 108 Who Owns the Meter? 109 The Business Drivers for Distribution 109 Distribution System Mapping Started a Century Ago 110 Results Have Been Mixed 110 Why Paper Anyway? 111 Digital Mapping Systems Evolve 111 The Electric Distribution System Facility Model 113 Medium Voltages 114 Low Voltages 114 Parts of the Distribution System and the GIS Data Model 114 The Electric Distribution System GIS Facility Information Model 114 HV/MV Substations 116 The High-Voltage Section 116 The Transformer Section 117 The Medium-Voltage Section 117 Other Equipment in the Substations 117 Issues of GIS with HV/MV Substations 117 The Data Model 118 Medium-Voltage Network and Feeders 119 GIS Modeling Issues on Medium-Voltage Feeders 119 GIS Medium-Voltage Network Data Model 122 Medium- to Medium-Voltage (MV/MV) Substations 122 GIS Issues on MV/MV Substations 123 GIS Data Model for MV/MV Substations 123 Low-Voltage Substations 124 Network and Spot Network Substations 124 Surface Mounted Substations 124 GIS Issues for MV/LV Substations 124 Low-Voltage GIS Data Model 125 The Low-Voltage Network 125 GIS Issues with Low-Voltage Networks 126 GIS Low-Voltage Networks Data Model 127 Distribution Structural Elements 127 Overhead Construction 127 Surface System Construction 128 Underground Construction 128 GIS Issues with Structural Elements 129 The Density of Underground Structural Systems Is a Problem 130 GIS Data Model for Structural Systems 131 Summary of the Current State of GIS and the Electric Facilities Model 132 Additional Challenges of Distribution System GIS 133 The Problem of Scale 133 The Facility Information Model for Electric Distrubiton 134 Facility Model Workflows 134 Facility Model Information Products 135 The Facilities Model of the Electric Distribution System 136 Where the Facility Model Is Going 136 Chatper 5 Electric Distribution Development and Operations 138 GIS Means Business for Electric Distribution 138 GIS for the Business 138 The Two Categories of Business Applications: System Development and Operations 139 Electric System Development Using GIS 140 The Distribution System Never Stays the Same 140 Distribution Planning 140 Predicting the Future 141 GIS Can Bring Together Predictive Information from the Source 142 The Work Order Process 142 The GIS Design Process 143 The Long Transaction 144 GIS Design 146 The GIS Design and Construction Work Flow 146 Integration with Corporate Systems 147 Compatible Units 148 Longer-Term Projects 148 Integration with Network Analysis 148 Keeping the GIS Up to Date 149 Issues with GIS Design 149 False Conflicts 150 Substation Planning, Design, and Construction 150 The Information Model of the Electric Distribution Infrastructure Development 152 Summary of the Role of GIS in Electric Development 153 Nonemergency Business Operations and Mai 154 Maintenance 154 Substation Maintenance 155 Special Maintenance Activities 156 Tree Trimming 156 Street Light Management 156 Nonemergency Operations 158 Momentary Outages Are Annoying 158 Transformer Load Management 159 Call Before You Dig 161 Third-Party Attachment/Use Management 161 GIS Used in Electric Distribution Develoment and Operations 162 Chapter 6 Emergency and Outage Management 164 Emergency Management 164 How Well Does the Utility Manage Its Reliability? 165 Other Reliability Measures 165 Reliability and GIS 166 Risk Profiling 167 GIS Tools for Risk Assessment 168 Vulnerability Factors 168 Consequence Analysis 170 Total Risk 170 Emergency Management for Major Outage Events 172 Major Emergency Plans of Operations 172 Damage Assessment 173 Labor Issues 173 Tools of the Emergency Trade 174 The Four Rs of Emergency Management for 175 Risk Mitigation 175 GIS and Risk Mitigation and Planning for 176 Readiness 176 GIS and Readiness 177 Response 178 Recovery 178 GIS and Major Emergency Management 179 Outage Management 180 Outage Management Information Products a 181 GIS Tools for Outage Management 182 The Emergency Management Information Model 184 GIS and Emergency and Operations Management 185 Reference 185 Chapter 7 GIS Enhances the Retail Business 186 The Meter 186 The Smart Meter 188 AMI Network 189 Meter Data Management (MDM) Systems 190 Role of GIS in AMI 190 Customer Care Business Processes and Dri 191 GIS and the New Customer Connect Process 193 Role of GIS in the New Customer Process 194 GIS and Billing, Credit, and Collections 196 GIS and Metering 196 The Call Center 198 Geomarketing for the Retail Business 200 Economic Development 202 GIS and Customer Care 203 Chapter 8 GIS and Shared Support Services 204 Managing Land Information in GIS 204 GIS for Real Estate 205 The Land Base 206 The Simple Solution 207 Preliminary Information 207 Different Levels of Accuracy and Display 208 Optimizing the Use of Land Information 209 Environmental Issues 209 GIS and Environmental Incident Managemen 210 Risk Assessment 211 GIS for Environmental Remediation and Co 211 GIS for Planning in Relationship to the 212 Vegetation Management 212 Logistics and Supply Chain 213 Materials Management 213 Solving the Serviceability and Accessibi 214 Fleet Management 214 Navigation and Automated Vehicle Locatio 215 Vehicle Routing Problem 216 Closest Facility 216 Asset Tracking—Fixed and Mobile 216 Facilities Management 217 Green and Space Planning 218 Finance, Accounting, and Corporate Manag 219 Plant Accounting and Taxes 219 Sales Tax 220 Revenue Protection 220 Safety 221 Security 222 Other Corporate Functions 222 GIS Is Critical to Shared Support Servic 223 Appendix A GIS 101 for Electric Utilities 224 Data Model 224 Vector Data 225 Vector Layers and Features 225 Raster Data 226 Raster Layers 227 Network Data 227 The Data Model Development 228 Information Products 229 Workflows 231 Spatial analysis 232 Queries 232 Counts 232 Relationships 233 Buffering 233 Overlays 233 Union and Intersection Analysis 235 View Shed Analysis 235 Learning More About Spatial Analysis 235 Coordinate Systems and Accuracy 236 Cloud and Web-Based GIS 236 More Study Is Required 236 Appendix B The Facility Model, GIS, and Smart Grid 238 Smart Grid Automates the Distribution Sy 238 Smart Meters Are the Heart of the Smart 238 AMI Will Introduce Dynamic Pricing 239 Self-Healing 239 What Really Is Smart Grid? 240 What Does GIS Have to Do with Smart Grid 240 GIS Issues Dealing with Smart Grid 240 Smart Grid Is also About Renewable Energ 241 A Grid Cannot Be Smart Without GIS 242 Summary 244 Make Money 245 Keep Customers Happy 245 Obey All Laws and Regulations 246 Keep the Lights On 246 Respect the Environment 247 Keep Us Out of Trouble and Out of the Newsapers 247 GIS Technology for Enhanced Electric Utility Performance 247 Bibliography 248 About the Author 250 Index 252 GIS;,Utility,performance;,Power,engineering;,978-1-60807-559-1;,Artech,House